WordNet

small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
a fibrous band of scar tissue that binds together normally separate anatomical structures
abnormal union of bodily tissues; most common in the abdomen

PrepTutorEJDIC

(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
粘着,付着

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/07/27 09:31:10」(JST)

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Schematic of cell adhesion

Cell adhesion is the binding of a cell to a surface, extracellular matrix or another cell using cell adhesion molecules such as selectins, integrins, and cadherins. Correct cellular adhesion is essential in maintaining multicellular structure. Cellular adhesion can link the cytoplasm of cells and can be involved in signal transduction.

Process

Cell adhesion molecules involved in the process are first hydrolyzed by extracellular enzymes. Cell adhesion is directly related to protein adsorption.

Eukaryotes

Eukaryotic protozoans express multiple adhesion molecules. An example of a pathogenic protozoan is the malarial parasite (Plasmodium falciparum), which uses one adhesion molecule called the circumsporozoite protein to bind to liver cells, and another adhesion molecule called the merozoite surface protein to bind red blood cells. In human cells, which have many different types of adhesion molecules, the major classes are named integrins, Ig superfamily members, cadherins, and selectins. Each of these adhesion molecules has a different function and recognizes different ligands. Defects in cell adhesion are usually attributable to defects in expression of adhesion molecules.

Cell junctions allow cells to adhere. There are 4 types of cell junctions:^[1]

Anchoring junctions (Adherens junctions, Desmosomes and Hemidesmosomes), which transmit stress through tethering to cytoskeleton are cell–cell or cell–matrix
Occluding Junctions (Tight junctions), which seal gaps between cells, making an impermeable barrier
Channel forming junctions (Gap junctions and plasmodesmata), which links cytoplasm of adjacent cells
Signal relaying junction, synapses in nervous systems

Cell-cell adhesions in Anchoring junctions are mediated by cadherins. Cell–matrix adhesions however, are usually mediated by intergrins.^[1]

Selective cell–cell adhesion enables vertebrate cells to assemble into organised tissues. homophilic attachment allows selective recognition resulting. Cells of a similar type stick together whereas cells of a different type stay segregated.^[1]

Human Genetic Diseases

There are the human genetic diseases caused by inability to express a specific adhesion molecule. An example is leukocyte adhesion deficiency-I (LAD-I), where patients do not express the β2-integrin subunit precursor. This integrin is required for leukocytes to adhere to the blood vessel wall during inflammation in order to fight infection. The leukocytes from LAD-I patients fail to adhere and patients exhibit serious episodes of infection that can be life threatening.

Tumor adhesion

Cancer metastasis tumors that spread through the circulatory system use mechanisms of cell adhesion to establish new tumors in the body. Release of epoxyeicosatrienoic acid is believed to increase this propensity.^[2]

Prokaryotes

Prokaryotes have adhesion molecules usually termed "adhesins". Adhesins may occur on pili (fimbriae), flagellae, or the cell surface. Adhesion of bacteria is the first step in colonization and regulates tropism (tissue- or cell-specific interactions).

Viruses

Viruses also have adhesion molecules required for viral binding to host cells. For example, influenza virus has a hemagglutinin on its surface that is required for recognition of the sugar sialic acid on host cell surface molecules. HIV has an adhesion molecule termed gp120 that binds to its ligand CD4, which is expressed on lymphocytes.

Differential adhesion hypothesis

The differential adhesion hypothesis (sometimes called the "thermodynamic hypothesis")^[3] is a theory of cell adhesion advanced by Malcolm Steinberg in 1964 to explain the mechanism by which heterotypic cells in mixed aggregates sort out into isotypic territories. The DAH postulates that tissues are viscoelastic liquids, and as such possess measurable tissue surface tensions. These surface tensions have been determined for a variety of tissues, including embryonic tissues and cell lines. The surface tensions correspond to the mutual sorting behavior: the tissue type with the higher surface tension will occupy an internal position relative to a tissue with a lower surface tension (if these tissues can interact with each other through their adhesion machinery). Quantitative differences in homo and heterotypic adhesion are supposed to be sufficient to account for the phenomenon without the need to postulate cell type specific adhesion systems: fairly generally accepted, although some tissue specific cell adhesion molecules are now known to exist.

Clinical Implications

Dysfunction of cell-adhesion and cell-migration occurs during cancer metastasis. Cellular adhesion and traction can allow cells to migrate.^[1] Cells can form intergrin mediated attachments sites called focal adhesions. Focal adhesions at the leading edge provide the necessary traction allowing the cell to pull itself forward.

Pemphigus is the result of auto-antibodies which target desmosomal cadherins. Results in loss of cell adhesion.

Measurement and Applications

Researchers at Japan's Nagoya University have developed a test to measure the adhesion of a single cell and potentially determine cellular viability.^[4]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d cell-adhesion-and-cell-migration lecture
^ Page 108 in: Walter F., PhD. Boron (2003). Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approaoch. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1300. ISBN 1-4160-2328-3.
^ online biology dictionary
^ Yajing Shen et al (2011). "Single cell adhesion force measurement for cell viability identification using an AFM cantilever-based micro putter". Meas. Sci. Technol. 22 (11). DOI:10.1088/0957-0233/22/11/115802.

(1) Gumbiner, B. M. (1996) Cell adhesion: The molecular basis of tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Cell 84, 345-357.

External links

The Cell by G. Cooper (online textbook)
Molecular Cell Biology by Lodish et al. (online textbook)
Molecular Biology of the Cell by Alberts et al. (online textbook) no anda
Cell Adhesion and Extracellular Matrix - The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology
Supplier for Cell Adhesion Measurement Instrumentation: JPK Instruments

UpToDate Contents

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1. 適応細胞性免疫応答 the adaptive cellular immune response
2. 炎症の病因における白血球内皮細胞接着 leukocyte endothelial adhesion in the pathogenesis of inflammation
3. 白血球粘着不全症 leukocyte adhesion deficiency
4. 鎌状赤血球症における血管閉塞症 vasoocclusion in sickle cell disease
5. T細胞受容体シグナル伝達 t cell receptor signaling

English Journal

ChAT-positive neurons participate in subventricular zone neurogenesis after middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice.

Wang J1, Fu X2, Zhang D2, Yu L2, Li N2, Lu Z2, Gao Y2, Wang M2, Liu X2, Zhou C2, Han W2, Yan B3, Wang J4.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2017 Jan 1;316:145-151. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.09.007. Epub 2016 Sep 5.
The mechanisms of post-stroke neurogenesis in the subventricular zone (SVZ) are unclear. However, neural stem cell-intrinsic and neurogenic niche mechanisms, as well as neurotransmitters, have been shown to play important roles in SVZ neurogenesis. Recently, a previously unknown population of cholin
PMID 27609645

Biocompatible and target specific hydrophobically modified glycol chitosan nanoparticles.

Yin W1, Li W2, Rubenstein DA3, Meng Y2.
Biointerphases.Biointerphases.2016 Dec 28;11(4):04B301. doi: 10.1116/1.4948265.
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis is a major cause for cardiovascular diseases. Drugs that treat atherosclerosis usually act nonspecifically. To enhance drug delivery specificity, the authors developed a hydrophobically modified glycol chitosa
PMID 27126597

Gold nanoparticles labeling with hybridization chain reaction amplification strategy for the sensitive detection of HepG2 cells by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.

Zhang X1, Chen B1, He M1, Wang H1, Hu B2.
Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2016 Dec 15;86:736-40. doi: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.07.073. Epub 2016 Jul 22.
Sensitive detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is of great significance in the early detection of cancer and cancer metastasis. This work reported an efficient, specific, and sensitive immunoassay protocol for detection of tumor cells by using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP
PMID 27476054

Japanese Journal

共鳴光ピンセットによる神経細胞接着分子の捕捉

武田尚子,工藤卓,田口降久 [他]
電気学会論文誌. C, 電子・情報・システム部門誌 = IEEJ transactions on electronics, information and systems 134(8), 1071-1077, 2014-08
NAID 40020183048

細胞機能の制御を目指した無機ナノ粒子と界面の活用

多賀谷基博
色材協会誌 = Journal of the Japan Society of Colour Material 87(7), 235-239, 2014-07
NAID 40020157152

Cdk5 regulates multiple cellular events in neural development, function and disease

Kawauchi Takeshi
Development, growth & differentiation 56(5), 335-348, 2014-06
NAID 40020109452

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「細胞接着」「cell adherence」「cell attachment」「cell-cell contact」「cell-cell adhesion」
拡張検索	「cell adhesion molecule」「platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1」「cell adhesion molecule L1」「neural cell adhesion molecule L1」「neuron-glia cell adhesion molecule」
関連記事	「adhesion」「cell」