- 同
- cotrimoxazole, TMP-SMZ, Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra, Sulfatrim
- 関
- Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
WordNet
- the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)t
- the 19th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)s
PrepTutorEJDIC
- tritiumの化学記号
- sulfurの化学記号 / {略}South[ern]
- trademark
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/11/01 13:24:03」(JST)
wiki en
|
Trimethoprim (top) and sulfamethoxazole (bottom)
|
|
| Combination of | |
|---|---|
| Trimethoprim | Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor |
| Sulfamethoxazole | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Bactrim, Cotrim, Septra, others |
| AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
| Pregnancy category |
|
| Routes of administration |
By mouth, intravenous[1] |
| Legal status | |
| Legal status |
|
| Identifiers | |
| CAS Number | 8064-90-2 |
| ATC code | J01EE01 (WHO) |
| PubChem | CID 358641 |
| DrugBank | DB00440 |
| ChemSpider | 318412 |
| ChEBI | CHEBI:3770 |
| (verify) | |
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), also known as co-trimoxazole among other names, is an antibiotic used to treat a variety of bacterial infections.[1] It consists of one part trimethoprim to five parts sulfamethoxazole.[2] It is used for urinary tract infections, MRSA skin infections, travelers' diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, and cholera, among others.[1][2] It may be used both to treat and prevent pneumocystis pneumonia in people with HIV/AIDS. It can be given by mouth or intravenously.[1]
Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, rash, and diarrhea. Severe allergic reactions and Clostridium difficile diarrhea may occasionally occur. Its use near the end of pregnancy is not recommended.[1] It appears to be okay during breastfeeding as long as the baby is healthy.[3] TMP/SMX generally results in bacterial death. It works by blocking the making of folate by the bacteria.[1]
TMP/SMX was first sold in 1974.[4] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medications needed in a basic health system.[5] It is available as a generic medication and is not very expensive.[2] In the United States it is about 0.40 USD per dose.[1]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Susceptibility
- 1.2 Pregnancy and breast feeding
- 2 Adverse effects
- 2.1 Contraindications
- 2.2 Interactions
- 2.3 Overdose
- 3 Pharmacology
- 4 Society and culture
- 4.1 Approval
- 4.2 Trade names
- 5 References
Medical uses
Co-trimoxazole was claimed to be more effective than either of its components individually in treating bacterial infections, although this was later disputed.[6] Because it has a higher incidence of adverse effects, including allergic responses, its use has been restricted in many countries to very specific circumstances where its improved efficacy has been demonstrated.[7] It may be effective in a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, renal and urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal tract infections, skin and wound infections, septicaemias, and other infections caused by sensitive organisms. Co-trimoxazole in retinochoroiditis shows a reduction in the risk of recurrent retinochoroiditis.[8] The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in the use of co-trimoxazole more recently.[9]
Susceptibility
Organisms against which co-trimoxazole can be effective include:[10][11]
- Acinetobacter spp.
- Aeromonas hydrophila
- Alcaligenes xylosoxidans
- Bartonella henselae
- Bordetella pertussis (pertussis)
- Brucella spp.
- Burkholderia cepacia
- Burkholderia mallei (glanders)
- Burkholderia pseudomallei (melioidosis)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (chlamydia)
- Chryseobacterium meningosepticum
- Citrobacter spp.
- Enterobacter spp.
- Escherichia coli
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Hafnia alvei
- Kingella spp.
- Klebsiella granulomatis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Legionella spp.
- Listeria monocytogenes (listeriosis)
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Morganella morganii
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonorrhoea)
- Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal disease)
- Nocardia spp.
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
- Pneumocystis jirovecii
- Proteus mirabilis
- Proteus vulgaris
- Providencia rettgeri
- Providencia stuartii
- Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
- Non-typhi Salmonella
- Serratia spp.
- Shigella spp.
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus faecalis
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus viridans
- Toxoplasma gondii (toxoplasmosis)
- Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple's disease)
- Vibrio cholerae (cholera)
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Yersinia pestis (bubonic plague)
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
The only notable nonsusceptible organisms are the mycoplasmae[11] and Francisella tularensis (the causative organism of tularaemia).[12][13]
Pregnancy and breast feeding
Its use during pregnancy is contraindicated, although it has been placed in Australian and American pregnancy category C.[10] Despite this, its use during the first trimester (during organogenesis) and 12 weeks prior to pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially malformations associated with maternal folic acid deficiency (which is most likely related to the mechanism of action of co-trimoxazole) such as neural tube defects such as spina bifida, cardiovascular malformations (e.g. Ebstein's anomaly), urinary tract defects, oral clefts, and club foot in epidemiological studies.[10] Its use later on during pregnancy also increases the risk of preterm labour (odds ratio: 1.51) and low birth weight (odds ratio: 1.67).[14][15] Animal studies have yielded similarly discouraging results.[16] It is also excreted in breast milk and hence nursing during treatment with co-trimoxazole is generally advised against.[10]
Adverse effects
See also: List of side effects of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
Contraindications
Contraindications include the following:[10][17]
- Known hypersensitivity to trimethoprim, sulphonamides or any other ingredients in the formulations
- Pregnancy – especially in the period prior to birth
- Severe hepatic failure, marked liver parenchymal damage or jaundice.
- Serious haematological disorders and porphyria (due to the sulfonamide component of the preparation).
- Severe renal insufficiency (CrCl <15 ml/min) where repeated measurements of the plasma concentration cannot be performed
- Co-trimoxazole should not be given to neonates during the first 6 weeks, except for the treatment/prophylaxis of pneumocytosis jiroveci (P. carinii) in infants of four weeks of age or greater.
Interactions
Its use is advised against in patients being concomitantly treated with:[10][16][17][18][19][20]
- ACE inhibitors like captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril, and ramipril due to the potential for additive hyperkalaemic effects[17]
- Prilocaine — additive risk of methaemoglobinaemia
- Antiarrhythmics like amiodarone (increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias) and dofetilide (increased risk of QT interval prolongation)
- Antibacterials like dapsone (increases plasma levels of both drugs), methenamine (increased risk of crystalluria) and rifampicin (as it may lead to an increased plasma level of rifampicin and lower plasma levels of trimethoprim)
- Anticoagulants like warfarin and acenocoumarol — anticoagulant effects of either drug is potentiated by this combination
- Sulfonylureas — effects enhanced
- Phenytoin, half-life of phenytoin is increased
- Antifolates like pyrimethamine, proguanil and methotrexate increase the risk of associated side effects like bone marrow toxicity, folic acid supplementation should be considered. A significant risk of megaloblastic anaemia exists with doses of pyrimethamine in excess of 25 mg/wk.
- Antivirals, more specifically, lamivudine (increased plasma concentrations of lamivudine), zalcitabine (increased plasma concentrations of zalcitabine) and zidovudine (increased risk of haematological reactions)
- Procainamide and/or amantadine may have their plasma concentrations increased bilaterally or unilaterally.
- Clozapine and other antipsychotics — increased risk of haematological side effects
- Nucleoside analogue antineoplastics like azathioprine and mercaptopurine — increased risk of haematological toxicity
- Digoxin — increase in digoxin levels in a proportion of elderly patients
- Diuretics — elderly patients receiving thiazide diuretics are at a heightened risk for developing thrombocytopaenia while on co-trimoxazole
- Ciclosporin — patients who have received a kidney transplant and are receiving co-trimoxazole and ciclosporin concomitantly are at an increased risk of having a reversible deterioration in their kidney function.
- Spironolactone — concurrent use can increase the likelihood of hyperkalemia, especially in the elderly. The trimethoprim portion acts to prevent potassium excretion in the distal tubule of the nephron.[21]
- Potassium aminobenzoate — effects of sulfonamides (like sulfamethoxazole) inhibited.
- Laboratory tests; trimethoprim and sulfonamides have been reported to interfere with diagnostic tests, including serum-methotrexate and serum-plasma creatinine levels, also urea, urinary glucose and urobilinogen tests.
Overdose
Likely signs of toxicity include:[16]
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Mental depression
- Confusion
- Bone marrow depression
- Loss of appetite
- Colic
- Drowsiness
- Unconsciousness
The recommended treatment for overdose includes:[16]
- Administration of activated charcoal
- Stomach pumping
- General supportive measures
- Haemodialysis, which is moderately effective in clearing co-trimoxazole from the plasma.
- Calcium folinate treatment in cases of blood dyscrasias
- Forcing oral fluids
Alkalinisation of the urine may reduce the toxicity of sulfamethoxazole, but it may increase the toxic effects of trimethoprim.[16]
Pharmacology
Tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway
The synergy between trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was first described in the late 1960s.[22][23][24] Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole have a greater effect when given together than when given separately, because they inhibit successive steps in the folate synthesis pathway. They are given in a one-to-five ratio in their tablet formulations so that when they enter the body their concentration in the blood and tissues is roughly one-to-twenty — the exact ratio required for a peak synergistic effect between the two.[11]
Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide, induces its therapeutic effects by interfering with the de novo (that is, from within the cell) synthesis of folate inside microbial organisms such as protozoa, fungi and bacteria. It does this by competing with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in the biosynthesis of dihydrofolate.[11]
Trimethoprim serves as a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), hence inhibiting the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, the biologically active form of folate.[11]
The effects of trimethoprim causes a backlog of dihydrofolate (DHF) and this backlog can work against the inhibitory effect the drug has on tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis; this is where the sulfamethoxazole comes in, its role is in depleting the excess DHF by preventing it from being synthesised in the first place.[11]
| Component | Tmax (h) | Vd (L) | Protein binding | t1/2 (h) | Excretion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfamethoxazole | 1-4 | 20 | 66% | 8-10 | Renal |
| Trimethoprim | 1-4 | 130 | 42-45% | 10 | Renal |
Society and culture
Approval
| Indication | FDA-labelled indication? |
TGA-labelled indication? |
MHRA-labelled indication? |
Literature support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis | Yes | No | No | Clinical trials are lacking. |
| Prophylaxis in HIV-infected individuals | No | No | No | Effective in one Ugandan study on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection.[25] |
| Otitis media | Paediatric population only | No | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in chronic active otitis media[26] and acute otitis media.[27] |
| Travellers' diarrhoea, treatment & prophylaxis | Yes | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy as a treatment for travellers' diarrhoea.[28][29][30] |
| Urinary tract infection | Yes | No | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in this indication.[11] |
| Bacterial infections | ||||
| Acne vulgaris | No | No | No | At least one clinical trial supports its use in this indication.[31] |
| Listeria | No | Yes | No | Well-designed clinical trials are lacking. |
| Melioidosis | No | Yes | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy, with or without adjunctive doxycycline; although, co-trimoxazole alone seems preferable.[32][33][34] |
| Pertussis (whooping cough) | No | No | No | One cochrane review supports its efficacy in preventing the spread of pertussis.[35] |
| Shigellosis | Yes | Yes | No | Generally accepted treatment for shigellosis.[36] A recent Cochrane review found that while it is an effective treatment for shigellosis it also produces more significant adverse effects than other antibiotic drugs.[37] |
| Staphylococcus aureus infections | No | No | No | In vitro and in vivo activity against both non-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44] |
| Tuberculosis | No | No | No | In vitro and in vivo activity against both nonresistant and MDR strains of TB.[45][46][47] |
| Whipple's disease | No | No | No | Co-trimoxazole is the recommended standard treatment for whipple's disease in some treatment protocols.[48][49][50] |
| Fungal and protozoal infections | ||||
| Isosporiasis | No | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its use in this indication.[51] |
| Malaria | No | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in both the treatment and prevention of malaria.[52] |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Its use as a prophylactic treatment is supported by one clinical trial involving children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.[53] Other than this and one other clinical trial into its efficacy as a treatment for pneumocystis pneumonia,[54] data on its use in both the treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia is significantly lacking. |
| Toxoplasmosis | Yes | Prevention only | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its prophylactic and therapeutic utility in cases of toxoplasmosis.[55][56][57][58][59][60] |
| Other indications | ||||
| Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener's) | No | No | No | Two clinical trials have supported its efficacy in this indication.[61][62] |
Trade names
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole may be abbreviated as SXT, TMP-SMX, TMP-SMZ, or TMP-sulfa.
Co-trimoxazole (BAN) is manufactured and sold by many different companies. The following list of brand names is incomplete:
- Bactrim, Bactrimel (Roche)
- Bactrom (Venezuela)
- Bibactin (manufactured by PPM and distributed in Cambodia and some African countries)
- Biseptol
- Co-trimoxazole (Sandoz)
- Cotrim
- Diseptyl (Israel)
- Graprima Forte Kaplet (manufactured by PT Graha Farma and distributed in Indonesia)
- Infectrin (Brazil)
- Primotren (Lek in Slovenia and other countries)
- Polytrim
- Trisul
- Resprim
- Sanprima (manufactured by PT Sanbe Farma and distributed in Indonesia)
- Septra (Aspen Pharmacare and formerly GlaxoSmithKline)
- Septram (Panama)
- Septrin (Spain)[63]
- Sulfatrim
- Trisul
- Vactrim (manufactured and distributed in Laos)
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h "Co-trimoxazole". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Retrieved Aug 1, 2015.
- ^ a b c Hamilton, Richart (2015). Tarascon Pocket Pharmacopoeia 2015 Deluxe Lab-Coat Edition. Jones & Bartlett Learning. p. 105. ISBN 9781284057560.
- ^ "Sulfamethoxazole / trimethoprim Pregnancy and Breastfeeding Warnings". Retrieved 31 August 2015.
- ^ Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. OUP Oxford. 2009. p. 56. ISBN 9780191039621.
- ^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
- ^ Brumfitt, W; Hamilton-Miller, JM (December 1993). "Reassessment of the rationale for the combinations of sulphonamides with diaminopyrimidines". Journal of Chemotherapy. 5 (6): 465–9. PMID 8195839.
- ^ "Co-trimoxazole use restricted". Drug Ther Bull. 33 (12): 92–3. December 1995. doi:10.1136/dtb.1995.331292. PMID 8777892.
- ^ Pradhan E, Bhandari S, Gilbert RE, Stanford M (2016). "Antibiotics versus no treatment for toxoplasma retinochoroiditis". Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 5: CD002218. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD002218.pub2. PMID 27198629. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Falagas ME, Grammatikos AP, Michalopoulos A (October 2008). "Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics". Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 6 (5): 593–600. doi:10.1586/14787210.6.5.593. PMID 18847400.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Bactrim, Bactrim DS (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) dosing, indications, interactions, adverse effects, and more". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ a b c d e f g Wormser, GP; Keusch, GT; Heel, RC (December 1982). "Co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole): an updated review of its antibacterial activity and clinical efficacy". Drugs. 24 (6): 459–518. doi:10.2165/00003495-198224060-00002. PMID 6759092.
- ^ "TULAREMIA" (PDF). Infectious Disease Epidemiology Section. Louisiana Office of Public Health. 17 July 2011. Retrieved 12 February 2014.
- ^ Harik, NS (1 July 2013). "Tularemia: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, and Treatment" (PDF). Pediatric Annals. 42 (7): 288–292. doi:10.3928/00904481-20130619-13. PMID 23805970.
- ^ Yang, J; Xie, RH; Krewski, D; Wang, YJ; Walker, M; Wen, SW (May 2011). "Exposure to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole but not other FDA category C and D anti-infectives is associated with increased risks of preterm birth and low birth weight" (PDF). International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 15 (5): e336–e341. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2011.01.007. PMID 21345707.
- ^ Santos, F; Sheehy, O; Perreault, S; Ferreira, E; Berard, A (October 2011). "Exposure to anti-infective drugs during pregnancy and the risk of small-for-gestational-age newborns: a case–control study". BJOG. 118 (11): 1374–1382. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2011.03041.x. PMID 21749628.
- ^ a b c d e f "BACTRIM®" (PDF). TGA eBusiness Services. Roche Products Pty Limited. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ a b c "Co-Trimoxazole Tablets 80/400mg - Summary of Product Characteristics (SPC)". electronic Medicines Compendium. Actavis UK Ltd. 17 October 2012. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ "BACTRIM DS (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) tablet BACTRIM (sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim) tablet [AR Scientific, Inc.]". DailyMed. AR Scientific, Inc. June 2013. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
- ^ Joint Formulary Committee (2013). British National Formulary (BNF) (65 ed.). London, UK: Pharmaceutical Press. ISBN 978-0-85711-084-8.
- ^ Rossi, S, ed. (2013). Australian Medicines Handbook (2013 ed.). Adelaide: The Australian Medicines Handbook Unit Trust. ISBN 978-0-9805790-9-3.
- ^ Juvet T, Gourineni V, Ravi S, Zarich S. Life-threatening hyperkalemia: a potentially lethal drug combination. Connecticut Medicine [serial online]. September 2013;77(8):491-493. Available from: MEDLINE Complete, Ipswich, MA.
- ^ Bushby SR, Hitchings GH (1968). "Trimethoprim, a sulphonamide potentiator". Brit J Pharmacol. 33 (1): 72–90. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.1968.tb00475.x. PMC 1570262. PMID 5301731.
- ^ Böhni E (1969). "Vergleichende bakteriologische untersuchungen mit der Kombination Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole in vitro und in vivo". Chemotherapy. 14 (Suppl): Suppl:1–21. doi:10.1159/000220651. PMID 4908562.
- ^ Böhni E (1969). "Chemotherapeutic activity of the combination of trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole in infections of mice". Postgrad Med J. 45 (Suppl): Suppl:18–21. PMID 4902845.
- ^ Mermin, J; Lule, J; Ekwaru, JP; Malamba, S; Downing, R; Ransom, R; Kaharuza, F; Culver, D; Kizito, F; Bunnell, R; Kigozi, A; Nakanjako, D; Wafula, W; Quick, R (October 2004). "Effect of co-trimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection in rural Uganda". The Lancet. 364 (9443): 1428–1434. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17225-5. PMID 15488218.
- ^ van der Veen, EL; Rovers, MM; Albers, FW; Sanders, EA; Schilder, AG (May 2007). "Effectiveness of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole for children with chronic active otitis media: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial" (PDF). Pediatrics. 119 (5): 897–904. doi:10.1542/peds.2006-2787. PMID 17473089.
- ^ Leiberman, A; Leibovitz, E; Piglansky, L; Raiz, S; Press, J; Yagupsky, P; Dagan, R (March 2001). "Bacteriologic and clinical efficacy of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for treatment of acute otitis media". Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 20 (3): 260–264. doi:10.1097/00006454-200103000-00009. PMID 11303827.
- ^ Ericsson, CD; Johnson, PC; Dupont, HL, Morgan DR, Bitsura JA, de la Cabada FJ (February 1987). "Ciprofloxacin or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as initial therapy for travelers' diarrhea. A placebo-controlled, randomized trial". Annals of Internal Medicine. 106 (2): 216–220. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-106-2-216. PMID 3541724. CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)
- ^ Ericsson, CD; DuPont, HL; Mathewson, JJ; West, MS; Johnson, PC; Bitsura, JA (January 1990). "Treatment of traveler's diarrhea with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim and loperamide". Journal of the American Medical Association. 263 (2): 257–261. doi:10.1001/jama.1990.03440020091039. PMID 2403603.
- ^ Rendi-Wagner, P; Kollaritsch, H (March 2002). "Drug Prophylaxis for Travelers' Diarrhea" (PDF). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 34 (5): 628–633. doi:10.1086/338640. PMID 11803509.
- ^ Nordin, K; Hallander, H; Fredriksson, T; Rylander, C; et al. (1978). "A clinical and bacteriological evaluation of the effect of sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim in acne vulgaris, resistant to prior therapy with tetracyclines". Dermatologica. 157 (4): 245–53. doi:10.1159/000250840. PMID 150980.
- ^ Chetchotisakd, P; Chaowagul, W; Mootsikapun, P; Budhsarawong, D; Thinkamrop, B (January 2001). "Maintenance therapy of melioidosis with ciprofloxacin plus azithromycin compared with cotrimoxazole plus doxycycline" (PDF). The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 64 (1-2): 24–27. PMID 11425157.
- ^ "Outcomes of patients with melioidosis treated with cotrimoxazole alone for eradication therapy" (PDF). The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 87 (5): 927–932. November 2012. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.2012.12-0136. PMC 3516270. PMID 23033403.
- ^ Chetchotisakd, P; Chierakul, W; Chaowagul, W; Anunnatsiri, S; Phimda, K; Mootsikapun, P; Chaisuksant, S; Pilaikul, J; Thinkhamrop, B; Phiphitaporn, S; Susaengrat, W; Toondee, C; Wongrattanacheewin, S; Wuthiekanun, V; Chantratita, N; Thaipadungpanit, J; Day, NP; Limmathurotsakul, D; Peacock, SJ (November 2013). "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial". The Lancet. 383 (9919): 807–14. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0. PMC 3939931. PMID 24284287.
- ^ Altunaiji, S; Kukuruzovic, R; Curtis, N; Massie, J (July 2007). "Antibiotics for whooping cough (pertussis)". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): CD004404. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004404.pub2. PMID 15674946.
- ^ Sureshbabu, J; Venugopalan, P; Abuhammour, W (25 June 2012). Fennelly, G; Windle, ML; Lutwick, LI; Tolan Jr, RW; Steele, RW, eds. "Shigella Infection Medication". Medscape Reference. WebMD. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
- ^ Christopher, PR; David, KV; John, SM; Sankarapandian, V (August 2010). "Antibiotic therapy for Shigella dysentery (Review)" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD006784. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD006784.pub4. PMID 20687081.
- ^ Grim, SA; Rapp, RP; Martin, CA; Evans, ME (February 2005). "Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole as a Viable Treatment Option for Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Pharmacotherapy: The Journal of Human Pharmacology and Drug Therapy. 25 (2): 253–264. doi:10.1592/phco.25.2.253.56956. PMID 15767239.
- ^ Cenizal, MJ; Skiest, D; Luber, S; Bedimo, R; Davis, P; Fox, P; Delaney, K; Hardy, RD (July 2007). "Prospective Randomized Trial of Empiric Therapy with Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole or Doxycycline for Outpatient Skin and Soft Tissue Infections in an Area of High Prevalence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 51 (7): 2628–2630. doi:10.1128/AAC.00206-07. PMC 1913240. PMID 17502411.
- ^ LaPlante, KL; Leonard, SN; Andes, DR; Craig, WA; Rybak, MJ (April 2008). "Activities of Clindamycin, Daptomycin, Doxycycline, Linezolid, Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole, and Vancomycin against Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Inducible Clindamycin Resistance in Murine Thigh Infection and In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Models" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 52 (6): 2156–2162. doi:10.1128/AAC.01046-07. PMC 2415789. PMID 18411321.
- ^ Pappas, G; Athanasoulia, AP; Matthaiou, DK; Falagas, ME (April 2009). "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a forgotten alternative?". Journal of Chemotherapy. 21 (2): 115–126. doi:10.1179/joc.2009.21.2.115. ISSN 1973-9478. PMID 19423463.
- ^ Goldberg, E; Paul, M; Talker, O; Samra, Z; Raskin, M; Hazzan, R; Leibovici, L; Bishara, J (May 2010). "Co-trimoxazole versus vancomycin for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: A retrospective cohort study" (PDF). Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 65 (8): 1779–1783. doi:10.1093/jac/dkq179. PMID 20507860.
- ^ Cadena, J; Nair, S; Henao-Martinez, AF; Jorgensen, JH; Patterson, JE; Sreeramoju, PV (December 2011). "Dose of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole To Treat Skin and Skin Structure Infections Caused by Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 55 (12): 5430–5432. doi:10.1128/AAC.00706-11. PMC 3232808. PMID 21930870.
- ^ Avery, LM; Steed, ME; Woodruff, AE; Hasan, M; Rybak, MJ (November 2012). "Daptomycin-Nonsusceptible Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus Vertebral Osteomyelitis Cases Complicated by Bacteremia Treated with High-Dose Daptomycin and Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 56 (11): 5990–5993. doi:10.1128/AAC.01046-12. PMC 3486608. PMID 22869580.
- ^ Forgacs, P; Wengenack, NL; Hall, L; Zimmerman, SK; Silverman, ML; Roberts, GD (November 2009). "Tuberculosis and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 53 (11): 4789–4793. doi:10.1128/AAC.01658-08. PMC 2772331. PMID 19564358.
- ^ Vilchèze, C; Jacobs, WR Jr (October 2012). "The combination of sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, and isoniazid or rifampin is bactericidal and prevents the emergence of drug resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 56 (10): 5142–5148. doi:10.1128/AAC.00832-12. PMC 3457372. PMID 22825115.
- ^ Alsaad, N; van Altena, R; Pranger, AD; van Soolingen, D; de Lange, WC; van der Werf, TS; Kosterink, JG; Alffenaar, JW (August 2013). "Evaluation of co-trimoxazole in the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis". The European Respiratory Journal. 42 (2): 504–512. doi:10.1183/09031936.00114812. PMID 23100498.
- ^ Fenollar, F; Raoult, D (January 2001). "Whipple's Disease" (PDF). Clinical and Vaccine Immunology. 8 (1): 1–8. doi:10.1128/CDLI.8.1.1-8.2001.
- ^ Ojeda, E; Cosme, A; Lapaza, J; Torrado, J; Arruabarrena, I; Alzate, L (February 2010). "Whipple's disease in Spain: a clinical review of 91 patients diagnosed between 1947 and 2001". Rev Esp Enferm Dig. 102 (2): 108–123. doi:10.4321/s1130-01082010000200006. PMID 20361847.
- ^ Puéchal, X (November 2013). "Whipple's disease" (PDF). Postgraduate Medical Journal. 89 (1057): 659–665. doi:10.1136/postgradmedj-2012-202684rep. PMID 24129033.
- ^ Lagrange-Xélot, M; Porcher, R; Sarfati, C; de Castro, N; Carel, O; Magnier, JD; Delcey, V; Molina, JM (February 2008). "Isosporiasis in patients with HIV infection in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in France". HIV Medicine. 9 (2): 126–30. doi:10.1111/j.1468-1293.2007.00530.x. PMID 18257775.
- ^ Manyando, C; Njunju, EM; D'Alessandro, U; Van Geertruyden, JP (2013). "Safety and Efficacy of Co-Trimoxazole for Treatment and Prevention of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria: A Systematic Review" (PDF). PLoS ONE. 8 (2): e56916. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0056916. PMC 3579948. PMID 23451110.
- ^ Agrawal, AK; Chang, PP; Feusner, J (January 2011). "Twice weekly Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia prophylaxis with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia". Journal of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology. 33 (1): e1–4. doi:10.1097/MPH.0b013e3181fd6fca. PMID 21102354.
- ^ Safrin, S; Finkelstein, DM; Feinberg, J; Frame, P; Simpson, G; Wu, A; Cheung, T; Soeiro, R; Hojczyk, P; Black, JR (May 1996). "Comparison of three regimens for treatment of mild to moderate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. A double-blind, randomized, trial of oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, dapsone-trimethoprim, and clindamycin-primaquine. ACTG 108 Study Group.". Annals of Internal Medicine. 124 (9): 792–802. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-124-9-199605010-00003. PMID 8610948.
- ^ Canessa, A; Del Bono, V; De Leo, P; Piersantelli, N; Terragna, A (February 1992). "Cotrimoxazole therapy of Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis in AIDS patients". European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 11 (2): 125–130. doi:10.1007/BF01967063. PMID 1396726.
- ^ Torre, D; Casari, S; Speranza, F; Donisi, A; Gregis, G; Poggio, A; Ranieri, S; Orani, A; Angarano, G; Chiodo, F; Fiori, G; Carosi, G (June 1998). "Randomized Trial of Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole versus Pyrimethamine-Sulfadiazine for Therapy of Toxoplasmic Encephalitis in Patients with AIDS" (PDF). Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 42 (6): 1346–1349. PMC 105601. PMID 9624473.
- ^ Muñoz, P; Arencibia, J; Rodríguez, C; Rivera, M; Palomo, J; Yañez, J; Bouza, E (April 2003). "Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole as Toxoplasmosis Prophylaxis for Heart Transplant Recipients" (PDF). Clinical Infectious Diseases. 36 (7): 932–933. doi:10.1086/368209. PMID 12652396.
- ^ Béraud, G; Pierre-François, S; Foltzer, A; Abel, S; Liautaud, B; Smadja, D; Cabié, A (April 2009). "Cotrimoxazole for treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis: an observational cohort study during 1994-2006" (PDF). The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 80 (4): 583–587. PMID 19346380.
- ^ Alavi, SM; Alavi, L (September 2010). "Treatment of toxoplasmic lymphadenitis with co-trimoxazole: double-blind, randomized clinical trial" (PDF). International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 14 (Supplement 3): e67–e69. doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2009.11.015. PMID 20194044.
- ^ Patil, HV; Patil, VC; Rajmane, V; Raje, V (January 2011). "Successful treatment of cerebral toxoplasmosis with cotrimoxazole". Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 32 (1): 44–46. doi:10.4103/0253-7184.81255. PMC 3139289. PMID 21799577.
- ^ Valeriano-Marcet, J; Spiera, H (August 1991). "Treatment of Wegener's granulomatosis with sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim". Archives of Internal Medicine. 151 (8): 1649–1652. doi:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400080133026. PMID 1872670.
- ^ Stegeman, CA; Tervaert, JW; de Jong, PE; Kallenberg, CG (July 1996). "Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (co-trimoxazole) for the prevention of relapses of Wegener's granulomatosis. Dutch Co-Trimoxazole Wegener Study Group" (PDF). New England Journal of Medicine. 335 (1): 16–20. doi:10.1056/NEJM199607043350103. PMID 8637536.
- ^ http://www.vademecum.es/medicamento-septrin+forte_3626
Antibacterials: nucleic acid inhibitors (J01E, J01M)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Antifolates (inhibits |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Topoisomerase inhibitors/ |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Anaerobic DNA inhibitors |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| RNA synthesis |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Antiparasitics – antiprotozoal agents – Chromalveolate antiparasitics (P01)
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alveo- late |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Hetero- kont |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
UpToDate Contents
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
- 1. トリメトプリムスルファメトキサゾール：概要 trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole an overview
- 2. フルオロキノロン類、ドキシサイクリン、およびトリメトプリムスルファメトキサゾールに対する肺炎レンサ球菌の耐性 resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae to the fluoroquinolones doxycycline and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole
- 3. Suspected Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections: Evaluation and management in neonates
- 4. 非HIV感染患者におけるニューモシスチス肺炎の治療および予防 treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia in non hiv infected patients
- 5. 最新の診療アップデート practice changing updates
English Journal
- Susceptibility to Alternative Oral Antimicrobial Agents in Relation to Sequence Type ST131 Status and Co-resistance Phenotype Among Recent Escherichia coli Isolates from U.S. Veterans.
- Johnson JR, Drawz SM, Porter S, Kuskowski MA.SourceVeterans Affairs Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, and University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
- Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy.Antimicrob Agents Chemother.2013 Jul 22. [Epub ahead of print]
- The rising prevalence of resistance to first-line antimicrobial agents in Escherichia coli, which has paralleled the emergence of E. coli sequence type ST131, has created a need for alternative oral options for use in treating outpatients with infections such as cystitis and chronic prostatitis. Acc
- PMID 23877695
- Has the time come for routine trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis in patients taking biologic therapies?
- Bodro M, Paterson DL.SourceIDIBELL, Institute of Biomedical Research of Bellvitge Hospital, Barcelona, Spain.
- Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.Clin Infect Dis.2013 Jun;56(11):1621-8. doi: 10.1093/cid/cit071. Epub 2013 Feb 7.
- Patients with inflammatory diseases are treated with a variety of biologic agents. The association between use of biologics and tuberculosis is well known. Additionally, there are numerous case reports of infections in patients receiving biologics with organisms such as Pneumocystis, Listeria, Legio
- PMID 23392396
- Urinary tract infections in kidney transplant recipients: Role of gender, urologic abnormalities, and antimicrobial prophylaxis.
- Ariza-Heredia EJ, Beam EN, Lesnick TG, Kremers WK, Cosio FG, Razonable RR.SourceWilliam J von Liebig Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, U.S.A. and Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, TX, U.S.A.
- Annals of transplantation : quarterly of the Polish Transplantation Society.Ann Transplant.2013 May 6;18:195-204. doi: 10.12659/AOT.883901.
- Background Urinary tract infections (UTI), the most common infectious complications after kidney transplantation, are associated with poor allograft survival. Identifying its predisposing factors is therefore remarkably important in order to optimize prevention strategies. Material and Methods A ret
- PMID 23792521
Japanese Journal
- 腎移植患者におけるTrimethoprim-Sulfaxazole内服の薬物動態 : ノカルジア症の予防と関連して
- 内田 耕,柳澤 里佳,三野 健,小杉 隆祥,河村 毅,相川 厚,清水 邦彦
- 東邦醫學會雜誌 52(5), 347-352, 2005-09-01
- … 目的:腎移植後にTrimethoprim-Sulfaxazole (TMP-SMZ) 80-400mgを週2回,5カ月間カリニ肺炎に対する予防内服をしていたにもかかわらず,肺ノカルジア症を発症した症例を経験した。 … farcinicaが分離され,SMZのMICは20μg/mlであった。 … そこで,2例のノカルジア症を発症していない腎移植患者におけるTMP-SMZの薬物動態を解析した。 …
- NAID 110004631718
- 腎移植後タクロリムス内服中に発症しST合剤とスパルフロキサシンの併用が著効した肺ノカルジア症の1例
- 内田 耕,柳澤 里佳,河村 毅,相川 厚,舘田 一博,山口 惠三,清水 邦彦
- 東邦醫學會雜誌 52(3/4), 250-254, 2005-07-01
- 症例は32歳の男性。6カ月前に生体腎移植を行い,その後メチルプレドニゾロン12mg,タクロリムス6mgを内服し,カリニ肺炎の予防としてST合剤を1g/日,週2回,5カ月間内服していた。咳嗽,微熱,倦怠感が出現し,胸部X線写真と胸部CTで両側の肺尖に多房性の空洞形成を認めた。気管支鏡翌日の喀痰検査でグラム陽性の糸状菌が認められ,ノカルジアを強く疑いST合剤を2g/日,連日に増量し,スパロフロキサシン …
- NAID 110004631696
Related Links
- What is SMZ-TMP DS? Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim are both antibiotics that treat different types of infection caused by bacteria. Sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim is used a combination antibiotic used to treat ear infections, urinary tract infections, bronchitis, traveler's diarrhea, shigellosis ...
- This medication is a combination of two antibiotics: sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. It is used to treat a wide variety of bacterial infections (such as middle ear, urine, respiratory, and intestinal infections). It is also used to prevent and treat a certain type of pneumonia (pneumocystis-type).
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「septra」 |
| 関連記事 | 「SM」「TMP」「TM」「T」「S」 |
「septra」
- 関
- Trimethoprim-sulfarnethoxazole co-trimoxazole, TMP-SMZ, Bactrim, Cotrim
「SM」
「TMP」
「TM」
「T」
「S」