black fly

ブユ

WordNet

1. blackish aphid that infests e.g. beans and sugar beets (同)bean aphid, Aphis fabae
2. small blackish stout-bodied biting fly having aquatic larvae; sucks the blood of birds as well as humans and other mammals (同)black_fly, buffalo gnat
3. type genus of the Simuliidae: blackflies (同)genus Simulium
4. blackflies and sand flies (同)family Simuliidae
5. of or belonging to a racial group having dark skin especially of sub-Saharan African origin; "a great people--a black people--...injected new meaning and dignity into the veins of civilization"- Martin Luther King Jr.
6. the quality or state of the achromatic color of least lightness (bearing the least resemblance to white) (同)blackness, inkiness
7. (board games) the darker pieces
8. black clothing (worn as a sign of mourning); "the widow wore black"
9. (of the face) made black especially as with suffused blood; "a face black with fury" (同)blackened
10. offering little or no hope; "the future looked black"; "prospects were bleak"; "Life in the Aran Islands has always been bleak and difficult"- J.M.Synge; "took a dim view of things" (同)bleak, dim
11. (of events) having extremely unfortunate or dire consequences; bringing ruin; "the stock market crashed on Black Friday"; "a calamitous defeat"; "the battle was a disastrous end to a disastrous campaign"; "such doctrines, if true, would be absolutely fatal to my theory"- Charles Darwin; "it is fatal to enter any war without the will to win it"- Douglas MacArthur; "a fateful error" (同)calamitous, disastrous, fatal, fateful
12. stemming from evil characteristics or forces; wicked or dishonorable; "black deeds"; "a black lie"; "his black heart has concocted yet another black deed"; "Darth Vader of the dark side"; "a dark purpose"; "dark undercurrents of ethnic hostility"; "the scheme of some sinister intelligence bent on punishing him"-Thomas Hardy (同)dark, sinister
13. (used of conduct or character) deserving or bringing disgrace or shame; "Man...has written one of his blackest records as a destroyer on the oceanic islands"- Rachel Carson; "an ignominious retreat"; "inglorious defeat"; "an opprobrious monument to human greed"; "a shameful display of cowardice" (同)disgraceful, ignominious, inglorious, opprobrious, shameful
14. harshly ironic or sinister; "black humor"; "a grim joke"; "grim laughter"; "fun ranging from slapstick clowning ... to savage mordant wit" (同)grim, mordant
15. extremely dark; "a black moonless night"; "through the pitch-black woods"; "it was pitch-dark in the cellar" (同)pitch-black, pitch-dark
16. soiled with dirt or soot; "with feet black from playing outdoors"; "his shirt was black within an hour" (同)smutty
17. (of coffee) without cream or sugar
18. (of intelligence operations) deliberately misleading; "black propaganda"
19. being of the achromatic color of maximum darkness; having little or no hue owing to absorption of almost all incident light; "black leather jackets"; "as black as coal"; "rich black soil"
20. marked by anger or resentment or hostility; "black looks"; "black words"
21. travel over (an area of land or sea) in an aircraft; "Lindbergh was the first to fly the Atlantic"
22. (baseball) a hit that flies up in the air (同)fly_ball
23. an opening in a garment that is closed by a zipper or by buttons concealed under a fold of cloth (同)fly front
24. fishermans lure consisting of a fishhook decorated to look like an insect
25. two-winged insects characterized by active flight
26. operate an airplane; "The pilot flew to Cuba" (同)aviate, pilot
27. pass away rapidly; "Time flies like an arrow"; "Time fleeing beneath him" (同)fell, vanish
28. travel through the air; be airborne; "Man cannot fly" (同)wing
29. (British informal) not to be deceived or hoodwinked
30. be dispersed or disseminated; "Rumors and accusations are flying"
31. cause to fly or float; "fly a kite"
32. change quickly from one emotional state to another; "fly into a rage"
33. display in the air or cause to float; "fly a kite"; "All nations fly their flags in front of the U.N."
34. hit a fly
35. move quickly or suddenly; "He flew about the place"
36. transport by aeroplane; "We fly flowers from the Caribbean to North America"
37. travel in an airplane; "she is flying to Cincinnati tonight"; "Are we driving or flying?"
38. throw with force or recklessness; "fling the frisbee"
39. the act of flinging
40. move in an abrupt or headlong manner; "He flung himself onto the sofa"
41. a person with dark skin who comes from Africa (or whose ancestors came from Africa) (同)Black person, blackamoor, Negro, Negroid
42. British chemist who identified carbon dioxide and who formulated the concepts of specific heat and latent heat (1728-1799) (同)Joseph Black
43. popular child actress of the 1930s (born in 1928) (同)Shirley Temple Black, Shirley Temple
44. hurried and brief; "paid a flying visit"; "took a flying glance at the book"; "a quick inspection"; "a fast visit" (同)quick, fast

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『黒い』,黒色の / 『暗い』,まっ暗な(dark) / (特にアフリカ系)黒人の / 汚い(dirty),汚れた(soiled) / 陰気な(gloomy);不吉な;見通しの暗い / 怒った(angry);不きげんな(sullen) / 腹黒い,邪悪な(wicked, evil) / 《文》不名誉な / (コーヒーに)クリーム(牛乳)を入れない,ブラックの / 〈U〉『黒』,『黒色』 / 〈C〉《しばしば『B-』》黒人 / 〈U〉黒衣,(特に)喪服 / 黒くなる;暗くなる / …'を'黒くする;…'を'暗くする(blacken) / (靴墨で)〈靴〉'を'みがく
2. 〈鳥などが〉『飛ぶ』 / 〈人が〉『飛行機で飛ぶ』,飛行する;〈飛行機などが〉飛ぶ / (風などで)〈物が〉空中を飛ぶ / (風に)〈旗・髪などが〉ひるがえる,なびく / 《副詞[句]を伴なって》『飛ぶように動く』(走る) / (ある状態・位置から)急に(…に)なる《+『形』〈補〉》;ぱっと(…)する《+『into』+『名』》 / (野球で)フライを打つ;〈ボールが〉フライになる / 《話》急いで立ち去る / 逃げる / (空中に)〈たこ・鳥など〉‘を'『飛ばす』 / 〈旗〉を揚げる,翻す / 〈飛行機など〉‘を'飛ばす,操縦する / (人・物が)…‘を'飛行機で飛ぶ / 〈飛行便〉‘を'利用する / 〈人・物〉‘を'空輸する / ボタン隠し,ファスナー隠し(服のボタンやファスナーを隠す布) / (野球の)飛球,フライ(=fly ball) / (テントの入口の)垂れ幕 / 飛行,飛ぶこと
3. 『ハエ』;ハエと同類の昆虫 / (釣りに用いる)蚊針,毛針
4. 抜け目のない,はしこい
5. 《副詞[句]を伴って》…‘を'『投げる』,ほうり出す / 《副詞[句]を伴って》〈頭・腕・身体など〉‘を'投げかける,投げるように動かす / (ほうり出すように)急に(荒々しく)動く / (…を)『振って投げること』;振り動かすこと《+『of』+『名』》 / (定期間の)したいほうだい,かって気まま / 身ぶりの活発なスコットランドのダンス
6. 飛ぶ,飛行する / ひらひらする,翻る:flying flags翻る旗 / 飛ぶように速い / 《名詞の前のみの用いて》大急ぎの / 飛ぶこと,飛行

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/29 01:19:56」(JST)

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This article is about black flies in the family Simuliidae. For other meanings of "black fly" or "blackfly", see Blackfly (disambiguation).

Black fly
Simulium yahense
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Culicomorpha
Superfamily:	Chironomoidea
Family:	Simuliidae Newman, 1834
Subfamilies
Parasimuliinae Simuliinae Genera Araucnephia Araucnephioides Archicnephia Austrosimulium Baisomyia Cnephia Cnesia Cnesiamima Crozetia Ectemnia Gigantodax Greniera Gydarina Gymnopais Kovalevimyia Levitinia Lutzsimulium Mayacnephia Metacnephia Paracnephia Parasimulium Paraustrosimulium Pedrowygomyia Prosimulium Simuliites Simulimima Simulium Stegopterna Sulcicnephia Tlalocomyia Twinnia Data related to Black fly at Wikispecies

A black fly (sometimes called a buffalo gnat, turkey gnat, or white socks) is any member of the family Simuliidae of the Culicomorpha infraorder. They are related to the Ceratopogonidae, Chironomidae, and Thaumaleidae. Over 1,800 species of black flies are known (of which 11 are extinct). Most species belong to the immense genus Simulium. Most black flies gain nourishment by feeding on the blood of mammals, including humans, although the males feed mainly on nectar. They are usually small, black or gray, with short legs, and antennae. They are a common nuisance for humans, and many U.S. states have programs to suppress the black fly population. They spread several diseases, including river blindness in Africa (Simulium damnosum and S. neavei) and the Americas (S. callidum and S. metallicum in Central America, S. ochraceum in Central and South America).

Ecology

Black fly larvae in a river near Forni di Sopra

Eggs are laid in running water, and the larvae attach themselves to rocks. Breeding success is highly sensitive to water pollution. The larvae use tiny hooks at the ends of their abdomens to hold on to the substrate, using silk holdfasts and threads to move or hold their place. They have foldable fans surrounding their mouths. The fans expand when feeding, catching passing debris (small organic particles, algae, and bacteria). The larva scrapes the fan's catch into its mouth every few seconds. Black flies depend on lotic habitats to bring food to them. They will pupate under water and then emerge in a bubble of air as flying adults. They are often preyed upon by trout during emergence.

A female black fly

Adult males feed on nectar, while females also feed on blood. Some species in Africa can range as far as 40 mi (64 km) from aquatic breeding sites in search of their blood meals, while other species have more limited ranges.

Different species prefer different host sources for their blood meals, which is sometimes reflected in the common name for the species. They feed in the daytime, preferably when wind speeds are low.

Black flies may be either univoltine or multivoltine, depending on the species. The number of generations a particular pest species has each year tends to correlate with the intensity of human efforts to control those pests.

Work conducted at Portsmouth University by Bob Harris in 1986-1987 indicates Simulium spp. create highly acidic conditions within their midguts. This basic environment provides conditions ideally suited to bacteria that metabolise cellulose. Insects cannot metabolise cellulose independently, but the presence of these bacteria allow cellulose to be metabolised into basic sugars. This provides nutrition to the black fly larvae, as well as the bacteria. This symbiotic relationship indicates a specific adaptation, as fresh-flowing streams could not provide sufficient nutrition to the growing larva in any other way.

Regional effects of black fly populations

• In the wetter parts of the northern latitudes of North America, including parts of Canada, New England, Minnesota, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, black fly populations swell from late April to July, becoming a nuisance to humans engaging in common outdoor activities, such as gardening, boating, camping, and backpacking. They can also be a significant nuisance in mountainous areas.
• Black flies are a scourge to livestock in Canada, causing weight loss in cattle and sometimes death.
• Pennsylvania, in the United States, operates the largest single black fly control program in North America. The program is seen as beneficial to both the quality of life for residents and to the state's tourism industry.
• The Blandford fly (Simulium posticatum) in England was once a public health problem in the area around Blandford Forum, Dorset, due to its large numbers and the painful lesions caused by its bite. It was eventually controlled by carefully targeted applications of Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis. In 2010, a summer surge of insect bites blamed on the Blandford fly required many who had been bitten to be treated in a hospital.
• The New Zealand "sandflies" are actually black flies of the species Austrosimulium australense and A. ungulatum.
• In parts of Scotland, various species of black flies are a nuisance and bite humans, mainly between May and September. They are found mainly in mixed birch and juniper woodlands, and at lower levels in pine forests, moorlands, and pastures. Bites are most often found on the head, neck, and back. They also frequently land on legs and arms.

Public health

Only four genera in the Simuliidae family, Simulium, Prosimulium, Austrosimulium, and Cnephia, contain species that feed on people, though other species prefer to feed on other mammals or on birds. Simulium, the type genus, is the most widespread and is a vector for several diseases, including river blindness.

Mature adults can disperse tens or hundreds of kilometers from their breeding grounds in fresh flowing water, under their own power and assisted by prevailing winds, complicating control efforts. Swarming behavior can make outdoor activities unpleasant or intolerable, and can affect livestock production. During the 18th century, the "Golubatz fly" (Simulium colombaschense) was a notorious pest in central Europe. Even non-biting clouds of black flies, whether composed of males or of species that do not feed on humans or do not require a blood meal before egg laying, can form a nuisance by swarming into orifices.

Bites are shallow and accomplished by first stretching the skin using teeth on the labrum and then abrading it with the maxillae and mandibles, cutting the skin and rupturing its fine capillaries. Feeding is facilitated by a powerful anticoagulant in the flies' saliva, which also partially numbs the site of the bite, reducing the host's awareness of being bitten and thereby extending the flies' feeding time. Biting flies feed during daylight hours only and tend to zero in on areas of thinner skin, such as the nape of the neck or ears and ankles.

Itching and localized swelling and inflammation sometimes occurs at the site of a bite. Swelling can be quite pronounced depending on the species and the individual's immune response, and irritation may persist for weeks. Intense feeding can cause "black fly fever", with headache, nausea, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and aching joints; these symptoms are probably a reaction to a compound from the flies' salivary glands. Less common severe allergic reactions may require hospitalization.

Repellents provide some protection against biting flies. Products containing the active ingredient DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide) or picaridin are most effective. However, given the limited effectiveness of repellents, protecting oneself against biting flies requires taking additional measures, such as avoiding areas inhabited by the flies, avoiding peak biting times, and wearing heavy-duty, light-colored clothing, including long-sleeve shirts, long pants and hats. When black flies, for example, are numerous and unavoidable, netting that covers the head, like the “bee bonnets” used by beekeepers, can provide protection.

River blindness

Black flies are central to the transmission of the parasitic nematode Onchocerca volvulus which causes onchocerciasis, or "river blindness". It serves as the larval host for the nematode and acts as the vector by which the disease is spread. The parasite lives on human skin and is transmitted to the black fly during feeding.

See also

• Gnat
• "The Black Fly Song", a song by Wade Hemsworth inspired by his experiences with them
• Use of DNA in forensic entomology

Notes

References

• Black Flies Fact Sheet from Ohio State University
• Extensive Simuliidae (black fly) Web pages at blackfly.org.uk
• Black fly species inventory

External links

• Taxonomy and systematics of Simuliidae
• Diptera.info Gallery Images

Bibliography

• Kurtak, D. C. 1973. Observations on filter feeding by the larvae of black flies. PhD thesis. Cornell Univ., Ithaca. 157 pp.
• Kurtak, D. C. 1978. Efficiency of filter feeding of black fly larvae. Can. J. ZooL 56:1608-23 110.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 昆虫咬傷 insect bites
• 2. オンコセルカ症 onchocerciasis
• 3. 天疱瘡の病因、臨床症状、および診断 pathogenesis clinical manifestations and diagnosis of pemphigus
• 4. 免疫能の正常な患者における発熱および発疹 fever and rash in the immunocompetent patient
• 5. 節足動物および昆虫による咬傷の予防：防虫剤およびその他の対策法 prevention of arthropod and insect bites repellents and other measures

English Journal

• Purification and characterization of a novel antibacterial peptide from black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae.

• Park SI1, Kim JW2, Yoe SM3.
• Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2015 Sep;52(1):98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.04.018. Epub 2015 May 5.
• In this study, we induced and purified a novel antimicrobial peptide exhibiting activity against Gram-positive bacteria from the immunized hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae. The immunized hemolymph was extracted, and the novel defensin-like peptide 4 (DLP4) was purified using solid-phase extract
• PMID 25956195

• Chromosome-Directed PCR-Based Detection and Quantification of Bacillus cereus Group Members with Focus on B. thuringiensis Serovar israelensis Active against Nematoceran Larvae.

• Schneider S1, Hendriksen NB2, Melin P3, Lundström JO4, Sundh I3.
• Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2015 Aug 1;81(15):4894-903. doi: 10.1128/AEM.00671-15. Epub 2015 May 15.
• Bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis is a wide-spread soil bacterium affiliated with the B. cereus group (Bcg) and is widely used in biocontrol products applied against mosquito and black fly larvae. For monitoring and quantification of applied B. thuringiensis serovar israelensis and its effe
• PMID 25979887

• Myrmecomorba nylanderiae gen. et sp. nov., a microsporidian parasite of the tawny crazy ant Nylanderia fulva.

• Plowes RM1, Becnel JJ2, LeBrun EG3, Oi DH2, Valles SM2, Jones NT3, Gilbert LE3.
• Journal of invertebrate pathology.J Invertebr Pathol.2015 Jul;129:45-56. doi: 10.1016/j.jip.2015.05.012. Epub 2015 May 29.
• A new microsporidian genus and species, Myrmecomorba nylanderiae, is described from North American populations of the tawny crazy ant, Nylanderia fulva. This new species was found to be heterosporous producing several types of binucleate spores in both larval and adult stages and an abortive octospo
• PMID 26031565

Japanese Journal

• 能登半島で採集されたブユ属ヒムロブユ亜属の1新種について

• 高岡 宏行,斎藤 一三
• 衞生動物 62(1), 31-38, 2011-03-15
• NAID 10028089612

Related Links

• BLACK FLYS

カリフォルニア生まれのサングラス BlackFlys(ブラックフライズ)のオフィシャルサイト.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ブユ」「Simulium」「blackfly」「Simuliidae」「ブヨ」
関連記事	「black」「fly」

「ブユ」

　　[★]

英

black fly、blackfly

ラ

Simuliidae

同

蚋

関

ブユ科、ブヨ、ブユ属

「Simulium」

　　[★]

ブユ属、シムリウム属、Simulium属

関

black fly、blackfly、Simuliidae

　

「blackfly」

　　[★]

ブユ

関

black fly、Simuliidae、Simulium

　 　

「Simuliidae」

　　[★] ブユ科

関

black fly、blackfly、Simulium

　

「ブヨ」

　　[★]

英

black fly

関

ブユ

「black」

　　[★]

• n.

• 黒色、黒、黒人

• .adj

• 黒い、暗黒の

関

blackness、darkness

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「fly」

　　[★]

ハエ、飛ぶ

関

Diptera、true fly