WordNet

the release of electrons from parent atoms
the act of emitting; causing to flow forth (同)emanation
the occurrence of a flow of water (as from a pipe)
empty of liquid; drain the liquid from; "We drained the oil tank"
emptying something accomplished by allowing liquid to run out of it (同)drainage
a pipe through which liquid is carried away (同)drainpipe, waste_pipe
a gradual depletion of energy or resources; "a drain on resources"; "a drain of young talent by emigration"
tube inserted into a body cavity (as during surgery) to remove unwanted material
flow off gradually; "The rain water drains into this big vat" (同)run_out
deplete of resources; "The exercise class drains me of energy"
the bodily process of discharging waste matter (同)evacuation, excretion, excreting, voiding
the murder of a competitor (同)liquidation
the act of removing or getting rid of something (同)riddance
the act of removing an unknown mathematical quantity by combining equations
analysis of a problem into alternative possibilities followed by the systematic rejection of unacceptable alternatives (同)reasoning by elimination
remove from a contest or race; "The cyclist has eliminated all the competitors in the race"
kill in large numbers; "the plague wiped out an entire population" (同)annihilate, extinguish, eradicate, wipe_out, decimate, carry off
remove (an unknown variable) from two or more equations
transfer (electronic data) out of a database or document in a format that can be used by other programs
commodities (goods or services) sold to a foreign country (同)exportation
cause to spread in another part of the world; "The Russians exported Marxism to Africa"
sell or transfer abroad; "we export less than we import and have a negative trade balance"
leave an aircraft rapidly, using an ejection seat or capsule
put out or expel from a place; "The unruly student was excluded from the game" (同)chuck out, exclude, turf out, boot out, turn_out
a synthetic progestational compound used to treat endometrial carcinoma (同)megestrol_acetate

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(光・熱・液体などの)放射,放出 / 〈C〉放射物,放出物
〈U〉排泄,排泄作用 / 〈U〉〈C〉排泄物,分泌物
(液体を)…‘から'『排出する』《+『名』+『of』+『名』》;(…から)〈液体〉‘を'『排出する』《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / …‘を'消耗させる,枯渇させる;(…を)〈人〉‘から'消耗させる《+『名』+『of』+『名』》 / 〈酒など〉‘を'飲み干す,空にする / 〈土地〉‘を'干上がらせる / 〈土地などが〉水はけがよい;(液体を)排出する《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈水・液体などが〉徐々に流れ去る / 〈C〉『排水設備』,排水路 / 〈C〉(…を)消耗(枯渇)させるもの《+『on』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(富・力などの)消耗,枯渇
(…の)除去,削除《+『of』+『名』》 / (競技の)予選
(…から)…‘を'『取り除く』,削除する(get rid of)《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / …‘を'考慮に入れない,無視する(disregard)
(外国へ)〈商品〉‘を'『輸出する』《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉『輸出品』 / 〈U〉(…の)『輸出』《+『of』+『名』》
(…から)〈人〉‘を'追い出す,追放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (…から)…‘を'噴出する,排出する,放出する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/10 01:11:11」(JST)

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"Bowel movement" redirects here. For the death metal band, see Defecation (band).

Anatomy of the anus and rectum

Defecation (colloquially known as number two, shitting, a bowel movement or bm) is the final act of digestion, by which organisms eliminate solid, semisolid, and/or liquid waste material (feces) from the digestive tract via the anus.

Humans expel feces with a frequency varying from a few times daily to a few times weekly.^{[citation needed]} Waves of muscular contraction (known as peristalsis) in the walls of the colon move fecal matter (called faeces or feces) through the digestive tract towards the rectum. Undigested food may also be expelled this way, in a process called egestion.

Description[edit]

Physiology[edit]

The rectum ampulla (anatomically also: ampulla recti) acts as a temporary storage facility for the unneeded material. As the rectal walls expand due to the material filling it, stretch receptors from the nervous system located in the rectal walls stimulate the desire to defecate. This urge to defecate arises from the reflex contraction of rectal muscles, relaxation of the internal anal sphincter, and an initial contraction of the skeletal muscle of the external anal sphincter. If the urge is not acted upon, the material in the rectum is often returned to the colon by reverse peristalsis, where more water is absorbed and the faeces is stored until the next mass peristaltic movement of the transverse and descending colon. If defecation is delayed for a prolonged period the fecal matter may harden, resulting in constipation. If defecation occurs too fast, before excess liquid is absorbed, diarrhea may occur.^[1]

When the rectum is full, an increase in intra-rectal pressure forces the walls of the anal canal apart allowing the fecal matter to enter the canal. The rectum shortens as material is forced into the anal canal and peristaltic waves push the feces out of the rectum. The internal and external anal sphincters along with the puborectalis muscle allow the feces to be passed by muscles pulling the anus up over the exiting feces.^{[citation needed]}

Defecation is normally assisted by taking a deep breath and trying to expel this air against a closed glottis (Valsalva maneuver). This contraction of expiratory chest muscles, diaphragm, abdominal wall muscles, and pelvic diaphragm exerts pressure on the digestive tract. Ventilation at this point temporarily ceases as the lungs push the chest diaphragm down to exert the pressure. Thoracic blood pressure rises and as a reflex response the amount of blood pumped by the heart decreases. Death has been known to occur in cases where defecation causes the blood pressure to rise enough to cause the rupture of an aneurysm or to dislodge blood clots (see thrombosis). Also, in releasing the Valsalva maneuver blood pressure falls; this, coupled with standing up quickly to leave the toilet, commonly results in the incidence of blackouts.^{[citation needed]}

When defecating, the external sphincter muscles relax. The anal and urethral sphincter muscles are closely linked. Experiments by Dr. Harrison Weed at the Ohio State University Medical Center have shown they can only be contracted together, not individually, and they both show relaxation during urination^{[citation needed]}. This explains why defecation is frequently accompanied with urination.

Voluntary and involuntary control[edit]

Defecation may be involuntary or under voluntary control. Young children learn voluntary control through the process of toilet training. Once trained, loss of control, causing fecal incontinence, may be caused by physical injury (such as damage to the anal sphincter that may result from an episiotomy), intense fright, inflammatory bowel disease, impaired water absorption in the colon (see diarrhea), and psychological or neurological factors.^{[citation needed]}

Cleansing[edit]

The anus and buttocks may be cleansed with toilet paper, similar paper products, or other absorbent material. In some cultures water is used (e.g., as with a bidet) either in addition or exclusively. In Japan and South Korea, some toilets known as washlets are designed to wash and dry the user's anus after defecation (see anal cleansing).

Posture[edit]

Main article: Human defecation postures

Defecation in squatting position

The positions and modalities of defecation are culture-dependent. The natural and instinctive method used by all primates, including humans, is the squatting position. Squat toilets are still used by the vast majority of the world, including most of Africa, Asia and the Middle East.^[2] The widespread use of sit-down toilets in the Western World is a recent development, beginning in the 19th century with the advent of indoor plumbing.^[3]

Bockus' Gastroenterology, the standard textbook on the subject, states:

The ideal posture for defecation is the squatting position, with the thighs flexed upon the abdomen. In this way the capacity of the abdominal cavity is greatly diminished and intra-abdominal pressure increased, thus encouraging the expulsion of the fecal mass.

—^[4]

Mythology and tradition[edit]

Some peoples have culturally significant stories in which defecation plays a role. In a Wemale and Alune legend from the island of Seram, Maluku Province, Indonesia, the mythical girl Hainuwele defecates valuable objects.^[5]

One of the traditions of Catalonia (Spain) is the Caganer, a figurine depicted in the act of defecation appearing in nativity scenes in Catalonia and neighbouring areas with Catalan culture. The exact origin of the Caganer is lost, but the tradition has existed since at least the 18th century.^[6] Another Catalan Christmas tradition associated with defecation is the Tió de Nadal.^[7]

In Japan, it is said that visiting a bookstore for a while perhaps has a laxative effect. The effect is called the Mariko Aoki phenomenon.^[8]

Notes[edit]

^ NIH. "Bowel Movement". Medline. Retrieved February 19, 2013.
^ Kira A. The Bathroom. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976, revised edition, pp.115,116.
^ A History of Technology, Vol.IV: The Industrial Revolution, 1750-1850. (C. Singer, E Holmyard, A Hall, T. Williams eds) Oxford Clarendon Press, pps. 507-508, 1958
^ Bockus (1964). Gastroenterology (2nd ed.). Philadelphia and London: Saunders. p. 754.
^ The Oxford Companion to World Mythology - Hainuwele
^ "A traditional Nativity scene, Catalan-style". BBC News. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010.
^ Caga tió, tió de nadal song
^ Hon no Zasshi (in Japanese) (Hon no zasshi sha) (41), 1985: 2–15

References[edit]

Deeb, Benjamin (2004). Healthy to the Core: How to Measure Effective Defecation. Greenwood Press.
Widmaier, Raff & Strang (2006). Vanders' Human Physiology, the mechanisms of body function. Chapter 15. McGraw Hill.

English Journal

In situ ingestion of microfibres by meiofauna from sandy beaches.

Gusmão F1, Domenico MD2, Amaral AC3, Martínez A4, Gonzalez BC5, Worsaae K6, Ivar do Sul JA7, Cunha Lana PD8.
Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987).Environ Pollut.2016 Jun 16. pii: S0269-7491(16)30503-6. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.015. [Epub ahead of print]
Microfibres are widespread contaminants in marine environments across the globe. Detecting in situ ingestion of microfibres by small marine organisms is necessary to understand their potential accumulation in marine food webs and their role in marine pollution. We have examined the gut contents of m
PMID 27321884

Ingestion of microplastic has limited impact on a marine larva.

Kaposi KL1, Mos B, Kelaher BP, Dworjanyn SA.
Environmental science & technology.Environ Sci Technol.2014;48(3):1638-45. doi: 10.1021/es404295e. Epub 2014 Jan 13.
There is increasing concern about the impacts of microplastics (<1 mm) on marine biota. Microplastics may be mistaken for food items and ingested by a wide variety of organisms. While the effects of ingesting microplastic have been explored for some adult organisms, there is poor understanding of
PMID 24341789

Extremely long-distance seed dispersal by an overfished Amazonian frugivore.

Anderson JT1, Nuttle T, Saldaña Rojas JS, Pendergast TH, Flecker AS.
Proceedings. Biological sciences / The Royal Society.Proc Biol Sci.2011 Nov 22;278(1723):3329-35. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0155. Epub 2011 Mar 23.
Throughout Amazonia, overfishing has decimated populations of fruit-eating fishes, especially the large-bodied characid, Colossoma macropomum. During lengthy annual floods, frugivorous fishes enter vast Amazonian floodplains, consume massive quantities of fallen fruits and egest viable seeds. Many t
PMID 21429923

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「drain」「elimination」「eliminate」「排出」「emit」
拡張検索	「egestion」「pregestational diabetes mellitus」

「drain」

　　[★]

vt.

(水などを)はく、排出する(awaym off, out)。～から排水/放水する(off)、(土地を)干拓する。(皮などがある地域)の排水をする。(土地など)に排水設備を施す。
(水気を)切る。(洗った皿など)の水気を切る。(酒・グラスなど)ぐいと飲み干す
(外科)～の液/膿を出す、排液/排膿する
(貨幣・財宝・人材を)国外に流出させる、(富・力などを)消耗させる(exhaust)(from)。～から(富・力などを)奪い去る(deprive)(of)