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(microbiology) single-celled or noncellular spherical or spiral or rod-shaped organisms lacking chlorophyll that reproduce by fission; important as pathogens and for biochemical properties; taxonomy is difficult; often considered to be plants (同)bacterium
relating to or caused by bacteria; "bacterial infection"
inflammation of the conjunctiva of the eye (同)pinkeye

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/13 20:19:11」(JST)

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Conjunctivitis, also known as pink eye^[1] or Madras eye^[2] is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the outermost layer of the eye and the inner surface of the eyelids).^[1] It is commonly due to an infection (usually viral, but sometimes bacterial^[3]) or an allergic reaction.

Conjunctivitis can affect one or both eyes and is the most likely diagnosis in someone with eye redness and discharge (fluid coming from the eye). The affected eye is often "stuck shut" in the morning. Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis are highly contagious, and are transmitted through contact with the discharge. Generally speaking, conjunctivitis will go away on its own and poses no serious health risk. Eye drops can help relieve symptoms and, for bacterial causes, likely reduce the length of the illness if given early.^[4]

1 Classification
- 1.1 Causes
- 1.2 By extent of involvement
2 Signs and symptoms
- 2.1 Viral
- 2.2 Allergic
- 2.3 Bacterial
- 2.4 Chemical
- 2.5 Other
3 Causes
4 Diagnosis
- 4.1 Differential diagnosis
5 Prevention
6 Management
- 6.1 Viral
- 6.2 Allergic
- 6.3 Bacterial
- 6.4 Chemical
7 History
8 See also
9 References
10 External links

Classification

Classification can be either by cause or by extent of the inflamed area.

Causes

Allergic conjunctivitis, caused by allergens such as pollen, perfumes, cosmetics, smoke,^[5] dust mites, Balsam of Peru (used in food and drink for flavoring, in perfumes and toiletries for fragrance, and in medicine and pharmaceutical items for healing properties),^[6] and eye drops.^[7] A patch test is used to diagnose it and identify the causative allergen.^[8]
Bacterial conjunctivitis
Viral conjunctivitis
Chemical conjunctivitis
Neonatal conjunctivitis is often defined separately due to different organisms
Autoimmune

By extent of involvement

Blepharoconjunctivitis is the dual combination of conjunctivitis with blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids).

Keratoconjunctivitis is the combination of conjunctivitis and keratitis (corneal inflammation).

Signs and symptoms

Red eye (hyperaemia), swelling of conjunctiva (chemosis) and watering (epiphora) of the eyes are symptoms common to all forms of conjunctivitis. However, the pupils should be normally reactive, and the visual acuity normal.

Viral

Viral conjunctivitis is often associated with an infection of the upper respiratory tract, a common cold, and/or a sore throat. Its symptoms include excessive watering and itching. The infection usually begins with one eye, but may spread easily to the other.

Viral conjunctivitis shows a fine, diffuse pinkness of the conjunctiva, which is easily mistaken for the ciliary infection of Iris (Iritis), but there are usually corroborative signs on microscopy, particularly numerous lymphoid follicles on the tarsal conjunctiva, and sometimes a punctate keratitis.

Some other viruses that can infect the eye include Herpes simplex virus and Varicella zoster.^[9]

Allergic

An eye with allergic conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva (the membrane covering the white part of the eye) due to allergy.^[10] Allergens differ among patients. Symptoms consist of redness (mainly due to vasodilation of the peripheral small blood vessels), oedema (swelling) of the conjunctiva, itching, and increased lacrimation (production of tears). If this is combined with rhinitis, the condition is termed "allergic rhinoconjunctivitis".

The symptoms are due to release of histamine and other active substances by mast cells, which stimulate dilation of blood vessels, irritate nerve endings, and increase secretion of tears.

Bacterial

An eye with bacterial conjunctivitis

Bacterial conjunctivitis causes the rapid onset of conjunctival redness, swelling of the eyelid, and mucopurulent discharge. Typically, symptoms develop first in one eye, but may spread to the other eye within 2–5 days. Bacterial conjunctivitis due to common pyogenic (pus-producing) bacteria causes marked grittiness/irritation and a stringy, opaque, greyish or yellowish mucopurulent discharge that may cause the lids to stick together, especially after sleep. Severe crusting of the infected eye and the surrounding skin may also occur. The gritty and/or scratchy feeling is sometimes localized enough for patients to insist they must have a foreign body in the eye. The more acute pyogenic infections can be painful.^{[citation needed]} Common bacteria responsible for non-acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Staphylococci and Streptococci.^[11]

Bacteria such as Chlamydia trachomatis or Moraxella can cause a non-exudative but persistent conjunctivitis without much redness. Bacterial conjunctivitis may cause the production of membranes or pseudomembranes that cover the conjunctiva. Pseudomembranes consist of a combination of inflammatory cells and exudates, and are loosely adherent to the conjunctiva, while true membranes are more tightly adherent and cannot be easily peeled away. Cases of bacterial conjunctivitis that involve the production of membranes or pseudomembranes are associated with Neisseria gonorrhoeae, β-hemolytic streptococci, and C. diphtheriae. Corynebacterium diphtheriae causes membrane formation in conjunctiva of non-immunized children.^{[citation needed]}

Chemical

Chemical eye injury is due to either an acidic or alkali substance getting in the eye.^[12] Alkalis are typically worse than acidic burns.^[13] Mild burns will produce conjunctivitis, while more severe burns may cause the cornea to turn white.^[13] Litmus paper is an easy way to rule out the diagnosis by verifying that the pH is within the normal range of 7.0—7.2.^[12] Large volumes of irrigation is the treatment of choice and should continue until the pH is 6—8.^[13] Local anaesthetic eye drops can be used to decrease the pain.^[13]

Irritant or toxic conjunctivitis show primarily marked redness. If due to splash injury, it is often present in only the lower conjunctival sac. With some chemicals, above all with caustic alkalis such as sodium hydroxide, there may be necrosis of the conjunctiva with a deceptively white eye due to vascular closure, followed by sloughing of the dead epithelium. This is likely to be associated with slit-lamp evidence of anterior uveitis.

Other

An eye with chlamydial conjunctivitis

Inclusion conjunctivitis of the newborn (ICN) is a conjunctivitis that may be caused by the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis, and may lead to acute, purulent conjunctivitis.^[14] However, it is usually self-healing.^[14]

Conjunctivitis is identified by irritation and redness of the conjunctiva. Except in obvious pyogenic or toxic/chemical conjunctivitis, a slit lamp (biomicroscope) is needed to have any confidence in the diagnosis. Examination of the tarsal conjunctiva is usually more diagnostic than the bulbar conjunctiva.

Causes

Conjunctivitis when caused by an infection is most commonly caused by a viral infection.^[15] Bacterial infections, allergies, other irritants and dryness are also common causes. Both bacterial and viral infections are contagious and passed from person to person, but can also spread through contaminated objects or water.

The most common cause of viral conjunctivitis is adenoviruses (see: Adenoviral keratoconjunctivitis).^[16] Herpetic keratoconjunctivitis (caused by herpes simplex viruses) can be serious and requires treatment with acyclovir. Acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis is a highly contagious disease caused by one of two enteroviruses, Enterovirus 70 and Coxsackievirus A24. These were first identified in an outbreak in Ghana in 1969, and have spread worldwide since then, causing several epidemics.^[17]

The most common causes of acute bacterial conjunctivitis are Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Haemophilus influenzae.^[16] Though very rare, hyperacute cases are usually caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae or N. meningitidis. Chronic cases of bacterial conjunctivitis are those lasting longer than 3 weeks, and are typically caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Moraxella lacunata, or gram-negative enteric flora.

Conjunctivitis may also be caused by allergens such as pollen, perfumes, cosmetics, smoke,^[5] dust mites, Balsam of Peru,^[6] and eye drops.^[7]

Neotrombicula autumnalis (trombiculid mite) in contact with the upper eyelid margin, inducing conjunctivitis.^[18]

An exceptional case of conjunctivitis induced by a trombiculid mite (Neotrombicula autumnalis) was reported in 2013.^[18]

Conjunctivitis is part of the triad of reactive arthritis, which is thought to be caused by autoimmune cross-reactivity following certain bacterial infections. Reactive arthritis is highly associated with HLA-B27. Conjunctivitis is associated with the autoimmune disease relapsing polychondritis.^[19]^[20]

Diagnosis

Cultures are not often taken or needed as most cases resolve either with time or typical antibiotics. Swabs for bacterial culture are necessary if the history and signs suggest bacterial conjunctivitis but there is no response to topical antibiotics. Viral culture may be appropriate in epidemic case clusters.

A patch test is used to identify the causative allergen in the case where conjunctivitis is caused by allergy.^[8]

Conjunctival scrapes for cytology can be useful in detecting chlamydial and fungal infections, allergy, and dysplasia, but are rarely done because of the cost and the general lack of laboratory staff experienced in handling ocular specimens. Conjunctival incisional biopsy is occasionally done when granulomatous diseases (e.g., sarcoidosis) or dysplasia are suspected.

Differential diagnosis

There are more serious conditions that can present with a red eye such as infectious keratitis, angle closure glaucoma, or iritis. These conditions require the urgent attention of an ophthalmologist. Signs of such conditions include decreased vision, significantly increased sensitivity to light, inability to keep eye open, a pupil that does not respond to light, or a severe headache with nausea.^[21] Fluctuating blurring is common, due to tearing and mucoid discharge. Mild photophobia is common. However, if any of these symptoms are prominent, it is important to consider other diseases such as glaucoma, uveitis, keratitis and even meningitis or carotico-cavernous fistula.

A more comprehensive differential diagnosis for the red or painful eye includes:^[22] * corneal abrasions

subconjunctival hemorrhage
pinguecula
blepharitis
dacryocystitis
keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eye)
keratitis
herpes simplex
herpes zoster
episcleritis - an inflammatory condition that produces a similar appearance to conjunctivitis, but without discharge or tearing.
uveitis
acute angle-closure glaucoma
enophthalmitis

Prevention

The best effective prevention is hygiene and not rubbing the eyes by infected hands. Vaccination against adenovirus, haemophilus influenzae, pneumococcus, and neisseria meningitidis is also effective.^{[citation needed]}

Management

Conjunctivitis resolves in 65% of cases without treatment, within two to five days. The prescription of antibiotics is not necessary in most cases.^[23]

Viral

Viral conjunctivitis usually resolves on its own and does not require any specific treatment.^[15] Antihistamines (e.g., promethazine) or mast cell stabilizers (e.g., cromolyn) may be used to help with the symptoms.^[15] Povidone iodine has been suggested as a treatment, but as of 2008 evidence to support it was poor.^[24]

Allergic

For the allergic type, cool water poured over the face with the head inclined downward constricts capillaries, and artificial tears sometimes relieve discomfort in mild cases. In more severe cases, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications and antihistamines may be prescribed. Persistent allergic conjunctivitis may also require topical steroid drops.

Bacterial

Bacterial conjunctivitis usually resolves without treatment.^[15] Topical antibiotics may be needed only if no improvement is observed after three days.^[25] In people who received no antibiotics, recovery was in 4.8 days, with immediate antibiotics it was 3.3 days, and with delayed antibiotics 3.9 days. No serious effects were noted either with or without treatment.^[26] As they do speed healing in bacterial conjunctivitis, their use is also reasonable.^[27]

In those who wear contact lenses, are immunocompromised, have disease which is thought to be due to chlamydia or gonorrhea, have a fair bit of pain, or who have lots of discharge, antibiotics are recommended.^[15] Gonorrhea or chlamydia infections require both oral and topical antibiotics.^[15]

When appropriate, the choice of antibiotic varies, differing based on the cause (if known) or the likely cause of the conjunctivitis. Fluoroquinolones, sodium sulfacetamide, or trimethoprim/polymyxin may be used, typically for 7–10 days.^[16] Cases of meningococcal conjunctivitis can be treated with systemic penicillin, as long as the strain is sensitive to penicillin.

Chemical

Conjunctivitis due to chemicals is treated via irrigation with Ringer's lactate or saline solution. Chemical injuries (particularly alkali burns) are medical emergencies, as they can lead to severe scarring and intraocular damage. People with chemically induced conjunctivitis should not touch their eyes, regardless of whether or not their hands are clean, as they run the risk of spreading the condition to another eye.

History

A former superintendent of the Regional Institute of Ophthalmology in the city of Madras (the present-day Chennai) in India, Kirk Patrick, was the first to have found the adenovirus that caused conjunctivitis, leading to the name Madras eye for the disease.^[28]

References

^ ^a ^b Richards A, Guzman-Cottrill JA (May 2010). "Conjunctivitis". Pediatr Rev 31 (5): 196–208. doi:10.1542/pir.31-5-196. PMID 20435711.
^ "Beware, 'Madras eye' is here!". The Hindu. 12 October 2001. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ Langley JM (July 2005). "Adenoviruses". Pediatr Rev 26 (7): 244–9. PMID 15994994.
^ Jacobs, Deborah; Trobe, Jonathan; Park, Lee. "Conjunctivitis". UpToDate. Check date values in: |accessdate= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help); |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ ^a ^b "Allergic Conjunctivitis". familydoctor.org. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
^ ^a ^b Pamela Brooks – (2012-10-25). The Daily Telegraph: Complete Guide to Allergies. Retrieved 2014-04-15.
^ ^a ^b "What Is Allergic Conjunctivitis? What Causes Allergic Conjunctivitis?". medicalnewstoday.com. Retrieved 2010-04-06.
^ ^a ^b Mark J. Mannis, Marian S. Macsai, Arthur C. Huntley (1996). Eye and skin disease. Lippincott-Raven. Retrieved 2014-04-23.
^ Forbes BA, Sahm DF, Weissfeld AS. Bailey & Scott's Diagnostic Microbiology. 12th Edition. Mosby Elsevier, 2007. p. 834.
^ Bielory L, Friedlaender MH (February 2008). "Allergic conjunctivitis". Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 28 (1): 43–58, vi. doi:10.1016/j.iac.2007.12.005. PMID 18282545.
^ "Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)". MedicineNet.
^ ^a ^b Zentani A, Burslem J (December 2009). "Towards evidence based emergency medicine: best BETs from the Manchester Royal Infirmary. BET 4: use of litmus paper in chemical eye injury". Emerg Med J 26 (12): 887. doi:10.1136/emj.2009.086124. PMID 19934140.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hodge C, Lawless M (July 2008). "Ocular emergencies". Aust Fam Physician 37 (7): 506–9. PMID 18592066.
^ ^a ^b Fisher, Bruce; Harvey, Richard P.; Champe, Pamela C. (2007). Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews: Microbiology (Lippincott's Illustrated Reviews Series). Hagerstown MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-8215-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Azari, AA; Barney, NP (October 23, 2013). "Conjunctivitis: a systematic review of diagnosis and treatment.". JAMA: the Journal of the American Medical Association 310 (16): 1721–9. doi:10.1001/jama.2013.280318. PMID 24150468.
^ ^a ^b ^c Yanoff, Myron; Duker, Jay S. (2008). Ophthalmology (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: Mosby. pp. 227–236. ISBN 978-0-323-05751-6.
^ Lévêque N, Huguet P, Norder H, Chomel JJ (April 2010). "[Enteroviruses responsible for acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis]". Med Mal Infect (in French) 40 (4): 212–8. doi:10.1016/j.medmal.2009.09.006. PMID 19836177.
^ ^a ^b Parcell, BJ.; Sharpe, G.; Jones, B.; Alexander, CL. (2013). "Conjunctivitis induced by a red bodied mite, Neotrombicula autumnalis.". Parasite 20: 25. doi:10.1051/parasite/2013025. PMC 3718535. PMID 23823162.
^ Puéchal, X; Terrier, B; Mouthon, L; Costedoat-Chalumeau, N; Guillevin, L; Le Jeunne, C (March 2014). "Relapsing polychondritis.". Joint, bone, spine : revue du rhumatisme 81 (2): 118–24. doi:10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.01.001. PMID 24556284.
^ Cantarini, L; Vitale, A; Brizi, MG; Caso, F; Frediani, B; Punzi, L; Galeazzi, M; Rigante, D (NaN). "Diagnosis and classification of relapsing polychondritis.". Journal of autoimmunity. 48-49: 53–9. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.01.026. PMID 24461536. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Longo, DL (2012). "Disorders of the Eye(Horton JC)". Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. McGra-Hill.
^ Longo, DL (2012). "Disorders of the Eye(Horton JC)". Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. McGra-Hill.
^ Rose P (August 2007). "Management strategies for acute infective conjunctivitis in primary care: a systematic review". Expert Opin Pharmacother 8 (12): 1903–21. doi:10.1517/14656566.8.12.1903. PMID 17696792.
^ Bartlett, edited by Jimmy D.; Prokopich, Siret D. Jaanus ; with section editors Richard G. Fiscella, Nicky R. Holdeman, C. Lisa (2008). Clinical ocular pharmacology (5th ed.). St. Louis, Mo.: Butterworth-Heinemann/Elsevier. p. 454. ISBN 9780750675765.
^ Visscher, KL; Hutnik, CM; Thomas, M (November 2009). "Evidence-based treatment of acute infective conjunctivitis: Breaking the cycle of antibiotic prescribing.". Canadian family physician 55 (11): 1071–5. PMC 2776793. PMID 19910590.
^ Sheikh A, Hurwitz B (2006). Sheikh, Aziz, ed. "Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev (2): CD001211. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001211.pub2. PMID 16625540.
^ Sheikh, A; Hurwitz, B; van Schayck, CP; McLean, S; Nurmatov, U (September 12, 2012). "Antibiotics versus placebo for acute bacterial conjunctivitis.". Cochrane database of systematic reviews (Online) 9: CD001211. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001211.pub3. PMID 22972049.
^ "Chennai's medical history unveiled". The Times of India (Chennai). 23 August 2011. Retrieved 16 September 2012.

External links

Conjunctivitis at DMOZ

UpToDate Contents

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1. 結膜炎 conjunctivitis
2. モラクセラ・カタラーリス感染 moraxella catarrhalis infections
3. 眼の充血（red eye）の評価 evaluation of the red eye
4. アデノウイルス感染の診断、治療、および予防 diagnosis treatment and prevention of adenovirus infection
5. トラコーマの概要 overview of trachoma

English Journal

What is causing active trachoma? The role of non-chlamydial bacterial pathogens in a low prevalence setting.

Burton MJ, Hu VH, Massae P, Burr SE, Chevallier C, Afwamba IA, Courtright P, Weiss HA, Mabey DC, Bailey RL.SourceDepartment of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2011 Jun 21. [Epub ahead of print]
Purpose In low prevalence settings, clinically active follicular trachoma (TF) is often found in the absence of detectable Chlamydia trachomatis. The reasons for this persistent follicular phenotype are not well understood; one possible explanation is that other bacterial species are provoking the i
PMID 21693601

Japanese Journal

急性細菌性結膜炎の起炎菌と疫学 (第47回日本眼感染症学会原著)

星最智,卜部公章
あたらしい眼科 28(3), 415-420, 2011-03
NAID 40018761453

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「結膜炎」「細菌性結膜炎」「purulent conjunctivitis」「mucopurulent conjunctivitis」
関連記事	「bacterial」

「結膜炎」

Conjunctivitis
	An eye with viral conjunctivitis
Classification and external resources
ICD-10	H10
ICD-9	372.0
DiseasesDB	3067
MedlinePlus	001010
eMedicine	emerg/110
Patient UK	Conjunctivitis
MeSH	D003231

　　[★]

英: conjunctivitis
関: 結膜

see. マイナーエマージェンシー第1版 p.65 SOP.174

概念

結膜に起こる炎症疾患の総称。

病原体と特徴

ウイルス性結膜炎

病原体：アデノウイルス、エンテロウイルス、単純ヘルペスウイルス、インフルエンザウイルス、水痘・帯状疱疹ウイルス、風疹ウイルス、麻疹ウイルス、EBウイルス。
治療法：対症療法。単純ヘルペスに対してはアシクロビル眼軟膏。
症状：透明な滲出液、耳介前リンパ節腫脹、結膜濾胞

細菌性結膜炎

症状：黄白色の眼脂、軽度疼痛

結膜炎をきたす疾患

SOP.175

	疾患名			病原体	潜伏期	病型	症状、経過
感染性結膜炎	流行性角結膜炎	epidemic keratoconjunctivitis	はやりめ	アデノウイルス8,19,37型(ときに4型)	7-14日	急性濾胞性結膜炎	眼脂、流涙、羞明。眼瞼腫瘤、結膜充血、浮腫、結膜の小出血斑。耳前リンパ節の腫脹と圧痛。2-4週間で消退。発症後10日後に角膜に点状上皮化混濁。
	咽頭結膜熱	pharyngoconjunctival fever	プール熱	アデノウイルス3型(ときに4,7型)	5-6日	急性結膜炎	急性結膜炎、咽頭炎、発熱。点状上皮化混濁は少ない。
	急性出血性結膜炎	acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis		エンテロウイルス70型	1日	球結膜下出血。眼球は浮腫状、結膜充血、濾胞形成は軽度。耳前リンパ節腫脹軽度。発症より3-4日にびまん性の多発性びらん。眼痛、異物感、羞明。約1週間で治癒。罹患後2,3週間後に四肢の弛緩性の運動麻痺や脳神経麻痺があり得る。
	トラコーマ	trachoma
	封入体結膜炎	inclusion conjunctivitis
	新生児封入体結膜炎	neonatal inclusion conjunctivitis
	細菌性結膜炎	bacterial conjunctivitis
	淋菌性結膜炎	gonococcal conjunctivitis
	新生児膿漏眼	blennorrhea of the newborn
アレルギー性結膜疾患	アレルギー性結膜炎	allergic conjunctivitis
アレルギー性結膜疾患	春季カタル	vernal conjunctivitis
その他の結膜炎	フリクテン性結膜炎	phlyctenular conjunctivitis	束状結膜炎
	慢性濾胞性結膜炎	chronic follicular conjunctivitis
	Stevens-Johnson症候群	Stevens-Johnson syndrome
	眼類天疱瘡	ocular pemphigoid
	結膜弛緩症	conjunctivochalasis