WordNet

a temporary state in which you are unable (or unwilling) to sleep; "accept your wakefulness and sleep in its own contrary way is more likely to come" (同)sleeplessness
a periodic state during which you are conscious and aware of the world; "consciousness during wakefulness in a sane person is pretty well ordered and familiar"
make aware of; "His words woke us to terrible facts of the situation"
be awake, be alert, be there
a vigil held over a corpse the night before burial; "theres no weeping at an Irish wake" (同)viewing
the wave that spreads behind a boat as it moves forward; "the motorboats wake capsized the canoe" (同)backwash
to begin moving, "As the thunder started the sleeping children began to stir" (同)stir
call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses); "arouse pity"; "raise a smile"; "evoke sympathy" (同)elicit, enkindle, kindle, evoke, fire, raise, provoke
stimulate sexually; "This movie usually arouses the male audience" (同)sex, excite, turn_on, wind_up
not in a state of sleep; completely conscious; "lay awake thinking about his new job"; "still not fully awake"
the act of waking; "it was an early awakening"; "it was the waking up he hated most" (同)wakening, waking up

PrepTutorEJDIC

『目を覚ます』(awake)《+up》 / 《文》目を覚ましたままでいる,寝ずにいる《+up》 / (…に)気づく,目覚める《+up to+名》 / 〈人〉‘の'『目を覚まさせる』,‘を'起こす(awaken)《+名+up,+up+名》 / 《比喩的に》(…に)…‘を'目覚めさせる,窪づかせる,活発にする《+up+名(+名+up)+to+名》 / (死者のために)通夜をする / 《おもにアイルランド・イギリス北部》通夜
物が通った跡,(特に)航跡
(眠りなどから)〈人〉'を'起こす,‘の'目を覚ます《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈物事が〉〈ある行為・感情など〉'を'『呼び起こす』;…'を'刺激する(excite) / 〈物事が〉〈人〉'を'刺激して(…)させる,(…に)かり立てる《+『名』+『to』+『名』(do『ing』)》
(…から)…‘の'『目をさまさせる』,'を'起こす《+『名』+『from』+『名』》(wake) / 〈記憶・感情など〉'を'呼び起こす,喚起する / (…を)〈人〉‘に'気づかせる,自覚させる《+『名』〈人〉+『to』+『名』》 / 目をさます / (周囲の事情などに)気がつく《+『to』+『名』》 / 『眠らずに』,『目がさめて』 / (…に)気づいている《+『to』+『名』》
(眠り・無意所などから)〈人〉‘の'『目を覚まさせる』,‘を'起こす《+『名』〈人〉+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘を'『奮起させる』,刺激する / 〈感情など〉‘を'刺激する,かき立てる / 《英ではまれ》〈人が〉目を覚ます《+『up』》 / 〈人が〉奮起する,〈感情が〉激する《+『up』》
(…に)目ざめること,気づくこと《+『to』+『名』》 / 目ざめさせる,目ざめつつある

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/21 12:38:10」(JST)

wiki en

Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world such as communication, ambulation, eating, and sex. Being awake is the opposite of the state of being asleep in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.

Effects upon the brain

The longer the brain has been awake, the greater the spontaneous firing rates of cerebral cortex neurons with this increase being reversed by sleep.^[1] Another effect of wakefulness (which may or may not be related to this) is that it lowers the small stores of glycogen held in the astrocytes that can supply energy to the brain's neurons—one of the functions of sleep, it has been proposed, is to create the opportunity for them to be replenished.^[2]

Maintenance by the brain

Wakefulness is produced by a complex interaction between multiple neurotransmitter systems arising in the brainstem and ascending through the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and basal forebrain.^[3] The posterior hypothalamus plays a key role in the maintenance of the cortical activation that underlies wakefulness. Several systems originating in this part of the brain control the shift from wakefulness into sleep and sleep into wakefulness. Histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus and nearby adjacent posterior hypothalamus project to the entire brain and are the most wake-selective system so far identified in the brain.^[4] Another key system is that provided by the orexins (also known as hypocretins) projecting neurons. These exist in areas adjacent to histamine neurons and like them project widely to most brain areas and associate with arousal.^[5] Orexin deficiency has been identified as responsible for narcolepsy.^[6]

Research suggests that orexin and histamine neurons play distinct, but complementary roles in controlling wakefulness with orexin being more involved with wakeful behavior and histamine with cognition and activation of cortical EEG.^[7]

It has been suggested the fetus is not awake, with wakefulness occurring in the newborn due to the stress of being born and the associated activation of the locus coeruleus.^[8]

Mindfulness

In a special case, the word wakefulness is used as a synonym for mindfulness. Wakefulness is described by the American physician and meditation teacher Jon Kabat-Zinn as a state of mindful awareness. By being fully awake in the present moment, Kabat-Zinn suggests that we can live fully and with great awareness and intent, which has the potential to give us an improved sense of peace, contentment and well-being.

References

^ Vyazovskiy, VV; Olcese, U; Lazimy, YM; Faraguna, U; Esser, SK; Williams, JC; Cirelli, C; Tononi, G (2009). "Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis". Neuron 63 (6): 865–78. doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.08.024. PMC 2819325. PMID 19778514.
^ Benington, JH; Heller, HC (1995). "Restoration of brain energy metabolism as the function of sleep". Progress in neurobiology 45 (4): 347–60. doi:10.1016/0301-0082(94)00057-O. PMID 7624482.
^ Brown, RE; Basheer, R; McKenna, JT; Strecker, RE; McCarley, RW (2012). "Control of Sleep and Wakefulness". Physiological Reviews 92: 1087–1187. doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011. PMC 3621793. PMID 22811426. </
^ Takahashi, K; Lin, JS; Sakai, K (2006). "Neuronal activity of histaminergic tuberomammillary neurons during wake-sleep states in the mouse". Journal of Neuroscience 26 (40): 10292–8. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2341-06.2006. PMID 17021184.
^ Sakurai, T (2007). "The neural circuit of orexin (hypocretin): maintaining sleep and wakefulness". Nature reviews. Neuroscience 8 (3): 171–81. doi:10.1038/nrn2092. PMID 17299454.
^ Chemelli, RM; Willie, JT; Sinton, CM; Elmquist, JK; Scammell, T; Lee, C; Richardson, JA; Williams, SC; Xiong, Y (1999). "Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation". Cell 98 (4): 437–51. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)81973-X. PMID 10481909.
^ Anaclet, C.; Parmentier, R.; Ouk, K.; Guidon, G.; Buda, C.; Sastre, J.-P.; Akaoka, H.; Sergeeva, O. A.; Yanagisawa, M. (2009). "Orexin/Hypocretin and Histamine: Distinct Roles in the Control of Wakefulness Demonstrated Using Knock-Out Mouse Models". Journal of Neuroscience 29 (46): 14423–14438. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2604-09.2009. PMC 2802289. PMID 19923277.
^ Lagercrantz, H (2009). "The birth of consciousness". Early human development 85 (10 Suppl): S57–8. doi:10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2009.08.017. PMID 19762170.

External links

Sleep, dreams and wakefulness
Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams
The Consequences of Excessive Wakefulness
It's Wake-Up Time

UpToDate Contents

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1. 過度な日中の眠気を有する患者へのアプローチ approach to the patient with excessive daytime sleepiness
2. 時差ぼけ jet lag
3. 睡眠の質および睡眠の構造に対する薬剤の効果 the effects of medications on sleep quality and sleep architecture
4. 眠気の定量化 quantifying sleepiness
5. 特発性過眠症 idiopathic hypersomnia

English Journal

The CRF1 receptor antagonist SSR125543 prevents stress-induced long-lasting sleep disturbances in a mouse model of PTSD: Comparison with paroxetine and d-cycloserine.

Philbert J1, Beeské S1, Belzung C2, Griebel G3.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2015 Feb 15;279:41-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.11.006. Epub 2014 Nov 12.
The selective CRF1 (corticotropin releasing factor type 1) receptor antagonist SSR125543 has been previously shown to attenuate the long-term behavioral and electrophysiological effects produced by traumatic stress exposure in mice. Sleep disturbances are one of the most commonly reported symptoms b
PMID 25446760

Assessing levels of consciousness with symbolic analysis.

Lee U1, Blain-Moraes S2, Mashour GA3.
Philosophical transactions. Series A, Mathematical, physical, and engineering sciences.Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci.2015 Feb 13;373(2034). pii: 20140117.
'Covert consciousness' is a state in which consciousness is present without the capacity for behavioural response, and it can occur in patients with intraoperative awareness or unresponsive wakefulness syndrome. To detect and prevent this undesirable state, it is critical to develop a reliable neuro
PMID 25548273

Discovery of piperidine ethers as selective orexin receptor antagonists (SORAs) inspired by filorexant.

Raheem IT1, Breslin MJ1, Bruno J2, Cabalu TD3, Cooke A1, Cox CD1, Cui D3, Garson S4, Gotter AL4, Fox SV5, Harrell CM4, Kuduk SD1, Lemaire W2, Prueksaritanont T3, Renger JJ4, Stump C1, Tannenbaum PL5, Williams PD1, Winrow CJ4, Coleman PJ1.
Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry letters.Bioorg Med Chem Lett.2015 Feb 1;25(3):444-50. doi: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.056. Epub 2014 Dec 23.
Highly selective orexin receptor antagonists (SORAs) of the orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) have become attractive targets both as potential therapeutics for insomnia as well as biological tools to help further elucidate the underlying pharmacology of the orexin signaling pathway. Herein, we describe the d
PMID 25577040

Orexin A upregulates the protein expression of OX1R and enhances the proliferation of SGC-7901 gastric cancer cells through the ERK signaling pathway.

Liu Y1, Zhao Y1, Ju S1, Guo L2.
International journal of molecular medicine.Int J Mol Med.2015 Feb;35(2):539-45. doi: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.2038. Epub 2014 Dec 15.
Orexins are hypothalamic peptides that regulate food intake, wakefulness, the reward system and energy metabolism. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability of orexins to promote a robust apoptosis and subsequent inhibition of cell growth in various types of cancer cells. The present study was co
PMID 25515760

Japanese Journal

Orexin neurons suppress narcolepsy via 2 distinct efferent pathways

Hasegawa Emi,Yanagisawa Masashi,Sakurai Takeshi,Mieda Michihiro
Journal of Clinical Investigation 124(2), 604-616, 2014-02
… Mice lacking orexin peptides, orexin neurons, or orexin receptors recapitulate human narcolepsy phenotypes, further highlighting a critical role for orexin signaling in the maintenance of wakefulness. … We found that targeted restoration of orexin receptor expression in the dorsal raphe (DR) and in the locus coeruleus (LC) of mice lacking orexin receptors inhibited cataplexy-like episodes and pathological fragmentation of wakefulness (i.e., sleepiness), respectively. …
NAID 120005411681