filtrate

• n.

• 濾過されたもの。濾過水、濾液

• vt.vi.

• 濾過する

関

filter、filtration、leach

　 　

WordNet

1. the product of filtration; a gas or liquid that has been passed through a filter
2. cause (a liquid) to leach or percolate
3. the process of leaching (同)leaching
4. permeate or penetrate gradually; "the fertilizer leached into the ground" (同)percolate
5. remove substances from by a percolating liquid; "leach the soil" (同)strip
6. remove by passing through a filter; "filter out the impurities" (同)filtrate, strain, separate out, filter out
7. an electrical device that alters the frequency spectrum of signals passing through it
8. device that removes something from whatever passes through it
9. the process whereby fluids pass through a filter or a filtering medium
10. the act of changing a fluid by passing it through a filter
11. pass into or through by filtering or permeating; "the substance infiltrated the material"
12. pass through an enemy line; in a military conflict (同)pass_through
13. enter a group or organization in order to spy on the members; "The student organization was infiltrated by a traitor" (同)penetrate
14. cause (a liquid) to enter by penetrating the interstices

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. ろ過水,ろ過液 / =filter
2. 〈水など〉‘を'こす,ろ過する / (灰・土・鉱石などから)〈可溶成分〉‘を'こして取る《+『out』+『名』(+『名』+『out』)+『from』+『名』》
3. 『ろ過器』,ろ過装置;ろ過用材料(布・紙・木炭・砂など) / (写真の)フィルター / 〈液体・気体〉‘を'『ろ過する』,こす;…‘を'ろ過して取る / ゆっくり進む(通る)
4. ろ過,ろ過作用
5. (…に)〈液体・気体〉‘を'しみ込ませる《+『名』+『into』+『名』》;(…を)…‘に'しみ込ませる《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / …‘に'潜入する,もぐり込む;(…に)…‘を'潜覧させる《+『名』+『into』(『in』)+『名』》 / しみ込む

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/09/17 14:26:46」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about operation of solid-fluid separation. For the mathematical concept, see Filtration (mathematics). For the stochastic concept, see Filtration (probability theory). For the equipment used, see Filter (disambiguation). For filtration used in winemaking, see Filtration (wine).

Diagram of simple filtration: oversize particles in the feed cannot pass through the lattice structure of the filter, while fluid and small particles pass through, becoming filtrate.

Filtration is any of various mechanical, physical or biological operations that separates solids from fluids (liquids or gases) by adding a medium through which only the fluid can pass. The fluid that passes through is called the filtrate. In physical filters oversize solids in the fluid are retained and in biological filters particulates are trapped and ingested and metabolites are retained and removed. However, the separation is not complete; solids will be contaminated with some fluid and filtrate will contain fine particles (depending on the pore size, filter thickness and biological activity). Filtration occurs both in nature and in engineered systems; there are biological, geological, and industrial forms. For example, in animals (including humans), renal filtration removes waste from the blood, and in water treatment and sewage treatment, undesirable constituents are removed by absorption into a biological film grown on or in the filter medium, as in slow sand filtration.

Applications

• Filtration is used to separate particles and fluid in a suspension, where the fluid can be a liquid, a gas or a supercritical fluid. Depending on the application, either one or both of the components may be isolated.
• Filtration, as a physical operation is very important in chemistry for the separation of materials of different chemical composition. A solvent is chosen which dissolves one component, while not dissolving the other. By dissolving the mixture in the chosen solvent, one component will go into the solution and pass through the filter, while the other will be retained. This is one of the most important techniques used by chemists to purify compounds.
• Filtration is also important and widely used as one of the unit operations of chemical engineering. It may be simultaneously combined with other unit operations to process the feed stream, as in the biofilter, which is a combined filter and biological digestion device.
• Filtration differs from sieving, where separation occurs at a single perforated layer (a sieve). In sieving, particles that are too big to pass through the holes of the sieve are retained (see particle size distribution). In filtration, a multilayer lattice retains those particles that are unable to follow the tortuous channels of the filter. Oversize particles may form a cake layer on top of the filter and may also block the filter lattice, preventing the fluid phase from crossing the filter (blinding). Commercially, the term filter is applied to membranes where the separation lattice is so thin that the surface becomes the main zone of particle separation, even though these products might be described as sieves.
• Filtration differs from adsorption, where it is not the physical size of particles that causes separation but the effects of surface charge. Some adsorption devices containing activated charcoal and ion exchange resin are commercially called filters, although filtration is not their principal function.
• Filtration differs from removal of magnetic contaminants from fluids with magnets (typically lubrication oil, coolants and fuel oils), because there is no filter medium. Commercial devices called ‘magnetic filters’ are sold, but the name reflects their use, not their mode of operation.

Methods

There are many different methods of filtration; all aim to attain the separation of substances. Separation is achieved by some form of interaction between the substance or objects to be removed and the filter. The substance that is to pass through the filter must be a fluid, i.e. a liquid or gas. Methods of filtration vary depending on the location of the targeted material, i.e. whether it is dissolved in the fluid phase or suspended as a solid.

Hot Filtration, solution contained in the Erlenmeyer flask is heated on a hot plate in order to prevent re-crystallization of solids in the flask itself

There are several filtration techniques depending on the desired outcome namely, hot, cold and vacuum filtration. Some of the major purposes of getting the desired outcome are, for the removal of impurities from a mixture or, for the isolation of solids from a mixture.

Hot Filtration for the separation of solids from a hot solution

Hot filtration method is mainly used to separate solids from a hot solution. This is done in order to prevent crystal formation in the filter funnel and other apparatuses that comes in contact with the solution. As a result, the apparatus and the solution used are heated in order to prevent the rapid decrease in temperature which in turn, would lead to the crystallization of the solids in the funnel and hinder the filtration process. One of the most important measures to prevent the formation of crystals in the funnel and to undergo effective hot filtration is the use stemless filter funnel. Due to the absence of stem in the filter funnel, there is a decrease in the surface area of contact between the solution and the stem of the filter funnel, hence preventing re-crystallization of solid in the funnel, adversely affecting filtration process.

Cold Filtration, the ice bath is used to cool down the temperature of the solution before undergoing the filtration process

Cold Filtration method is the use of ice bath in order to rapidly cool down the solution to be crystallized rather than leaving it out to cool it down slowly in the room temperature. This technique results to the formation of very small crystals as opposed to getting large crystals by cooling the solution down at room temperature.

Vacuum Filtration technique is most preferred for small batch of solution in order to quickly dry out small crystals. This method requires a Büchner funnel, filter paper of smaller diameter than the funnel, Büchner flask, and rubber tubing to connect to vacuum source.

Filter media

Two main types of filter media are employed in laboratories: a surface filter, a solid sieve which traps the solid particles, with or without the aid of filter paper (e.g. Büchner funnel, Belt filter, Rotary vacuum-drum filter, Cross-flow filters, Screen filter); and a depth filter, a bed of granular material which retains the solid particles as it passes (e.g. sand filter). The first type allows the solid particles, i.e. the residue, to be collected intact; the second type does not permit this. However, the second type is less prone to clogging due to the greater surface area where the particles can be trapped. Also, when the solid particles are very fine, it is often cheaper and easier to discard the contaminated granules than to clean the solid sieve.

Filter media can be cleaned by rinsing with solvents or detergents. Alternatively, in engineering applications, such as swimming pool water treatment plants, they may be cleaned by backwashing. Self-cleaning screen filters utilize point-of-suction backwashing to clean the screen without interrupting system flow.

Achieving flow through the filter

Fluids flow through a filter due to a difference in pressure—fluid flows from the high-pressure side to the low-pressure side of the filter, leaving some material behind. The simplest method to achieve this is by gravity and can be seen in the coffeemaker example. In the laboratory, pressure in the form of compressed air on the feed side (or vacuum on the filtrate side) may be applied to make the filtration process faster, though this may lead to clogging or the passage of fine particles. Alternatively, the liquid may flow through the filter by the force exerted by a pump, a method commonly used in industry when a reduced filtration time is important. In this case, the filter need not be mounted vertically.

Filter aid

Certain filter aids may be used to aid filtration. These are often incompressible diatomaceous earth, or kieselguhr, which is composed primarily of silica. Also used are wood cellulose and other inert porous solids such as the cheaper and safer perlite.

These filter aids can be used in two different ways. They can be used as a precoat before the slurry is filtered. This will prevent gelatinous-type solids from plugging the filter medium and also give a clearer filtrate. They can also be added to the slurry before filtration. This increases the porosity of the cake and reduces resistance of the cake during filtration. In a rotary filter, the filter aid may be applied as a precoat; subsequently, thin slices of this layer are sliced off with the cake.

The use of filter aids is usually limited to cases where the cake is discarded or where the precipitate can be chemically separated from the filter.

=supervisor

Examples

Filter flask (suction flask, with sintered glass filter containing sample). Note the almost colourless filtrate in the receiver flask.

Examples of filtration include

• The coffee filter to keep the coffee separate from the grounds.
• HEPA filters in air conditioning to remove particles from air.
• Belt filters to extract precious metals in mining.
• Horizontal plate filter, also known as Sparkler filter.
• Furnaces use filtration to prevent the furnace elements from fouling with particulates.
• Pneumatic conveying systems often employ filtration to stop or slow the flow of material that is transported, through the use of a baghouse.
• In the laboratory, a Büchner funnel is often used, with a filter paper serving as the porous barrier.
• Air filters are commonly used to remove airborne particulate matter in building ventilation systems, combustion engines, and industrial processes.
• Oil filter in automobiles, often as a canister or cartridge.
• Aquarium filter

An experiment to prove the existence of microscopic organisms involves the comparison of water passed through unglazed porcelain and unfiltered water. When left in sealed containers the filtered water takes longer to go foul, demonstrating that very small items (such as bacteria) can be removed from fluids by filtration.

In the kidney, renal filtration is the filtration of blood in the glomerulus, followed by selective reabsorption of many substances essential for the body to maintain homeostasis.

See also

• Separation process
• Category:Filters
• Separation of mixtures
• Microfiltration
• Ultrafiltration
• Nanofiltration
• Reverse osmosis
• Crossflow filtration
• Sieve
• Sieve analysis

External links

• Filtration (chemistry) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
• Filtration (acoustics) at the Encyclopædia Britannica

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

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  …recommend the use of direct exposure to unfiltered sunlight for phototherapy. Filtered sunlight — Indirect (filtered) sunlight phototherapy appears to be a reasonable clinical alternative to treat mild-to-moderate …
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  …the filtered bicarbonate (HCO₃ ion) and excrete the daily acid load, which is primarily derived from the metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids. Most of the bicarbonate that is filtered by the …
• 4. 腎でのマグネシウム処理における利尿剤の有効性effect of diuretics on magnesium handling by the kidney [show details]
  … Approximately 2.5 g of magnesium (100 mmol) is filtered by the glomerulus every day. Under normal conditions, 95 percent of the filtered magnesium is reabsorbed, and 5 percent is excreted. Reabsorption …
• 5. 利尿剤とカルシウムバランスdiuretics and calcium balance [show details]
  …to protein (approximately one-half of the calcium in plasma) is filtered at the glomerulus, and approximately two-thirds of the filtered calcium is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule. Most proximal reabsorption …

English Journal

• Fibronectin-Binding Protein of Borrelia hermsii Expressed in the Blood of Mice with Relapsing Fever.

• Lewis ER1, Marcsisin RA, Campeau Miller SA, Hue F, Phillips A, Aucoin DP, Barbour AG.
• Infection and immunity.Infect Immun.2014 Jun;82(6):2520-31. doi: 10.1128/IAI.01582-14. Epub 2014 Mar 31.
• To identify and characterize surface proteins expressed by the relapsing fever (RF) agent Borrelia hermsii in the blood of infected mice, we used a cell-free filtrate of their blood to immunize congenic naive mice. The resultant antiserum was used for Western blotting of cell lysates, and gel slices
• PMID 24686059

• Esophageal intraepithelial invasion of Helicobacter pylori correlates with atypical hyperplasia.

• Li WS1, Tian DP, Guan XY, Yun H, Wang HT, Xiao Y, Bi C, Ying S, Su M.
• International journal of cancer. Journal international du cancer.Int J Cancer.2014 Jun 1;134(11):2626-32. doi: 10.1002/ijc.28588. Epub 2013 Nov 20.
• Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a common pathogen residing in the gastrointestinal tract, has been well characterized in stomach cancer,while its correlation with esophageal cancer remains poorly understood. In this study, we aim to assess the relationship between esophageal intraepithelial H. pylo
• PMID 24254881

• Novel insights into the algicidal bacterium DH77-1 killing the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense.

• Yang X1, Li X2, Zhou Y3, Zheng W3, Yu C4, Zheng T5.
• The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2014 Jun 1;482-483:116-24. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.125. Epub 2014 Mar 15.
• Algicidal bacteria may play a major role in controlling harmful algal blooms (HABs) dynamics. Bacterium DH77-1 was isolated with high algicidal activity against the toxic dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense and identified as Joostella sp. DH77-1. The results showed that DH77-1 exhibited algicidal a
• PMID 24642097

• A novel GH43 α-l-arabinofuranosidase of Penicillium chrysogenum that preferentially degrades single-substituted arabinosyl side chains in arabinan.

• Shinozaki A1, Kawakami T1, Hosokawa S1, Sakamoto T2.
• Enzyme and microbial technology.Enzyme Microb Technol.2014 May 10;58-59:80-6. doi: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2014.03.005. Epub 2014 Mar 15.
• We previously described three α-l-arabinofuranosidases (ABFs) secreted by Penicillium chrysogenum 31B. Here, we purified a fourth ABF, termed PcABF43A, from the culture filtrate. The molecular mass of the enzyme was estimated to be 31kDa. PcABF43A had the highest activity at 35°C and at around pH
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Japanese Journal

• Role of Karanja deoiled cake based medium in production of protease and fatty acids by Paecilomyces lilacinus 6029(MICROBIAL PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY)

• Sharma Abhishek,Sharma Satyawati,Yadav Savita,Naik Satya N.
• Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 118(3), 270-271, 2014-09
• … Fatty acids, especially butyric acid, have also been detected in the same fungal culture filtrate. …
• NAID 110009857356

• ツクツクボウシタケ由来プロテアーゼの精製とその性質

• 竹川 千裕,中村 和夫,本間 裕人,大山 拓次
• 日本きのこ学会誌 : mushroom science and biotechnology 22(2), 74-78, 2014-07-31
• ツクツクボウシタケのフスマ液体培養から抽出した菌体外プロテアーゼを精製し,その性質を調べた.寒天培地上で分生子形成菌糸体と未分生子形成菌糸体の二形態をとることがわかった.分生子形成菌糸体は高い酵素活性を示した.CM-Sepharoseカラムクロマトグラフィーによって,収率33%,13倍に精製された.酵素標品は電気泳動的に単一のバンドが得られた.分子量はSDS-PAGEによって30.6kDa,ゲル濾 …
• NAID 110009863113

• 廃石膏を利用したリン回収装置の処理性能評価

• 倉本 恵治,宗綱 洋人,花ヶ崎 裕洋 [他]
• 広島県立総合技術研究所西部工業技術センター研究報告 (57), 13-16, 2014
• NAID 40020239523

• Efficiency of Partial Filtration for Water Quality Control in Aquaculture System

• PUNGRASMI Wiboonluk,POWTONGSOOK Sorawit,CHUTIVISUT Pokchat
• 旭硝子財団助成研究成果報告, 1-11, 2014
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「leach」「filter」「ろ過」「filtration」「ろ液」
拡張検索	「infiltrate」「ultrafiltrate」

「leach」

　　[★]

• 浸出する、濾過する

関

effuse、effusion、exudation、exude、filter、filtrate、filtration、imbibition、leaching、percolate、percolation

　 　 　 　 　

「filter」

　　[★]

• フィルター、濾過する、選別する

関

cull、filtering、filtrate、filtration、leach、screen、screening、sort、sorting

　 　 　 　

「ろ過」

　　[★]

英

filtration、filtrate、filter、leach

関

浸出、フィルタ、フィルター、ろ液、濾液、濾過、選別

「filtration」

　　[★]

• 濾過、ろ過

関

filter、filtrate、leach

　 　 　

「ろ液」

　　[★]

英

filtrate

関

濾液、ろ過、濾過

「infiltrate」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 浸透/浸潤させる、しみこませる(into)。(物質)に浸透する。(軍隊を)浸入させる、潜入させる(into)。(組織など)に潜入する

• vi.

• 浸透する、浸入/潜入する

• n.

• 浸入物。(医)浸潤物

関

infiltrator、infiltration、invade、invasion、invasive

　 　 　 　 　

「ultrafiltrate」

　　[★]

• 限外濾過液、限外ろ過液