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- Trimethoprim-sulfarnethoxazole co-trimoxazole, TMP-SMZ, Bactrim, Cotrim
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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/03/14 13:54:26」(JST)
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| Trimethoprim (top) and sulfamethoxazole (bottom) | |
| Combination of | |
| Trimethoprim | Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor |
| Sulfamethoxazole | Sulfonamide antibiotic |
| Clinical data | |
| Trade names | Bactrim, Bactrimel, Biseptol, Co-trimoxazole, Cotrim, Resprim, Septrin, Septra, Sulfatrim, Trisul, Polytrim |
| Pregnancy cat. | C (AU) C (US) |
| Legal status | Prescription Only (S4) (AU) ℞-only (CA) POM (UK) ℞-only (US) |
| Routes | Oral, Intravenous[1] |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | 8064-90-2 |
| ATC code | J01EE01 |
| PubChem | CID 358641 |
| DrugBank | DB00440 |
| ChemSpider | 318412 |
| Y (what is this?) (verify) | |
Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole or co-trimoxazole (BAN; abbreviated SXT, TMP-SMX, TMP-SMZ, or TMP-sulfa) is an antibiotic used in the treatment of a variety of bacterial, fungal and protozoal infections. It consists of 1 part trimethoprim to 5 parts sulfamethoxazole. The drug has been marketed worldwide as generic preparations and under multiple brand names, including Septra (GSK) and Bactrim (Roche). Co-trimoxazole is generally considered bactericidal, although its components are individually bacteriostatic.[2] Its actions are antifolate in nature, inhibiting both de novo folate biosynthesis and metabolism.[3]
Contents
- 1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Pregnancy and lactation
- 2 Adverse effects
- 2.1 Contraindications
- 2.2 Interactions
- 2.3 Overdose
- 3 Pharmacology
- 4 Trade names
- 5 Notes
- 6 References
Medical uses[edit]
Co-trimoxazole was claimed to be more effective than either of its components individually in treating bacterial infections, although this was later disputed.[4] Because it has a higher incidence of adverse effects, including allergic responses (see below), its use has been restricted in many countries to very specific circumstances where its improved efficacy has been demonstrated.[5] It may be effective in a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, renal and urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal tract infections, skin and wound infections, septicaemias, and other infections caused by sensitive organisms. The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in the use of co-trimoxazole more recently.[6]
Susceptible organisms include:[3][7]
- Acinetobacter spp.
- Aeromonas hydrophilia
- Alcaligenes xylosoxidans
- Bartonella henselae
- Bordetella pertussis (the pertussis organism)
- Brucella spp.
- Burkholderia cepacia
- Burkholderia mallei (Glanders organism)
- Burkholderia pseudomallei (Melioidosis organism)
- Chlamydia trachomatis (the chlamydia organism)
- Chryseobacterium meningosepticum
- Citrobacter spp.
- Enterobacter spp.
- Escherichia coli
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Hafnia alvei
- Kingella spp.
- Klebsiella granulomatis
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Legionella spp.
- Listeria monocytogenes (the listeria organism)
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Morganella morganii
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis (the tuberculosis organism)
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae (the gonorrhoea organism)
- Neisseria meningitidis (the meningococcal disease organism)
- Nocardia spp.
- Plesiomonas shigelloides
- Pneumocystis jiroveci
- Proteus mirabilis
- Proteus vulgaris
- Providencia rettgeri
- Providencia stuartii
- Salmonella typhi (Typhoid fever organism)
- Non-typhi Salmonella
- Serratia spp.
- Shigella spp.
- Staphylococcus aureus (Golden staph)
- Staphylococcus epidermidis
- Staphylococcus saprophyticus
- Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus faecalis
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus viridans
- Toxoplasma gondii (Toxoplasmosis organism)
- Tropheryma whippelii (Whipple's disease organism)
- Vibrio cholerae (Cholera organism)
- Yersinia enterocolitica
- Yersinia pestis (Bubonic plague organism)
- Yersinia pseudotuberculosis
Whereas the only notable non-susceptible organisms are the mycoplasma[7] and Francisella tularensis (the causative organism of tularaemia).[8][9]
Pregnancy and lactation[edit]
Its use during pregnancy is contraindicated, although it has been placed in Australian and American pregnancy category C.[3] Despite this its use during the first trimester (during organogenesis) and 12 weeks prior to pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially malformations associated with maternal folic acid deficiency (which is most likely related to the mechanism of action of co-trimoxazole) such as neural tube defects like spina bifida, cardiovascular malformations (e.g. Epstein's anomaly), urinary tract defects, oral clefts and club foot in epidemiological studies.[3] Its use later on during pregnancy also increases the risk of preterm labour (odds ratio: 1.51) and low birth weight (odds ratio: 1.67).[10][11] Animal studies have yielded similarly discouraging results.[12] It is also excreted in breast-milk and hence nursing during treatment with co-trimoxazole is generally advised against.[3]
| Indication | FDA-labelled indication? |
TGA-labelled indication? |
MHRA-labelled indication? |
Literature support |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acute infective exacerbation of chronic bronchitis | Yes | No | No | Clinical trials are lacking. |
| Prophylaxis in HIV-infected individuals | No | No | No | Effective in one Ugandan study on morbidity, mortality, CD4-cell count, and viral load in HIV infection.[13] |
| Otitis media | Paediatric population only | No | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in chronic active otitis media[14] and acute otitis media.[15] |
| Travellers' diarrhoea, treatment & prophylaxis | Yes | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy as a treatment for travellers' diarrhoea.[16][17][18] |
| Urinary tract infection | Yes | No | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in this indication.[7] |
| Bacterial infections | ||||
| Acne vulgaris | No | No | No | At least one clinical trial supports its use in this indication.[19] |
| Listeria | No | Yes | No | Well-designed clinical trials are lacking. |
| Melioidosis | No | Yes | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy, with or without adjunctive doxycycline; although, co-trimoxazole alone seems preferable.[20][21][22] |
| Pertussis (Whooping cough) | No | No | No | One cochrane review supports its efficacy in preventing the spread of pertussis.[23] |
| Shigellosis | Yes | Yes | No | Generally accepted treatment for shigellosis.[24] A recent Cochrane review found that while it is an effective treatment for shigellosis it also produces more significant adverse effects than other antibiotic drugs.[25] |
| Staphylococcus aureus infections | No | No | No | In vitro and in vivo activity against both non-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections.[26][27][28][29][30][31][32] |
| Tuberculosis | No | No | No | In vitro and in vivo activity against both non-resistant and MDR strains of TB.[33][34][35] |
| Whipple's disease | No | No | No | Co-trimoxazole is the recommended standard treatment for whipple's disease in some treatment protocols.[36][37][38] |
| Fungal and protozoal infections | ||||
| Isosporiasis | No | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its use in this indication.[39] |
| Malaria | No | No | No | Clinical trials have confirmed its efficacy in both the treatment and prevention of malaria.[40] |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | Yes | Yes | Yes | Its use as a prophylactic treatment is supported by one clinical trial involving children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.[41] Other than this and one other clinical trial into its efficacy as a treatment for pneumocystis pneumonia,[42] data on its use in both the treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia is significantly lacking. |
| Toxoplasmosis | Yes | Prevention only | Yes | Clinical trials have confirmed its prophylactic and therapeutic utility in cases of toxoplasmosis.[43][44][45][46][47][48] |
| Other indications | ||||
| Wegener's granulomatosis | No | No | No | Two clinical trials have supported its efficacy in this indication.[49][50] |
Adverse effects[edit]
Adverse effects by incidence:[3][12][51][52][53][54]
Common (>1% frequency):
- Fever
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Diarrhoea
- Weight loss
- Rash
- Muscle aches
- Joint pain
- Itch
- Sore mouth
- Hyperkalaemia (high blood potassium)
- Thrombocytopenia (low number of platelets in the blood)
Infrequently (0.1-1% frequency):
- Headache
- Jaundice
- Elevated liver transaminases
- Peripheral neuritis
- Drowsiness
- Photosensitivity (light sensitivity)
- Blood dyscrasias (e.g. neutropaenia)
Rare (<0.1% frequency):
- Megaloblastic anaemia
- Methaemoglobinaemia
- Erythema multiforme
- Hypoglycaemia[Note 1]
- Hepatitis (liver swelling)
- Crystalluria (crystals in the urine)
- Urinary obstruction causing difficulty passing urine
- Lowered mental acuity
- Depression
- Tremor
- Aplastic anaemia
- Haemolytic anaemia
- Hyponatraemia
- Purpura
- Eosinophilia
- Agranulocytosis
- Serum sickness
- Anaphylaxis
- Allergic myocarditis
- Angioedema
- Drug fever
- Peri-arteritis nodosa
- Hepatic necrosis
- Pancreatitis
- Myelosuppression
- Haemolysis[Note 2]
- Stevens-Johnson syndrome[Note 3]
- Toxic epidermal necrolysis[Note 4]
- Ataxia[Note 5]
- Clostridium difficile-associated disease
- Aseptic meningitis[Note 6]
- Pseudomembranous colitis
- Interstitial nephritis
Unknown frequency adverse effects:
- Hallucinations
- Cough
- Glossitis
- Stomatitis
- Fatigue
- Insomnia
- Impaired kidney function
- Pulmonary infiltration[Note 7]
- Shortness of breath
Contraindications[edit]
Contraindications include the following:[3][52]
- Known hypersensitivity to trimethoprim, sulphonamides or any other ingredients in the formulations
- Pregnancy – especially in the period prior to birth
- Severe hepatic failure, marked liver parenchymal damage or jaundice.
- Serious haematological disorders and porphyria (due to the sulfonamide component of the preparation).
- Severe renal insufficiency (CrCl<15mL/min) where repeated measurements of the plasma concentration cannot be performed.
- Co-trimoxazole should not be given to neonates during the first 6 weeks, except for the treatment/prophylaxis of Pneumocytosis jiroveci (P. carinii) in infants of four weeks of age or greater.
Interactions[edit]
Its use is advised against in patients being concomitantly treated with:[3][12][51][52][53][54]
- ACE inhibitors like captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, perindopril and ramipril due to the potential for additive hyperkalaemic effects.[52]
- Prilocaine — additive risk of methaemoglobinaemia.
- Antiarrhythmics like amiodarone (increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias) and dofetilide (increased risk of QT interval prolongation).
- Antibacterials like dapsone (increases plasma levels of both drugs), methenamine (increased risk of crystalluria) and rifampicin (as it may lead to an increased plasma level of rifampicin and lower plasma levels of trimethoprim).
- Anticoagulants like warfarin and acenocoumarol — anticoagulant effects of either drug is potentiated by this combination.
- Sulfonylureas — effects enhanced.
- Phenytoin, half-life of phenytoin is increased.
- Antifolates like pyrimethamine, proguanil and methotrexate — increased risk of associated side effects like blood dyscrasis. Folic acid supplementation should be considered. There's a significant risk of megaloblastic anaemia with doses of pyrimethamine in excess of 25 mg/wk.
- Antivirals, more specifically, lamivudine (increased plasma concentrations of lamivudine), zalcitabine (increased plasma concentrations of zalcitabine) and zidovudine (increased risk of haematological reactions).
- Procainamide and/or amantadine may have their plasma concentrations increased bilaterally or unilaterally.
- Clozapine and other antipsychotics — increased risk of haematological side effects.
- Nucleoside analogue antineoplastics like azathioprine and mercaptopurine — increased risk of haematological toxicity.
- Digoxin — increase in digoxin levels in a proportion of elderly patients.
- Diuretics — elderly patients receiving thiazide antidiuretics are at a heightened risk for developing thrombocytopaenia while on co-trimoxazole.
- Ciclosporin — patients that have received a kidney transplant and are receiving co-trimoxazole and ciclosporin concomitantly are at an increased risk of having a reversible deterioration in their kidney function.
- Potassium aminobenzoate — effects of sulfonamides (like sulfamethoxazole) inhibited.
- Laboratory tests; trimethoprim and sulfonamides have been reported to interfere with diagnostic tests, including serum-methotrexate and serum-plasma creatinine levels, also urea, urinary glucose and urobilinogen tests.
Overdose[edit]
Likely signs of toxicity include:[12]
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Mental depression
- Confusion
- Bone marrow depression
- Loss of appetite
- Colic
- Drowsiness
- Unconsciousness
The recommended treatment for overdose includes:[12]
- Administration of activated charcoal
- Stomach pumping
- General supportive measures
- Haemodialysis, which is moderately effective in clearing co-trimoxazole from the plasma.
- Calcium folinate treatment in cases of blood dyscrasias
- Forcing oral fluids
Alkalinisation of the urine may reduce the toxicity of sulfamethoxazole, but it may increase the toxic effects of trimethoprim.[12]
Pharmacology[edit]
Tetrahydrofolate synthesis pathway
The synergy between trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was first described in a series of in vitro and in vivo experiments published in the late 1960s.[55][56][57] Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole have a greater effect when given together than when given separately, because they inhibit successive steps in the folate synthesispathway. They are given in a one-to-five ratio in their tablet formulations so that when they enter the body their concentration in the blood and tissues is roughly one as to twenty — the exact ratio required for a peak synergistic effect between the two.[7]
Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide, induces its therapeutic effects by interfering with the de novo (that is, from within the cell) synthesis of folate inside microbial organisms such as protozoa, fungi and bacteria. It does this by competing with p-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in the biosynthesis of dihydrofolate.[7]
Trimethoprim serves as a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), hence inhibiting the de novo synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, the biologically active form of folate.[7]
The effects of trimethoprim causes a backlog of dihydrofolate (DHF) and this backlog can work against the inhibitory effect the drug has on tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis; this is where the sulfamethoxazole comes in, its role is in depleting the excess DHF by preventing it from being synthesised in the first place.[7]
| Component | Tmax (hrs) | Vd (L) | Protein binding | t1/2 (hrs) | Excretion |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfamethoxazole | 1-4 | 20 | 66% | 8-10 | Renal |
| Trimethoprim | 1-4 | 130 | 42-45% | 10 | Renal |
Trade names[edit]
Co-trimoxazole is manufactured and sold by many different companies. The following list of brand names is incomplete:
- Bactrim, Bactrimel (Roche)
- Co-trimoxazole (Sandoz)
- Cotrim
- Septrin (Aspen Pharmacare and formerly GlaxoSmithKline)
- Sulfatrim
- Biseptol
- Trisul
- Bactrom (Venezuela)
- Septram (Panama)
- Vactrim (manufactured and distributed in Laos)
- Bibactin (manufactured by PPM and distributed in Cambodia and some African countries)
- Graprima Forte Kaplet (manufactured by PT Graha Farma and distributed in Indonesia)
- Primotren (Lek in Slovenia and other countries).
Notes[edit]
- ^ Low blood sugar; may affect consciousness and cause seizures
- ^ Breakdown of red blood cells. This side effect most often occurs in people with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
- ^ A potentially fatal skin reaction that causes the skin to sloth off
- ^ Basically a worse form of Stevens-Johnson syndrome
- ^ Incoordination; most often after IV use in HIV patients
- ^ Swelling of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord without any obvious infectious cause
- ^ Sign of hypersensitivity
References[edit]
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UpToDate Contents
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- 1. トリメトプリムスルファメトキサゾール
： 概要 trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole an overview - 2. イソスポーラ
感染患者 の 臨床的 マネージメント clinical management of patients with cystoisospora infection - 3. フルオロキノロン
類 、 ドキシサイクリン 、 および トリメトプリムスルファメトキサゾール に 対 する 肺炎 レンサ 球菌 の 耐性 resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae to the fluoroquinolones doxycycline and trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole - 4. 非
HIV 感染患者 における ニューモシスチス 肺炎 の 治療 および 予防 treatment and prevention of pneumocystis pneumonia in non hiv infected patients - 5. 慢性細菌性前立腺炎
chronic bacterial prostatitis
English Journal
- Recurrent Nephrogenic Adenoma: A Case Report of Resolution After Treatment With Antibiotics and Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Medication.
- Voss K, Peppas D.SourceDepartment of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX. Electronic address: voss@uthscsa.edu.
- Urology.Urology.2013 Jun 20. pii: S0090-4295(13)00501-3. doi: 10.1016/j.urology.2013.04.024. [Epub ahead of print]
- Nephrogenic adenoma is an uncommon urothelial lesion that has been associated with chronic inflammation and surgical manipulation of the urinary tract. Several cases of vesical nephrogenic adenoma in patients with a history of renal transplantation have been reported. The present case report reviewe
- PMID 23791211
- Herd-level relationship between antimicrobial use and presence or absence of antimicrobial resistance in gram-negative bovine mastitis pathogens on Canadian dairy farms.
- Saini V, McClure JT, Scholl DT, Devries TJ, Barkema HW.SourceDepartment of Production Animal Health, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, T2N 4N1, Canada; Canadian Bovine Mastitis Research Network, C. P. 5000, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, J2S 7C6, Canada. Electronic address: vineet.saini@albertahealthservices.ca.
- Journal of dairy science.J Dairy Sci.2013 Jun 12. pii: S0022-0302(13)00422-0. doi: 10.3168/jds.2012-5713. [Epub ahead of print]
- Concurrent data on antimicrobial use (AMU) and resistance are needed to contain antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in bacteria. The present study examined a herd-level association between AMU and AMR in Escherichia coli (n = 394) and Klebsiella species (n = 139) isolated from bovine intramammary infecti
- PMID 23769367
- Pneumocystis pneumonia associated with human immunodeficiency virus.
- Miller RF, Huang L, Walzer PD.SourceResearch Department of Infection and Population Health, University College London, London WC1E 6JB, UK. Electronic address: robert.miller@ucl.ac.uk.
- Clinics in chest medicine.Clin Chest Med.2013 Jun;34(2):229-41. doi: 10.1016/j.ccm.2013.02.001. Epub 2013 Apr 8.
- Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) is caused by the yeastlike fungus Pneumocystis. Despite the widespread availability of specific anti-Pneumocystis prophylaxis and of combination antiretroviral therapy (ART), PCP remains a common AIDS-defining presentation. PCP is increasingly recognized among persons li
- PMID 23702173
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