evidently

• adv.

• 明らかに、明白に

関

apparent、apparently、clear、clearly、evident、indisputable、obvious、obviously、overt、overtly、palpable、plain、pronounced、unambiguous、unambiguously、unequivocal

WordNet

1. can be felt by palpation; "a palpable tumor"
2. capable of being perceived; especially capable of being handled or touched or felt; "a barely palpable dust"; "felt sudden anger in a palpable wave"; "the air was warm and close--palpable as cotton"; "a palpable lie" (同)tangible
3. sell; "We cleared a lot of the old model cars"
4. free (the throat) by making a rasping sound; "Clear the throat" (同)clear_up
5. make a way or path by removing objects; "Clear a path through the dense forest"
6. remove; "clear the leaves from the lawn"; "Clear snow from the road"
7. the state of being free of suspicion; "investigation showed that he was in the clear"
8. completely; "read the book clear to the end"; "slept clear through the night"; "there were open fields clear to the horizon" (同)all_the_way
9. clear and distinct to the senses; easily perceptible; "as clear as a whistle"; "clear footprints in the snow"; "the letter brought back a clear image of his grandfather"; "a spire clean-cut against the sky"; "a clear-cut pattern" (同)clean-cut, clear-cut
10. make free from confusion or ambiguity; make clear; "Could you clarify these remarks?"; "Clear up the question of who is at fault" (同)clear_up, shed_light_on, crystallize, crystallise, crystalize, crystalise, straighten out, sort out, enlighten, illuminate, elucidate
11. easily deciphered (同)decipherable, readable
12. affording free passage or view; "a clear view"; "a clear path to victory"; "open waters"; "the open countryside" (同)open
13. characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving; "clear mind"; "a percipient author" (同)percipient
14. settle, as of a debt; "clear a debt"; "solve an old debt" (同)solve
15. pass by, over, or under without making contact; "the balloon cleared the tree tops" (同)top
16. (especially of a title) free from any encumbrance or limitation that presents a question of fact or law; "I have clear title to this property" (同)unmortgaged
17. allowing light to pass through; "clear water"; "clear plastic bags"; "clear glass"; "the air is clear and clean"
18. be debited and credited to the proper bank accounts; "The check will clear within 2 business days"
19. characterized by freedom from troubling thoughts (especially guilt); "a clear conscience"; "regarded her questioner with clear untroubled eyes"
20. clear from impurities, blemishes, pollution, etc.; "clear the water before it can be drunk"
21. clear of charges or deductions; "a clear profit"
22. free from clouds or mist or haze; "on a clear day"
23. free from confusion or doubt; "a complex problem requiring a clear head"; "not clear about what is expected of us"
24. free from contact or proximity or connection; "we were clear of the danger"; "the ship was clear of the reef"
25. free from flaw or blemish or impurity; "a clear perfect diamond"; "the clear complexion of a healthy young woman"
26. free from payment of customs duties, as of a shipment; "Clear the ship and let it dock"
27. go away or disappear; "The fog cleared in the afternoon"
28. make clear, bright, light, or translucent; "The water had to be cleared through filtering"
29. pass an inspection or receive authorization; "clear customs"
30. readily apparent to the mind; "a clear and present danger"; "a clear explanation"; "a clear case of murder"; "a clear indication that she was angry"; "gave us a clear idea of human nature"
31. remove (people) from a building; "clear the patrons from the theater after the bomb threat"
32. remove the occupants of; "Clear the building"
33. rid of instructions or data; "clear a memory buffer"
34. not elaborate or elaborated; simple; "plain food"; "stuck to the plain facts"; "a plain blue suit"; "a plain rectangular brick building"
35. extensive tract of level open land; "they emerged from the woods onto a vast open plain"; "he longed for the fields of his youth" (同)field, champaign
36. lacking embellishment or ornamentation; "a plain hair style"; "unembellished white walls"; "functional architecture featuring stark unornamented concrete" (同)bare, spare, unembellished, unornamented
37. not mixed with extraneous elements; "plain water"; "sheer wine"; "not an unmixed blessing" (同)sheer, unmingled, unmixed
38. lacking patterns especially in color (同)unpatterned
39. free from any effort to soften to disguise; "the plain and unvarnished truth"; "the unvarnished candor of old people and children" (同)unvarnished
40. appearing as such but not necessarily so; "for all his apparent wealth he had no money to pay the rent"; "the committee investigated some apparent discrepancies"; "the ostensible truth of their theories"; "his seeming honesty" (同)ostensible, seeming
41. clearly revealed to the mind or the senses or judgment; "the effects of the drought are apparent to anyone who sees the parched fields"; "evident hostility"; "manifest disapproval"; "patent advantages"; "made his meaning plain"; "it is plain that he is no reactionary"; "in plain view" (同)evident, manifest, patent, plain, unmistakable
42. admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion; "unequivocal evidence"; "took an unequivocal position"; "an unequivocal success"; "an unequivocal promise"; "an unequivocal (or univocal) statement" (同)univocal, unambiguous
43. without doubt or question; "they were clearly lost"; "history has clearly shown the folly of that policy"
44. in an easily perceptible manner; "could be seen clearly under the microscope"; "She cried loud and clear" (同)clear
45. in a self-evident manner

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 触ってみることができる / 明白な
2. 『晴れた』;明るい(bright) / 『透き通った』,透明な / (形・輪郭などが)『はっきりした』,くっきりした / (音が)はっきり聞こえる(聞き取れる) / 『分かりやすい』,あいまいさのない / 《補語にのみ用いて》はっきり知っている,確信している / 明せきな,理路整然とした / 妨害(支障)のない / 汚れ(しみ,きず)がない / 《補語のみ用いて》(…を)免れた,(…が)ない,(…から)解放された《+『of』+『名』》 / 《名詞の前,時に名詞の後に用いて》丸々の;正味の / はっきりと,明瞭に,明確に / (…から)離れて《+『of』+『名』》 / 全く,まるまる / (…を)…‘から'『取り除く』,片付ける;(人を)…‘から'立ち去らせる《+『名』+『of』+『名』》 / (…から)〈物〉'を'『取り除く』,片付ける;(…から)〈人〉'を'立ち去らせる《『名』『+『from』(『out of』,『off』)+『名』》 / 'を'きれいにする,清らかにする;…を明るくする / …‘に'触れないで越す / (罪・疑い・責任などから)…'を'逃れさせる』,免除する《+『名』+『of』+『名』》 / 〈議会・税関・手形交換所など〉'を'すんなりと通過する,‘の'許可を簡単に得る / 《話》…'を'まるまるもうける,‘の'純益を上げる / 〈負債〉を清算する,〈手形〉を釧済する;〈小切手〉を現金化する / 『明るくなる』;澄む / 消え去る,過ぎ去る / (じゃま物のない)開けた場所,あき地
3. 『はっきり見える』(『聞こえる』) / 『はっきり理解できる』,明白な / 全くの(sheer) / 混ぜ物のない,生(き)のままの;飾りのない;無地の / ありのままの / 『質素な』,飾り(模様)のない / (食べ物が)淡白な / 平凡な,並みの,普通の;素朴な / 『平原』,平野;《the Great Plains》(北米の)大平原地帯
4. (編みもので)平編みの,基本編みで作った / 平編み,基本編み
5. 『明白な』,はっきりした / 『外見上の』,見かけの,うわべの
6. あいまいでない,明確な
7. 『はっきりと』,明白に / 『疑いもなく』,明らかに / 《返事として》もちろんそのとおり,いかにも
8. 『明白な』,はっきりした

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/02/13 01:41:03」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For other uses, see Evidence (disambiguation).

The balance scales seen in depictions of Lady Justice can be seen as representing the weighing of evidence in a legal proceeding.

Evidence, broadly construed, is anything presented in support of an assertion. This support may be strong or weak. The strongest type of evidence is that which provides direct proof of the truth of an assertion. At the other extreme is evidence that is merely consistent with an assertion but does not rule out other, contradictory assertions, as in circumstantial evidence.

In law, rules of evidence govern the types of evidence that are admissible in a legal proceeding, as well as the quality and quantity of evidence that are necessary to fulfil the legal burden of proof. Types of legal evidence include testimony, documentary evidence, and physical evidence.

Scientific evidence consists of observations and experimental results that serve to support, refute, or modify a scientific hypothesis or theory, when collected and interpreted in accordance with the scientific method.

In philosophy, the study of evidence is closely tied to epistemology, which considers the nature of knowledge and how it can be acquired.

Burden of proof

Main articles: Legal burden of proof and Philosophic burden of proof

The burden of proof is the obligation of a party in an argument or dispute to provide sufficient evidence to shift the other party's or a third party's belief from their initial position. The burden of proof must be fulfilled by both establishing confirming evidence and negating oppositional evidence. Conclusions drawn from evidence may be subject to criticism based on a perceived failure to fulfil the burden of proof.

Two principle considerations are:

1. On whom does the burden of proof rest?
2. To what degree of certitude must the assertion be supported?

The latter question depends on the nature of the point under contention and determines the quantity and quality of evidence required to meet the burden of proof.

In a criminal trial in the United States, for example, the prosecution carries the burden of proof since the defendant is presumed innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. Similarly, in most civil procedures, the plaintiff carries the burden of proof and must convince a judge or jury that the preponderance of the evidence is on their side. Other legal standards of proof include "reasonable suspicion", "probable cause" (as for arrest), "prima facie evidence", "credible evidence", "substantial evidence", and "clear and convincing evidence".

In a philosophical debate, there is an implicit burden of proof on the party asserting a claim, since the default position is generally one of neutrality or unbelief. Each party in a debate will therefore carry the burden of proof for any assertion they make in the argument, although some assertions may be granted by the other party without further evidence. If the debate is set up as a resolution to be supported by one side and refuted by another, the overall burden of proof is on the side supporting the resolution.

Scots Law

An important part of the Law of evidence is that of corroboration in Scots law. This is a vital element of the law to protect the accused from unjustly being convicted. Each essential fact (facta probandum ) of a case must be corroborated by two independent pieces of evidence and one witness alone cannot corroborate an essential fact, it must be corroborated by a second independent source. Essential facts are those listed in the indictment and used to charge the accused and the sources of evidence come in many forms, such as documentary, DNA, forensic and report evidence or from a scientist or forensic pathologist.

Corroboration will normally include direct evident, such as an eye witness and could include circumstantial evidence, which is evidence that has a relationship to the crime and can assist in 'proving' the essential fact also known as indirect evidence. Two pieces of indirect evidence which both relate to the same incident, may mean that direct evidence is not required, this is known as evidential facts and they do not require corroboration. The essential facts will vary with each case and the complainer is likely to lose, if an essential fact which is vital to their case cannot be proven.

Evidence in science

Main article: Scientific evidence

In scientific research evidence is accumulated through observations of phenomena that occur in the natural world, or which are created as experiments in a laboratory or other controlled conditions. Scientific evidence usually goes towards supporting or rejecting a hypothesis.

One must always remember that the burden of proof is on the person making a contentious claim. Within science, this translates to the burden resting on presenters of a paper, in which the presenters argue for their specific findings. This paper is placed before a panel of judges where the presenter must defend the thesis against all challenges.

When evidence is contradictory to predicted expectations, the evidence and the ways of making it are often closely scrutinized (see experimenter's regress) and only at the end of this process is the hypothesis rejected: this can be referred to as 'refutation of the hypothesis'. The rules for evidence used by science are collected systematically in an attempt to avoid the bias inherent to anecdotal evidence.

Evidence in law

An FBI Evidence Response Team gathering evidence by dusting an area for fingerprints

Main article: Evidence (law)

Evidence forms the very foundation of any legal system, without which law would be subject to the whims of those with power.

In law, the production and presentation of evidence depends first on establishing on whom the burden of proof lies. Admissible evidence is that which a court receives and considers for the purposes of deciding a particular case. Two primary burden-of-proof considerations exist in law. The first is on whom the burden rests. In many, especially Western, courts, the burden of proof is placed on the prosecution. The second consideration is the degree of certitude proof must reach, depending on both the quantity and quality of evidence. These degrees are different for criminal and civil cases, the former requiring evidence beyond a reasonable doubt, the latter considering only which side has the preponderance of evidence, or whether the proposition is more likely true or false. The decision maker, often a jury, but sometimes a judge, decides whether the burden of proof has been fulfilled.

After deciding who will carry the burden of proof, evidence is first gathered and then presented before the court:

Gathering evidence

In criminal investigation, rather than attempting to prove an abstract or hypothetical point, the evidence gatherers attempt to determine who is responsible for a criminal act. The focus of criminal evidence is to connect physical evidence and reports of witnesses to a specific person.

Evidence before the court

Presenting evidence before the court differs from the gathering of evidence in important ways. Gathering evidence may take many forms; presenting evidence that tend to prove or disprove the point at issue is strictly governed by rules. Failure to follow these rules leads to any number of consequences. In law, certain policies allow (or require) evidence to be excluded from consideration based either on indicia relating to reliability, or broader social concerns. Testimony (which tells) and exhibits (which show) are the two main categories of evidence presented at a trial or hearing. In the United States, evidence in federal court is admitted or excluded under the Federal Rules of Evidence.

Types of evidence

• Personal experience
• Scientific evidence
• Testimonial

See also

• Argument
• Belief
• Empiricism
• Falsifiability
• Logical positivism
• Mathematical proof
• Proof (truth)
• Reason
• Skepticism
• Theory of justification
• Validity

References

External links

• Evidence at PhilPapers
• Evidence entry in the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Evidence entry in the Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
• Evidence at the Indiana Philosophy Ontology Project
• ASTM E141 Standard Practice for Acceptance of Evidence Based on the Results of Probability Sampling
•  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Evidence". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press 

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Related Links

• Evidently | The Creative Content Agency | London Toronto ...

A strategic communications firm that creates visual solutions for corporate needs.

• Evidently | Definition of evidently by Merriam-Webster

Full Definition of EVIDENTLY 1: in an evident manner : clearly, obviously <any style … so evidently bad or second-rate — T. S. Eliot> 2: on the basis of available evidence <he was born…evidently in Texas — Robert Coughlan> ...

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「pronounced」「clear」「明白」「unequivocal」「overt」
関連記事	「evident」

「pronounced」

　　[★]

• adj

• 口に出した。明白な。著しい。きっぱりした、決然たる

Shortness of breath may occur bacause the diaphragm is elevated when the accumulation of fluid becomes more pronounced.

Other side effects that are related to the pharmacological effects in the CNS include a reduction in libido, parkinsonian signs, and hyperprolactinemia that may become sufficiently pronounced to cause gynecomastia and galactorrhea.(GOO.853)

関

apparent, apparently, clear, clearly, evident, evidently, indisputable, obvious, obviously, overt, overtly, palpable, plain, unambiguous, unambiguously, unequivocal

pronounce

　

「clear」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 明るい、澄み切った。すんだ、透き通った。(音・声が)はっきり聞こえる

関

apparent、apparently、clarification、clearly、distinct、distinctly、evident、evidently、indisputable、obvious、obviously、overt、overtly、palpable、plain、pronounced、unambiguous、unambiguously、unequivocal

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「明白」

　　[★]

英

clear、apparent、evident、obvious、pronounced、palpable、unambiguous、plain、overt、unequivocal、indisputable、clearly、apparently、evidently、obviously、unambiguously、overtly

関

明らか、顕性、清澄、単純、単味、見かけ上、明解、明確、明瞭、平地、簡素、クリア、触知できる、争う余地のない

「unequivocal」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 明解な、明白な

• 1. not equivocal; unambiguous; clear; having only one possible meaning or interpretation:
• 2. absolute; unqualified; not subject to conditions or exceptions:

関

apparent、apparently、clear、clearly、evident、evidently、indisputable、obvious、obviously、overt、overtly、palpable、plain、pronounced、unambiguous、unambiguously、unequivocally

　 　

「overt」

　　[★]

• adj.

• (証拠など)明白な、公然の、あからさまの、おもてだった (⇔covert)

関

(adv.)overtly 明白に、公然と

関

apparent, apparently, clear, clearly, dominant, evident, evidently, indisputable, manifest, obvious, obviously, overtly, palpable, plain, pronounced, unambiguous, unambiguously, unequivocal

　 　

「evident」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 明らかな、明白な
• 顕性の

関

apparent、apparently、clear、clearly、evidently、indisputable、obvious、obviously、overt、overtly、palpable、plain、pronounced、unambiguous、unambiguously、unequivocal