出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/02/08 08:44:34」(JST)
Essential medicines, as defined by the World Health Organization (WHO), are the medicines that "satisfy the priority health care needs of the population".[1] These are the medications to which people should have access at all times in sufficient amounts. The prices should be at generally affordable levels.[2]
The WHO has published a model list of essential medicines. Each country is encouraged to prepare their own lists taking into consideration local priorities. Over 150 countries have published an official essential medicines list. The essential medicines list enables health authorities, especially in developing countries, to optimize pharmaceutical resources. The WHO List contains a core list and a complementary list.
The core list presents a list of minimum medicine needs for a basic health care system, listing the most efficacious, safe and cost-effective medicines for priority conditions. Priority conditions are selected on the basis of current and estimated future public health relevance, and potential for safe and cost-effective treatment.
The complementary list presents essential medicines for priority diseases, for which specialized diagnostic or monitoring facilities are needed. In case of doubt medicines may also be listed as complementary on the basis of higher costs or less attractive cost-effectiveness in a variety of settings. The list is important because: it forms the basis of national drugs policy in more than 155 countries, both in the developed and developing world. Many governments refer to WHO recommendations when making decisions on health spending.
The definition of essential medicines has changed over time.
The original 1977 WHO definition was that they were medicines "of utmost importance, basic, indispensable, and necessary for the healthcare needs of the population".[3] The concept was mentioned in one of the ten points of the 1978 Alma Ata Declaration on primary health care.
In 2002 definition was changed to:
Essential medicines are those that satisfy the priority health care needs of the population.[4]
And this remains the current definition as of 2017.[1]
Cost effectiveness is the subject of debate between producers (pharmaceutical companies) and purchasers of drugs (national health services).
The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines has been updated every two years since 1977. The current version, the 19th, was published in 2015.[5] The fifth edition of "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children", was also published in 2015.[6]
The number of medications has nearly doubled, from the original 208 in 1977 to more than 340.[7] The range has increased over the years and now includes an antimigraine drug, antidotes, and antineoplastic drugs. The third list for children from 2011 contains 269 medications.[8]
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