awake

• 覚醒している

関

arousal、arouse、rouse、wake、wakefulness

　 　

WordNet

1. not in a state of sleep; completely conscious; "lay awake thinking about his new job"; "still not fully awake"
2. a temporary state in which you are unable (or unwilling) to sleep; "accept your wakefulness and sleep in its own contrary way is more likely to come" (同)sleeplessness
3. a periodic state during which you are conscious and aware of the world; "consciousness during wakefulness in a sane person is pretty well ordered and familiar"
4. the act of arousing; "the purpose of art is the arousal of emotions" (同)rousing
5. a state of heightened physiological activity
6. awakening from sleep
7. make aware of; "His words woke us to terrible facts of the situation"
8. be awake, be alert, be there
9. a vigil held over a corpse the night before burial; "theres no weeping at an Irish wake" (同)viewing
10. the wave that spreads behind a boat as it moves forward; "the motorboats wake capsized the canoe" (同)backwash
11. to begin moving, "As the thunder started the sleeping children began to stir" (同)stir
12. call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses); "arouse pity"; "raise a smile"; "evoke sympathy" (同)elicit, enkindle, kindle, evoke, fire, raise, provoke
13. stimulate sexually; "This movie usually arouses the male audience" (同)sex, excite, turn_on, wind_up
14. aroused or activated; "an awakened interest in ballet"
15. (somewhat formal) having been waked up; "the awakened baby began to cry"
16. still asleep
17. not aroused or activated; "unawakened emotions"
18. lie without sleeping; "She was so worried, she lay awake all night long"
19. awaken once again

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (…から)…‘の'『目をさまさせる』,'を'起こす《+『名』+『from』+『名』》(wake) / 〈記憶・感情など〉'を'呼び起こす,喚起する / (…を)〈人〉‘に'気づかせる,自覚させる《+『名』〈人〉+『to』+『名』》 / 目をさます / (周囲の事情などに)気がつく《+『to』+『名』》 / 『眠らずに』,『目がさめて』 / (…に)気づいている《+『to』+『名』》
2. 『目を覚ます』(awake)《+up》 / 《文》目を覚ましたままでいる,寝ずにいる《+up》 / (…に)気づく,目覚める《+up to+名》 / 〈人〉‘の'『目を覚まさせる』,‘を'起こす(awaken)《+名+up,+up+名》 / 《比喩的に》(…に)…‘を'目覚めさせる,窪づかせる,活発にする《+up+名(+名+up)+to+名》 / (死者のために)通夜をする / 《おもにアイルランド・イギリス北部》通夜
3. 物が通った跡,(特に)航跡
4. (眠りなどから)〈人〉'を'起こす,‘の'目を覚ます《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / 〈物事が〉〈ある行為・感情など〉'を'『呼び起こす』;…'を'刺激する(excite) / 〈物事が〉〈人〉'を'刺激して(…)させる,(…に)かり立てる《+『名』+『to』+『名』(do『ing』)》
5. (眠り・無意所などから)〈人〉‘の'『目を覚まさせる』,‘を'起こす《+『名』〈人〉+『from』(『out of』)+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘を'『奮起させる』,刺激する / 〈感情など〉‘を'刺激する,かき立てる / 《英ではまれ》〈人が〉目を覚ます《+『up』》 / 〈人が〉奮起する,〈感情が〉激する《+『up』》
6. すっかり目の覚めた / 油断のない,抜け目のない

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/27 00:32:05」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

"Awake" and "Wakeful" redirect here. For other uses, see Awake (disambiguation) and Wakeful (disambiguation).

Wakefulness is a daily recurring brain state and state of consciousness in which an individual is conscious and engages in coherent cognitive and behavioral responses to the external world such as communication, ambulation, eating, and sex. Being awake is the opposite of the state of being asleep in which most external inputs to the brain are excluded from neural processing.

Effects upon the brain

The longer the brain has been awake, the greater the spontaneous firing rates of cerebral cortex neurons with this increase being reversed by sleep. Another effect of wakefulness (which may or may not be related to this) is that it lowers the small stores of glycogen held in the astrocytes that can supply energy to the brain's neurons—one of the functions of sleep, it has been proposed, is to create the opportunity for them to be replenished.

Maintenance by the brain

Wakefulness is produced by a complex interaction between multiple neurotransmitter systems arising in the brainstem and ascending through the midbrain, hypothalamus, thalamus and basal forebrain. The posterior hypothalamus plays a key role in the maintenance of the cortical activation that underlies wakefulness. Several systems originating in this part of the brain control the shift from wakefulness into sleep and sleep into wakefulness. Histamine neurons in the tuberomammillary nucleus and nearby adjacent posterior hypothalamus project to the entire brain and are the most wake-selective system so far identified in the brain. Another key system is that provided by the orexins (also known as hypocretins) projecting neurons. These exist in areas adjacent to histamine neurons and like them project widely to most brain areas and associate with arousal. Orexin deficiency has been identified as responsible for narcolepsy.

Research suggests that orexin and histamine neurons play distinct, but complementary roles in controlling wakefulness with orexin being more involved with wakeful behavior and histamine with cognition and activation of cortical EEG.

It has been suggested the fetus is not awake, with wakefulness occurring in the newborn due to the stress of being born and the associated activation of the locus coeruleus.

Mindfulness

In a special case, the word wakefulness is used as a synonym for mindfulness. Wakefulness is described by the American physician and meditation teacher Jon Kabat-Zinn as a state of mindful awareness. By being fully awake in the present moment, Kabat-Zinn suggests that we can live fully and with great awareness and intent, which has the potential to give us an improved sense of peace, contentment and well-being.

See also

• Consciousness
• Dream argument
• Lucid dreaming
• Sleep
• Sleepwalking
• Sleep inertia

References

External links

• Sleep, dreams and wakefulness
• Wakefulness, Alertness, Sleep, and Dreams
• The Consequences of Excessive Wakefulness
• It's Wake-Up Time

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 覚醒下開頭術での麻酔 anesthesia for awake craniotomy
• 2. 手術室外での気道確保が困難な成人へのアプローチ approach to the difficult airway in adults outside the operating room
• 3. 病的肥満患者における緊急気道マネージメント emergency airway management in the morbidly obese patient
• 4. 脳深部刺激装置の埋込を行う患者のための麻酔 anesthesia for patients having deep brain stimulator implantation
• 5. 貫通性頸部損傷：初期評価およびマネージメント penetrating neck injuries initial evaluation and management

English Journal

• MACEI and MACawake of sevoflurane in infants with obstructive jaundice.

• Chen SQ, Ye HR, Chen YJ, Wang YW.Author information Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.AbstractBACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether the MACEI and MACawake of sevoflurane in infants with obstructive jaundice are different from that observed in nonjaundiced infants.
• Paediatric anaesthesia.Paediatr Anaesth.2014 Mar;24(3):282-9. doi: 10.1111/pan.12322. Epub 2013 Dec 11.
• BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to determine whether the MACEI and MACawake of sevoflurane in infants with obstructive jaundice are different from that observed in nonjaundiced infants.METHODS: Infants scheduled for abdominal surgery were recruited into the study. General anesthesia was induce
• PMID 24330496

• How delays matter in an oscillatory whole-brain spiking-neuron network model for MEG alpha-rhythms at rest.

• Nakagawa TT1, Woolrich M2, Luckhoo H2, Joensson M3, Mohseni H2, Kringelbach ML3, Jirsa V4, Deco G5.Author information 1Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08018, Spain. Electronic address: tristan.nakagawa@upf.edu.2Oxford Ctr. For Human Brain Activity, Univ. of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.3Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience (CFIN), Aarhus University, Denmark.4Institut de Neurosciences des Systèmes UMR INSERM 1106, Aix-Marseille Universitè, 13005 Marseille, France.5Center for Brain and Cognition, Computational Neuroscience Group, Department of Information and Communication Technologies, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08018, Spain; Institució Catalana de la Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona 08010, Spain.AbstractIn recent years the study of the intrinsic brain dynamics in a relaxed awake state in the absence of any specific task has gained increasing attention, as spontaneous neural activity has been found to be highly structured at a large scale. This so called resting-state activity has been found to be comprised by nonrandom spatiotemporal patterns and fluctuations, and several Resting-State Networks (RSN) have been found in BOLD-fMRI as well as in MEG signal power envelope correlations. The underlying anatomical connectivity structure between areas of the brain has been identified as being a key to the observed functional network connectivity, but the mechanisms behind this are still underdetermined. Theoretical large-scale brain models for fMRI data have corroborated the importance of the connectome in shaping network dynamics, while the importance of delays and noise differ between studies and depend on the models' specific dynamics. In the current study, we present a spiking neuron network model that is able to produce noisy, distributed alpha-oscillations, matching the power peak in the spectrum of group resting-state MEG recordings. We studied how well the model captured the inter-node correlation structure of the alpha-band power envelopes for different delays between brain areas, and found that the model performs best for propagation delays inside the physiological range (5-10m/s). Delays also shift the transition from noisy to bursting oscillations to higher global coupling values in the model. Thus, in contrast to the asynchronous fMRI state, delays are important to consider in the presence of oscillation.
• NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2014 Feb 15;87:383-94. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.11.009. Epub 2013 Nov 16.
• In recent years the study of the intrinsic brain dynamics in a relaxed awake state in the absence of any specific task has gained increasing attention, as spontaneous neural activity has been found to be highly structured at a large scale. This so called resting-state activity has been found to be c
• PMID 24246492

• Direct, intraoperative observation of ~0.1Hz hemodynamic oscillations in awake human cortex: Implications for fMRI.

• Rayshubskiy A1, Wojtasiewicz TJ2, Mikell CB2, Bouchard MB1, Timerman D1, Youngerman BE2, McGovern RA2, Otten ML2, Canoll P3, McKhann GM 2nd2, Hillman EM4.Author information 1Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, USA.2Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University, USA.3Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, USA.4Laboratory for Functional Optical Imaging, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, USA; Department of Radiology, Columbia University, USA. Electronic address: eh2245@columbia.edu.AbstractAn almost sinusoidal, large amplitude ~0.1Hz oscillation in cortical hemodynamics has been repeatedly observed in species ranging from mice to humans. However, the occurrence of 'slow sinusoidal hemodynamic oscillations' (SSHOs) in human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies is rarely noted or considered. As a result, little investigation into the cause of SSHOs has been undertaken, and their potential to confound fMRI analysis, as well as their possible value as a functional biomarker has been largely overlooked. Here, we report direct observation of large-amplitude, sinusoidal ~0.1Hz hemodynamic oscillations in the cortex of an awake human undergoing surgical resection of a brain tumor. Intraoperative multispectral optical intrinsic signal imaging (MS-OISI) revealed that SSHOs were spatially localized to distinct regions of the cortex, exhibited wave-like propagation, and involved oscillations in the diameter of specific pial arterioles, indicating that the effect was not the result of systemic blood pressure oscillations. fMRI data collected from the same subject 4days prior to surgery demonstrates that ~0.1Hz oscillations in the BOLD signal can be detected around the same region. Intraoperative optical imaging data from a patient undergoing epilepsy surgery, in whom sinusoidal oscillations were not observed, is shown for comparison. This direct observation of the '0.1Hz wave' in the awake human brain, using both intraoperative imaging and pre-operative fMRI, confirms that SSHOs occur in the human brain, and can be detected by fMRI. We discuss the possible physiological basis of this oscillation and its potential link to brain pathologies, highlighting its relevance to resting-state fMRI and its potential as a novel target for functional diagnosis and delineation of neurological disease.
• NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2014 Feb 15;87:323-31. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.10.044. Epub 2013 Nov 1.
• An almost sinusoidal, large amplitude ~0.1Hz oscillation in cortical hemodynamics has been repeatedly observed in species ranging from mice to humans. However, the occurrence of 'slow sinusoidal hemodynamic oscillations' (SSHOs) in human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies is rarely
• PMID 24185013

• How long shall we record electroencephalography?

• Craciun L, Gardella E, Alving J, Terney D, Mindruta I, Zarubova J, Beniczky S.Author information Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, Danish Epilepsy Centre, Dianalund, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Emergency University Hospital of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania.AbstractBACKGROUND: The duration of electroencephalography (EEG) recordings varies widely among laboratories. Although several recommendations had been published, there are no previous studies directly addressing this.
• Acta neurologica Scandinavica.Acta Neurol Scand.2014 Feb;129(2):e9-e11. doi: 10.1111/ane.12186. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
• BACKGROUND: The duration of electroencephalography (EEG) recordings varies widely among laboratories. Although several recommendations had been published, there are no previous studies directly addressing this.AIMS OF THE STUDY: To assess the effect of the recording duration on detection of EEG abno
• PMID 24400821

Japanese Journal

• Chronobiology of micturition: putative role of the circadian clock.

• Negoro Hiromitsu,Kanematsu Akihiro,Yoshimura Koji,Ogawa Osamu
• The Journal of urology 190(3), 843-849, 2013-09
• … [Purpose]Mammals urinate less frequently during the sleep period than the awake period. …
• NAID 120005323026

• 脳神経外科学 最新の覚醒下脳神経外科手術

• 医学のあゆみ 245(2), 190-192, 2013-04-13
• NAID 40019625700

• Magnesium sulfate attenuates tourniquet pain in healthy volunteers

• Satsumae Tsuyoshi,Yamaguchi Hiroshi,Inomata Shinichi,Tanaka Makoto,左津前 剛,猪股 伸一,田中 誠
• Journal of anesthesia 27(2), 231-235, 2013-04
• … The area under the curve for pain scores in the M4 group was significantly smaller than the areas in the other groups.ConclusionMagnesium sulfate, 4 g, significantly attenuated tourniquet pain in healthy awake volunteers, suggesting that NMDA receptor activation is involved in tourniquet pain. …
• NAID 120005246957

• Text of Ulysses : Joyce's (Re)writing of His(s)tory

• Takahashi Wataru,タカハシ ワタル
• 県立広島大学人間文化学部紀要 (8), 45-52, 2013-03
• … All this time Stephen Dedalus regards it as a scene from the bloody history repeated between Ireland and the British Empire, referring to it as a "Nightmare from which you never awake". …
• NAID 120005305707

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「覚醒」「rouse」「arouse」「wake」
拡張検索	「awakening」

「覚醒」

　　[★]

英

wakefulness

関

睡眠と覚醒

(adj.)arousal, wakefulness, emergence, arouse, wake, rouse, awake

• 目が覚めていること
• 意識 = 覚醒 arousal (目が覚めていること) + 認識 awareness(反応できること) (ICU.790)

「rouse」

　　[★]

• vt.

• ～の目を覚まさせる、呼び起こす。喚起する、鼓舞する、奮起させる。(杆状を)起こさせる、かき立てる

• vi.
• n.

関

arousal、arouse、awake、wake、wakefulness

　

「arouse」

　　[★]

• v.

• 覚醒させる、喚起する、起こす

関

arousal、awake、call、give rise to、raise、rouse、undergo、wake、wakefulness

　 　 　 　

「wake」

　　[★]

• v.

• (過去woke-過去分詞woken)覚醒する、目覚める

関

arousal、arouse、awake、rouse、wakefulness

　 　 　 　 　 　

「awakening」

　　[★]

• 覚醒状態

関

arousal、vigilance、wakefulness