scavenge

• vt.

• (ゴミなどを)取り除く。(場所を)清掃する。(利用できる物を)廃品の中から取り出す。(廃品)から利用できる物を取り出す。(腐肉・厨芥などを)食べる。(不純物を)科学的・物理的に除去する。

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. feed on carrion or refuse; "hyenas scavenge"
2. remove unwanted substances from (同)clean
3. clean refuse from; "Scavenge a street"
4. without difficulties or problems; "a clean test flight"
5. remove unwanted substances from, such as feathers or pits; "Clean the turkey" (同)pick
6. remove shells or husks from; "clean grain before milling it"
7. morally pure; "led a clean life" (同)clean-living
8. free of restrictions or qualifications; "a clean bill of health"; "a clear winner" (同)clear
9. (of sound or color) free from anything that dulls or dims; "efforts to obtain a clean bass in orchestral recordings"; "clear laughter like a waterfall"; "clear reds and blues"; "a light lilting voice like a silver bell" (同)clear, light, unclouded
10. (of a manuscript) having few alterations or corrections; "fair copy"; "a clean manuscript" (同)fair
11. free from impurities; "clean water"; "fresh air" (同)fresh
12. make clean by removing dirt, filth, or unwanted substances from; "Clean the stove!"; "The dentist cleaned my teeth" (同)make clean
13. free from clumsiness; precisely or deftly executed; "he landed a clean left on his opponents cheek"; "a clean throw"; "the neat exactness of the surgeons knife" (同)neat
14. completely; used as intensifiers; "clean forgot the appointment"; "Im plumb (or plum) tuckered out" (同)plumb, plum
15. exhibiting or calling for sportsmanship or fair play; "a clean fight"; "a sporting solution of the disagreement"; "sportsmanlike conduct" (同)sporting, sporty, sportsmanlike
16. remove all contents or possession from, or empty completely; "The boys cleaned the sandwich platters"; "The trees were cleaned of apples by the storm" (同)strip
17. not spreading pollution or contamination; especially radioactive contamination; "a clean fuel"; "cleaner and more efficient engines"; "the tactical bomb is reasonably clean" (同)uncontaminating
18. (of behavior or especially language) free from objectionable elements; fit for all observers; "good clean fun"; "a clean joke" (同)unobjectionable
19. (of a record) having no marks of discredit or offense; "a clean voting record"; "a clean drivers license"
20. be cleanable; "This stove cleans easily"
21. deprive wholly of money in a gambling game, robbery, etc.; "The other players cleaned him completely"
22. free from dirt or impurities; or having clean habits; "children with clean shining faces"; "clean white shirts"; "clean dishes"; "a spotlessly clean house"; "cats are clean animals"
23. free of drugs; "after a long dependency on heroin she has been clean for 4 years"
24. not carrying concealed weapons
25. remove while making clean; "Clean the spots off the rug"
26. ritually clean or pure
27. thorough and without qualification; "a clean getaway"; "a clean sweep"; "a clean break"
28. give an abstract (of)
29. not representing or imitating external reality or the objects of nature; "a large abstract painting" (同)abstractionist, nonfigurative, nonobjective
30. consider a concept without thinking of a specific example; consider abstractly or theoretically
31. consider apart from a particular case or instance; "Lets abstract away from this particular example"
32. dealing with a subject in the abstract without practical purpose or intention; "abstract reasoning"; "abstract science"
33. existing only in the mind; separated from embodiment; "abstract words like `truth and `justice"
34. remove from a position or an office
35. remove something concrete, as by lifting, pushing, or taking off, or remove something abstract; "remove a threat"; "remove a wrapper"; "Remove the dirty dishes from the table"; "take the gun from your pocket"; "This machine withdraws heat from the environment" (同)take, take_away, withdraw
36. degree of figurative distance or separation; "just one remove from madness" or "it imitates at many removes a Shakespearean tragedy";
37. get rid of something abstract; "The death of her mother removed the last obstacle to their marriage"; "God takes away your sins" (同)take_away
38. shift the position or location of, as for business, legal, educational, or military purposes; "He removed his children to the countryside"; "Remove the troops to the forest surrounding the city"; "remove a case to another court" (同)transfer
39. the bodily process of discharging waste matter (同)evacuation, excretion, excreting, voiding
40. the murder of a competitor (同)liquidation
41. the act of removing or getting rid of something (同)riddance
42. the act of removing an unknown mathematical quantity by combining equations
43. analysis of a problem into alternative possibilities followed by the systematic rejection of unacceptable alternatives (同)reasoning by elimination
44. remove from a contest or race; "The cyclist has eliminated all the competitors in the race"
45. kill in large numbers; "the plague wiped out an entire population" (同)annihilate, extinguish, eradicate, wipe_out, decimate, carry off
46. remove (an unknown variable) from two or more equations

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈腐肉〉‘を'食べる;〈食物・使える物など〉‘を'ごみの中からあさる / 《英》〈街路など〉‘を'そうじする / 腐肉を食べる;ごみあさりをする / 《英》ごみさらいをする
2. 『汚れのない』,『清潔な』 / 使っていない / 不純物がはいっていない,純粋な(pure) / 清らかな,潔白な / ゆがみのない,すっきりした / 公正な(fair),規則に従った / 空白の;書き入れてない / 完全な,全くの / 鮮やかな,みごとな / 放射能のない / 完全に,全く,すっかり(completely, entirely) / きれいに / …'を'『きれいにする』 / …'を'取り片付ける / 〈肉・魚・野菜など〉'を'下ごしらえをする / きれいになる;きれいにする / ふき取り掃除
3. 『抽象的な』 / 理論的な,観念的な / (美術において)抽象派の / 〈U〉抽象 / 〈C〉抜粋,摘要(summary) / 〈C〉抽象美術作品 / (いくつかのものから)〈ある概念〉'を'抽象する,抽出する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈本・スピーチなど〉'を'要約する(summarize),抜粋する / (…から)〈金属など〉'を'抽出する,分離する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》
4. (…から)…‘を'『取り去る』,持ち去る・(…へ)旨‘を'『移す』,移転させる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / (…から)〈人〉‘を'解任する,追い出す《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (…べ)移る,移転する《+『to』+『名』》 / (…との)距離,隔り《+『from』+『名』》
5. (…の)除去,削除《+『of』+『名』》 / (競技の)予選
6. (…から)…‘を'『取り除く』,削除する(get rid of)《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / …‘を'考慮に入れない,無視する(disregard)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/05 19:16:07」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

For a person who scavenges, see Waste picker. For other uses, see Scavenger (disambiguation).

Sarcophaga nodosa, a species of flesh fly feeding on decaying meat.

Scavenging or Saprophagy is both a carnivorous and a herbivorous feeding behavior in which the scavenger feeds on dead animal and plant material present in its habitat. The eating of carrion from the same species is referred to as cannibalism. Scavengers play an important role in the ecosystem by consuming the dead animal and plant material. Decomposers and detritivores complete this process, by consuming the remains left by scavengers.

Etymology

Scavenger is an alteration of scavager, from Middle English skawager meaning "customs collector", from skawage meaning "customs", from Old North French escauwage meaning "inspection", from schauwer meaning "to inspect", of Germanic origin; akin to Old English scēawian and German schauen meaning "to look at", and modern English "show" (with semantic drift).

Animals

Vultures eating the carcass of a red deer in Spain

Obligate scavenging is very rare in the animal kingdom, due to the difficulty of finding enough carrion without expending too much energy. In vertebrates, only vultures and possibly some pterosaurs are obligate scavengers, as terrestrial soaring flyers are the only animals able to find enough carrion.

Well-known invertebrate scavengers of animal material include burying beetles and blowflies, which are obligate scavengers, and yellowjackets.

Most scavenging animals are facultative scavengers that gain most of their food through other methods, especially predation. Many large carnivores that hunt regularly, such as hyenas, but also animals rarely thought of as scavengers, such as African lions, leopards, jackals, and wolves will scavenge if given the chance. They may also use their size and ferocity to intimidate the original hunters (the cheetah is a notable exception). Almost all scavengers above insect size are predators and will hunt if not enough carrion is available, as few ecosystems provide enough dead animals year-round to keep its scavengers fed on that alone. Scavenger wild dogs and crows frequently exploit roadkill.

Scavengers of dead plant material include termites that build nests in grasslands and then collect dead plant material for consumption within the nest. The interaction between scavenging animals and humans is seen today most commonly in suburban settings with animals such as opossums, polecats and raccoons. In some African towns and villages, scavenging from hyenas is also common.

In the prehistoric eras, the Tyrannosaurus rex may have been an apex predator, preying upon hadrosaurs, ceratopsians, and possibly juvenile sauropods, although some experts have suggested the dinosaur was primarily a scavenger. The debate about whether Tyrannosaurus was an apex predator or scavenger was among the longest ongoing feud in paleontology; however, most scientists now agree that Tyrannosaurus rex was an opportunistic carnivore, acting mostly as a predator but scavenging when it could. Recent research also shows that while an adult Tyrannosaurus rex would energetically gain little though scavenging, smaller theropods of approximately 500 kg may have potentially gained levels similar to that of hyenas, though not enough for them to rely on scavenging.

Animals which consume feces, such as dung beetles, are referred to as coprovores. Animals that collect small particles of dead organic material of both animal and plant origin are referred to as detritivores.

As a human behavior

See also: Roadkill cuisine

Men scavenging a dead horse during World War II (at the end of the Battle of Berlin), on Manfred-von-Richthofen-Straße in Tempelhof borough, 1945

In humans, necrophagy is taboo in most societies. Many instances have occurred in history, especially in war times, where necrophagy was a survival behavior.

In the 1950s, Louis Binford suggested that early humans were obtaining meat via scavenging, not hunting. In 2010, Dennis Bramble and Daniel Lieberman however proposed that early humans used long-distance running to hunt, pursuing a single animal until it died of exhaustion and hyperthermia. Such behavior has been suggested as an adaptation to ensure a food supply that in turn made large brains possible.

The eating of human meat, a practice known as anthropophagy (and known across all species more commonly as cannibalism), is extremely taboo in almost every culture.

Occupation

Scavenger appears as an occupation in the 1911 Census of England and Wales. This job title was used to describe someone who cleans the streets and removes refuse, generally a workman (a modern-day garbage collector, janitor, or street cleaner) employed by the local public health authority.

Young people in developing countries revert to scavenging to develop entrepreneurship skills in order to operate in hostile economic contexts.

In India, the term "manual scavenging" is used to the removal of raw (fresh and untreated) human excreta from buckets or other containers that are used as toilets or from the pits of pit latrines. The excreta are piled into baskets which the workers may carry on their heads to locations sometimes several kilometers from the latrines. The employment of manual scavengers is officially prohibited in India since 1993 but is still taking place to this day.

The name is properly "scavager" or "scaveger", an official who was concerned with the receipt of custom duties and the inspection (scavage) of imported goods. The "scavagers" are found with such officials of the City of London as an aleconner or beadle. These officials seem to have been charged also with the cleaning of the streets, and the name superseded the older rakyer for those who performed this duty. These professions are essential to urban settings operating at the highest capacity. The garbage collection jobs and scavenging professions allow urban populations to continue unhindered by outbreaks and disease most commonly brought by the build-up of physical waste. These jobs were of the most importance before the time of functional sewer systems and indoor plumbing.

Gallery

• White-backed vultures feeding on a carcass of a wildebeest

• A jungle crow feeding on a small dead shark

• Coyote feeding on an elk carcass in winter in Lamar Valley, near Yellowstone National Park

• A white shark scavenging on a whale carcass

• A polar bear scavenging on a narwhal whale carcass

• An Ibiza wall lizard scavenging on fish scraps leftover from another predator

• Red weaver ants feeding on a dead African giant snail

See also

• Consumer-resource systems

References

Further reading

• Merriam-Webster's Dictionary
• Smith TM, Smith RL (2006) Elements of Ecology. Sixth edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, CA.
• Chase, et al. The Scavenger Handbook. Bramblewood Press, Santa Barbara, CA.
• Rufus, Anneli and Lawson, Kristan. The Scavengers' Manifesto. Tarcher, New York.
• "Tasmanian devil". Britannica Concise Encyclopedia. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica, 2009. Credo Reference. Web. 17 September 2012.
• Kruuk, H. Hunter and Hunted: Relationships between Carnivores and People. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002. Print.

External links

• Stitching a Life From the Scraps of Others - slideshow by The New York Times

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 耳鳴の治療 treatment of tinnitus
• 2. 尿素サイクル障害：管理 urea cycle disorders management
• 3. 心不全における酸化ストレスの役割 role of oxidative stress in heart failure
• 4. 非結核性抗酸菌感染症の病因 pathogenesis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections
• 5. ミツバチ、スズメバチ、および他の膜翅目刺傷：反応の型および急性期マネージメント bee yellow jacket wasp and other hymenoptera stings reaction types and acute management

English Journal

• Protective activity of Hertia cheirifolia extracts against DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and protein oxidation.

• Kada S1, Bouriche H1, Senator A1, Demirtaş I2, Özen T3, Çeken Toptanci B4, Kızıl G4, Kızıl M4.
• Pharmaceutical biology.Pharm Biol.2017 Dec;55(1):330-337.
• PMID 27927074

• Accumulation of primary and secondary metabolites in edible jackfruit seed tissues and scavenging of reactive nitrogen species.

• Fernandes F1, Ferreres F2, Gil-Izquierdo A2, Oliveira AP1, Valentão P1, Andrade PB3.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2017 Oct 15;233:85-95. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.04.068. Epub 2017 Apr 17.
• PMID 28530615

• Synthesis, iron(III) complexation properties, molecular dynamics simulations and P. aeruginosa siderophore-like activity of two pyoverdine analogs.

• Antonietti V1, Boudesocque S2, Dupont L3, Farvacques N1, Cézard C1, Da Nascimento S1, Raimbert JF1, Socrier L4, Robin TJ4, Morandat S4, El Kirat K5, Mullié C1, Sonnet P6.
• European journal of medicinal chemistry.Eur J Med Chem.2017 Sep 8;137:338-350. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.010. Epub 2017 Jun 7.
• PMID 28614758

• Oxygen exposure effects on the dechlorinating activities of a trichloroethene-dechlorination microbial consortium.

• Liu N1, Li H1, Li M2, Ding L1, Weng CH3, Dong CD4.
• Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2017 Sep;240:98-105. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.112. Epub 2017 Feb 28.
• PMID 28274623

Japanese Journal

• 薄板技術の100年　−自動車産業と共に歩んだ薄鋼板と製造技術−

• 高橋 学
• ふぇらむ = Bulletin of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan : (一社)日本鉄鋼協会会報 100(1), 82-93, 2014
• … Precipitation is used in characteristic ways which is to scavenge solute carbon and nitrogen and to prevent coarse cementite particle precipitation. …
• NAID 130003385701

• In vitro effects of Monascus purpureus on antioxidation activity during fermentation of Kinmen sorghum liquor waste(ENVIRONMENTAL BIOTECHNOLOGY)

• Huang Chin-Shiu,Hu Hung-Hsi,Tsai Ya-Mei [他],Chang Wen-Teish
• Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 115(4), 418-423, 2013-04
• … Monascus purpureus CWT715 is a strain of red yeast rice that can scavenge free radicals when fermented with residual sorghum from Kinmen sorghum liquor waste (KSL). …
• NAID 110009603690

• Evaluation of a new scavenging method for the isolation of cigarette smoke components for use in animal studies

• Nagaie Maya,Tsuda Susumu,Makita Yoshimasa,Nishiura Aki,Fujiwara Shin-ichi,Matsumoto Naoyuki
• Journal of Osaka Dental University 47(1), 179-184, 2013-04
• There are few reports concerning the effects of cigarette-smoke on orthodontic tooth movement. By quantitatively measuring the components present in the cigarette smoke, we hoped to be able investigat …
• NAID 110009603291

• 空気潤滑法を用いた船舶の省エネルギー技術動向 (特集 移動・輸送と混相流(1))

• 日夏 宗彦
• 混相流 27(1), 4-10, 2013-03
• NAID 40019626975

Related Links

• scavengeの意味・用例｜英辞郎 on the WEB：アルク

scavenge 【自他動】 〔道路などを〕清掃をする 〔ごみ・残飯などを〕あさる - アルクがお届けする進化するオンライン英和・和英辞書データベース。一般的な単語や連語から、イディオム、専門用語、スラングまで幅広く収録。

• scavengeの意味 - goo辞書 英和和英

「scavenge」の意味 このページの先頭へ 国語辞書 デジタル大辞泉 文学 宗教・思想 日本史 世界史 地理 社会 美術・音楽 演劇・映画 物理・化学 生物 地学 医学 生活 数学 IT用語 四字熟語 慣用句・ことわざ ABC略語 季語 品詞 類語辞書 ...

• Scavenge - definition of scavenge by The Free Dictionary

scav·enge (skăv′ənj) v. scav·enged, scav·eng·ing, scav·eng·es v.tr. 1. a. To collect (useful items) by searching through refuse: scavenged a chair from ... When screech-owls scavenge on larger prey, they also may not ingest bones or ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「elimination」「eliminate」「abstract」「dislodge」「obviate」
拡張検索	「class A scavenger receptor」「free radical scavenger」「scavenger」「radical scavenger」「scavenger receptors」

「elimination」

　　[★]

• n.

• 除去、排除、排出、消失、(化学)脱離

関

ablation、abscission、abstract、abstraction、clearance、delete、deletion、desorption、detach、detachment、disappear、disappearance、dislodge、drain、draining、egest、egestion、eject、eliminate、emission、emit、evacuate、evacuation、exclude、exclusion、excrete、excretion、expel、export、obliteration、obviate、regress、removal、remove、scavenge

　 　 　 　 　 　

「eliminate」

　　[★]

• v.

• 除去する、除く、排出する、排除する、(化学)脱離する

関

abscission、abstract、abstraction、clearance、delete、deletion、desorption、detach、detachment、dislodge、drain、draining、egest、egestion、eject、elimination、emission、emit、evacuate、evacuation、except、exclude、exclusion、excrete、excretion、expel、export、obliteration、obviate、removal、remove、scavenge

　 　 　 　

「abstract」

　　[★]

• n.

• 抄録、要約、アブストラクト

• v.

• 抽出する、抽象化する、除去する

関

abstracting、abstraction、brief、delete、deletion、dislodge、eliminate、elimination、evacuation、extract、extraction、obliteration、obviate、outline、recapitulate、recapitulation、removal、remove、scavenge、sum、summarize、summary、synopses、synopsis

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「dislodge」

　　[★]

• vt.

• (固定位置から)無理に移動させる(押しのける、取り除く)(remove)。(隠れ場所・拠点などから)追い払う、追い出す(drive)

• vi.

• 今までいた場所から移動する、宿舎/宿営から出る

関

abstract、abstraction、delete、deletion、eliminate、elimination、evacuation、extrude、obliteration、obviate、removal、remove、scavenge

dislodgement/dislodgment

　 　 　

「obviate」

　　[★]

• v.

• 除去する、取り除く、不必要にする

関

abstract、abstraction、delete、deletion、deprive、dislodge、dispensable、eliminate、elimination、evacuation、free、needless、needlessly、obliteration、omit、removal、remove、scavenge、strip、unnecessarily、unnecessary、unwanted、withdraw

　 　

「class A scavenger receptor」

　　[★]

• クラスAスカベンジャー受容体、クラスAスカベンジャーレセプター

「free radical scavenger」

　　[★]

• フリーラジカルスカベンジャー、フリーラジカル消去剤

「scavenger」

　　[★]

• スカベンジャー、捕捉剤

関

sequestrant

　 　 　

「radical scavenger」

　　[★]

• ラジカルスカベンジャー、遊離基捕捉剤

「scavenger receptors」

　　[★] スカベンジャー受容体