WordNet

a single pulsation of an oscillation produced by adding two waves of different frequencies; has a frequency equal to the difference between the two oscillations
strike (water or bushes) repeatedly to rouse animals for hunting
a regular rate of repetition; "the cox raised the beat"
a stroke or blow; "the signal was two beats on the steam pipe"
the act of beating to windward; sailing as close as possible to the direction from which the wind is blowing
a regular route for a sentry or policeman; "in the old days a policeman walked a beat and knew all his people by name" (同)round
the sound of stroke or blow; "he heard the beat of a drum"
come out better in a competition, race, or conflict; "Agassi beat Becker in the tennis championship"; "We beat the competition"; "Harvard defeated Yale in the last football game" (同)beat_out, crush, shell, trounce, vanquish
give a beating to; subject to a beating, either as a punishment or as an act of aggression; "Thugs beat him up when he walked down the street late at night"; "The teacher used to beat the students" (同)beat_up, work over
avoid paying; "beat the subway fare" (同)bunk
move with a flapping motion; "The birds wings were flapping" (同)flap
move with a thrashing motion; "The bird flapped its wings"; "The eagle beat its wings and soared high into the sky" (同)flap
move rhythmically; "Her heart was beating fast" (同)pound, thump
stir vigorously; "beat the egg whites"; "beat the cream" (同)scramble
be superior; "Reading beats watching television"; "This sure beats work!"
glare or strike with great intensity; "The sun was beating down on us"
hit repeatedly; "beat on the door"; "beat the table with his shoe"
indicate by beating, as with the fingers or drumsticks; "Beat the rhythm"
make by pounding or trampling; "beat a path through the forest"
produce a rhythm by striking repeatedly; "beat the drum"
sail with much tacking or with difficulty; "The boat beat in the strong wind"
shape by beating; "beat swords into ploughshares"
strike (a part of ones own body) repeatedly, as in great emotion or in accompaniment to music; "beat ones breast"; "beat ones foot rhythmically"
to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
born after a gestation period of less than the normal time; "a premature infant"
uncommonly early or before the expected time; "illness led to his premature death"; "alcohol brought him to an untimely end" (同)untimely
the act of inflicting corporal punishment with repeated blows (同)thrashing, licking, drubbing, lacing, trouncing, whacking
the act of overcoming or outdoing (同)whipping
of or relating to a ventricle (of the heart or brain)

PrepTutorEJDIC

(連続して)…'を'『たたく』,打つ(pound) / (…に)…'を'『たたきつける』,打ちつける《+『名』+『against』+『名』》 / (…に)…'を'たたいて作る《+『名』+『into』+『名』》;〈金属〉'を'打ち延ばす / …'を'勢いよくかき混ぜる / 〈リズム・拍子〉'を'手をたたいて(手を振って,足を踏んで)とる / 〈道〉'を'踏み固めて作る / 《話》〈人〉'を'困らせる,まいらせる / 〈風・雨・波などが〉(…に)『打ちつける』,〈人が〉(…を)ドンドン打つ《+『at』(『against』,『in』,『on』)+『名』》 / 〈心臓・脈が〉鼓動する,脈打つ / ドンドン鳴る / 〈船が〉風に逆らってジグザグに進む / 『続けて打つこと』,連打 / (心臓などの)鼓動 / (警官などの)巡回(担当)区域,持ち場 / 拍子;手拍子,足拍子 / =beatnik / 《補語にのみ用いて》《俗》疲れはてた,へとへとになった / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》《話》ビート族の
《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
時期尚早の,早すぎた / 早計の,早まった / 早産の
〈C〉打つこと;(罰としての)むち打ち / 〈C〉打ち負かすこと;敗北 / 〈U〉(心臓の)鼓動

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/11/05 11:59:14」(JST)

wiki en

A premature ventricular contraction (PVC), also known as a premature ventricular complex, ventricular premature contraction (or complex or complexes) (VPC), ventricular premature beat (VPB), or ventricular extrasystole (VES), is a relatively common event where the heartbeat is initiated by Purkinje fibres in the ventricles rather than by the sinoatrial node, the normal heartbeat initiator. The electrical events of the heart detected by the electrocardiogram allow a PVC to be easily distinguished from a normal heart beat. Although a PVC can be a sign of decreased oxygenation to the myocardium (cardiac muscle) often PVCs are benign and may even be found in otherwise healthy hearts. ^[1]

A PVC may be perceived as a "skipped beat" or felt as palpitations in the chest. In a normal heartbeat, the ventricles contract after the atria have helped to fill them by contracting; in this way the ventricles can pump a maximized amount of blood both to the lungs and to the rest of the body. In a PVC, the ventricles contract first and before the atria have optimally filled the ventricles with blood, which means that circulation is inefficient. However, single beat PVC arrhythmias do not usually pose a danger and can be asymptomatic in healthy individuals.^[2]

Causes[edit]

Premature ventricular contraction in an ECG (arrows)

Premature ventricular contractions can occur in a healthy person of any age, but are more prevalent in the elderly and in men.^[3] They frequently occur spontaneously with no known cause. Heart rate turbulence (HRT) is a phenomenon representing the return to equilibrium of the heart rate after a PVC. HRT parameters correlate significantly with mortality after myocardial infarction.^[4]

Some possible causes of PVCs include:

Ischemia;^[5]
Certain medicines such as digoxin, which increases heart contraction^[3]
Myocarditis;^[3]
Cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic or dilated;^[3]
Myocardial contusion;^[3]
Hypoxia;^[3]
Hypercapnia (CO2 poisoning);^[3]
Sarcoidosis^{[citation needed]};
Mitral valve prolapse^[3]
Smoking;^[5]
Alcohol;^[5]
Drugs such as cocaine;^[3]
Caffeine;^{[citation needed]}
Theobromine^{[citation needed]};
Tricyclic antidepressants;^[3]
Magnesium and potassium deficiency;^[3]
Calcium excess;^[3]
Thyroid problems;^[6]
Chemical (electrolyte) problems in the blood;^[7]
Heart attack;^[8]
Adrenaline excess;^[8]
Lack of sleep/exhaustion;^[9]
Stress^[9]
Contact with Carina (trachea/bronchi)when performing medical suctioning stimulates vagus nerve

Signs and symptoms[edit]

Although there are many signs and symptoms associated with PVCs, PVCs may have no symptom at all. An isolated PVC is hard to catch without the use of a Holter monitor. PVCs may be perceived as a skipped heart beat, a strong beat, or a feeling of suction in the chest. They may also cause chest pain, a faint feeling, fatigue, or hyperventilation after exercise.^[8] Several PVCs in a row becomes a form of ventricular tachycardia (VT), which is a potentially fatal cardiac arrhythmia.

Some other possible signs and symptoms of PVCs:

Abnormal EKG
Irregular heart beat
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Feeling your heart beat (palpitations)
Feeling of occasional, forceful beats
Increased awareness of your heart beat

Diagnosis[edit]

PVCs are usually diagnosed after the patient has described “skipped beats”, pauses or palpitations. Typically the palpitations felt by PVC patients are very irregular and less sustained than patients with other types of arrhythmia. They are likely to have “flip flopping” sensations where it feels like the heart is flipping over or pounding due to there being a pause after the premature contraction and then a powerful contraction after the pause. There is a possibility that they might feel a ‘fluttering’ in their chest or a pounding in their neck but these two types of palpitations aren’t very common in PVC patients.^[10]

A physical examination should be conducted after a full history has been taken. This is useful in determining any possible heart defects that might be causing the palpitations. For example, some cases of premature ventricular contraction have a mitral-valve prolapse which can be determined through the physical examination.^[10] The next step in diagnosis is a 12 lead ECG which can be performed in the doctors’ office over a short period of time however this is often non-conclusive in diagnosis because it is not very sensitive and there is only a small chance of a premature ventricular contraction occurring in the short period of time. Holter monitoring is a far better method for diagnosis as it is continuous recording of the heart’s rhythm over a period of 24 hours, or event monitoring which records noncontinuously for 30 days or indefinitely. This increases the likelihood of a premature ventricular contraction occurring during the recording period and is therefore more useful in diagnosis.^[11]

When looking at an electrocardiograph premature ventricular contractions are easily spotted and therefore a definitive diagnosis can be made. The QRS and T waves look very different from normal readings. The spacing between the PVC and the preceding QRS wave is a lot shorter than usual and the time between the PVC and the proceeding QRS is a lot longer. However, the time between the preceding and proceeding QRS waves stays the same as normal due to the compensatory pause.^[12] PVCs can be distinguished from premature atrial contractions because the compensatory pause is longer following premature ventricular contractions.^[13]

There are four different named patterns of regularly occurring PVCs. Depending whether there are 1, 2, or 3 normal beats between each PVC, the rhythm is called bigeminy, trigeminy, or quadrigeminy. Unifocal PVCs are triggered from a single site in the ventricle, causing the peaks on the ECG to look the same. Multifocal PVCs arise when more than one site in the ventricles initiate depolarization, causing each peak on the ECG to have a different shape. If 3 or more PVCs occur in a row it may be called Ventricular tachycardia.^[13]

Treatment[edit]

Isolated PVCs with benign characteristics require no treatment. In healthy individuals, PVCs can often be resolved by restoring the balance of magnesium, calcium and potassium within the body. The most effective treatment is the elimination of triggers (particularly the cessation of the use of substances such as caffeine, and certain drugs.)

Pharmacological agents
- Antiarrhythmics:^[3] these agents alter the electrophysiologic mechanisms responsible for PVCs
- Beta blockers^[8]
- Calcium channel blockers^[8]
Electrolytes replacement
- Magnesium supplements (e.g. magnesium citrate, orotate, Maalox, etc.)
- Potassium supplements
Radiofrequency catheter ablation treatment^[8]
Lifestyle modification
- Frequently stressed individuals should consider therapy, or joining a support group.
- Heart attacks can increase the likelihood of having PVCs.^[8]

In the setting of existing cardiac disease, however, PVCs must be watched carefully, as they may cause a form of ventricular tachycardia (rapid heartbeat).

Recent studies have shown that those subjects who have an extremely high occurrence of PVCs (several thousand a day) can develop dilated cardiomyopathy. In these cases, if the PVCs are reduced or removed (for example, via ablation therapy) the cardiomyopathy usually regresses.^[14]^[15]

Pathophysiology[edit]

Normally impulses pass through both ventricles almost simultaneously and the depolarization waves of the two ventricles partially cancel each other out in the ECG. However, when a PVC occurs the impulse nearly always travels in one direction, so there is no neutralisation effect; this results in the high voltage QRS wave in the electrocardiograph.

There are two main physiological explanations for premature ventricular contractions: re-entrant signalling and “enhanced automaticity in some ectopic focus”. The enhanced automaticity means that the ectopic centre fires more regularly than usual and is protected from depolarisation that results in premature contractions.^[12]^{[clarification needed]}

Molecular basis[edit]

There are a number of different molecular explanations for PVCs. One explanation is most basically due to an increased amount of cyclic AMP(cAMP) in the ventricular cardiac myocytes leading to increased flow of calcium ions into the cell. This may happen for the following reasons:

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system, due to anxiety and/or physiological stress, for example hypovolemia caused by dehydration or hemorrhage. This activation can cause a release of catecholamines such as epinephrine (adrenaline) which can bind to beta-1 adrenergic receptor (β₁ receptors) on cardiac myocytes, activating a type of guanosine nucleotide-binding protein called G_s protein.^[16] This type of protein stimulates the production of cAMP,^[17] ultimately increasing the flow of calcium ions from the extracellular space and from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the cytosol.^[18]
This has the effect of (1) increasing the strength of contraction (inotropy) and (2) depolarizing the myocyte more rapidly (chronotropy). The ventricular myocytes are therefore more irritable than usual, and may depolarize spontaneously before the SA node depolarizes. Other sympathomimetic molecules such as amphetamines and cocaine will also cause this effect.
Phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as caffeine directly affect the G-coupled signal transduction cascade^[19] by inhibiting the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of cAMP,^[16] again leading to the increased concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol.

Potassium ion concentrations are a major determinant in the magnitude of the electrochemical potential of cells, and hypokalemia makes it more likely that cells will depolarize spontaneously. Hypercalcemia has a similar effect, although clinically it is of less concern. Magnesium ions affect the flow of calcium ions, and they affect the function of the Na+/K+ ATPase, and are necessary for maintaining potassium levels. Hypomagnesemia therefore also makes spontaneous depolarization more likely.

Existing damage to the myocardium can also provoke PVCs. The myocardial scarring that occurs in myocardial infarction and also in the surgical repair of congenital heart disease can disrupt the conduction system of the heart and may also irritate surrounding viable ventricular myocytes, make them more likely to depolarize spontaneously. Inflammation of the myocardium (as occurs in myocarditis) and systemic inflammation cause surges of cytokines, which can affect the electrical properties of myocytes and may be ultimately responsible for causing irritability of myocytes.

References[edit]

^ What is a PVC
^ Stanfield, C.; Germann, W. (2008), Principles of Human Physiology (3rd ed.), Pearson International Edition, p. 378, ISBN 0-321-45506-1
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Premature ventricular contraction at eMedicine
^ Francis J, Watanabe MA, Schmidt G. (January 2005), "Heart rate turbulence: a new predictor for risk of sudden cardiac death.", Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 10: 102–9, PMID 15649245
^ ^a ^b ^c Emilsson K (June 2008), "Suspected association of ventricular arrhythmia with air pollution in a motorbike rider: a case report", J Med Case Reports 2: 192, doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-192, PMC 2427047, PMID 18522736
^ Health encyclopedia – diseases and conditions. The heathcentral network. Accessed Feb 8th 2009.
^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Ectopic heartbeat
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g [Leonard I Ganz, MD, http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=hrt_dis/11733, Up-to-date patient information, Updated Sep 11th 2007, reviewed Oct 2008, Accessed Feb 9th 2009.]
^ ^a ^b Guyton MD, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2006), Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.), p. 151, ISBN 0-7216-0240-1
^ ^a ^b Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME (May 1998), "Evaluation of patients with palpitations", N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (19): 1369–73, doi:10.1056/NEJM199805073381907, PMID 9571258
^ Meurs KM, Spier AW, Wright NA, Hamlin RL (January 2001), "Comparison of in-hospital versus 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography for detection of ventricular premature complexes in mature Boxers", J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 218 (2): 222–4, doi:10.2460/javma.2001.218.222, PMID 11195827
^ ^a ^b Levy 2007, pp. 49–50
^ ^a ^b Haist, Steven A.; Gomella, Leonard G. (2004), "19 Basic ECG Reading: Ventricular Arrhythmias", Clinician's pocket reference (10th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 390, ISBN 0-07-140255-1
^ Belhassen B (April 2005), "Radiofrequency ablation of "benign" right ventricular outflow tract extrasystoles: a therapy that has found its disease? In patients with no known coronary artery disease (CAD), the presence of frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) is linked to acute myocardial infarction and sudden death. The Framingham Heart Study defines frequent as >30 PVCs per hour. The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association recommend evaluation for CAD in patients who have frequent PVCs and cardiac risk factors, such as hypertension and smoking (SOR C). Evaluation for CAD may include stress testing, echocardiography, and ambulatory rhythm monitoring", J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45 (8): 1266–8, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.028, PMID 15837260
^ Shiraishi, Hirokazu; Ishibashi, Kazuya; Urao, Norifumi; Tsukamoto, Masaki; Hyogo, Masayuki; Keira, Natsuya; Hirasaki, Satoshi; Shirayama, Takeshi et al. (2002), "A case of cardiomyopathy induced by premature ventricular complexes", Circulation 66 (11): 1065–7, doi:10.1253/circj.66.1065 |displayauthors= suggested (help)
^ ^a ^b Nelson 2008, p. 424
^ Levy 2007, p. 62
^ Levy 2007, p. 24
^ Nelson 2008, p. 430

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 心室性期外収縮 ventricular premature beats
2. 心電図チュートリアル：心室性不整脈 ecg tutorial ventricular arrhythmias
3. 小児における不規則な心拍（不整脈） irregular heart rate arrhythmias in children
4. 動悸を呈する小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with palpitations
5. 上室性期外収縮 supraventricular premature beats

English Journal

Premature Ventricular Complexes and Premature Ventricular Complex Induced Cardiomyopathy.

Latchamsetty R, Bogun F.
Current problems in cardiology.Curr Probl Cardiol.2015 Sep;40(9):379-422. doi: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.03.002. Epub 2015 Mar 5.
Presentation, prognosis, and management of premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) vary significantly among patients and depend on PVC characteristics as well as patient comorbidities. Presentation can range from incidental discovery in an asymptomatic patient to debilitating heart failure. Prognosis
PMID 26282347

Injection of Cold Saline for Diagnosis ofIntramural Ventricular Arrhythmias.

Yokokawa M1, Morady F1, Bogun F2.
Heart rhythm : the official journal of the Heart Rhythm Society.Heart Rhythm.2015 Aug 28. pii: S1547-5271(15)01124-8. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.08.034. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The failure to identify a successful target site for catheter ablation despite extensive endocardial and epicardial mapping is a common feature for an intramural site of origin of a ventricular arrhythmia.OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess whether transient suppression of
PMID 26325530

Kcne2 deletion promotes atherosclerosis and diet-dependent sudden death.

Lee SM1, Nguyen D1, Hu Z2, Abbott GW3.
Journal of molecular and cellular cardiology.J Mol Cell Cardiol.2015 Aug 22;87:148-151. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.08.013. [Epub ahead of print]
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. An estimated half of cases involve genetic predisposition. Sequence variants in human KCNE2, which encodes a cardiac and epithelial K+ channel β subunit, cause inherited cardiac arrhythmias. Unexpectedly, human KCNE2 polymorphis
PMID 26307149

Japanese Journal

Intracellular Calcium and the Mechanism of Anodal Supernormal Excitability in Langendorff Perfused Rabbit Ventricles

JOUNG Boyoung,PARK Hyung-Wook,MARUYAMA Mitsunori,TANG Liang,SONG Juan,HAN Seongwook,PICCIRILLO Gianfranco,WEISS James N.,LIN Shien-Fong,CHEN Peng-Sheng
Circulation journal : official journal of the Japanese Circulation Society 75(4), 834-843, 2011-03-25
… This study tested the hypothesis that the maximum slope of the Cai decline (-(dCai/dt)max) corresponds to the timing of anodal dip on the strength-interval curve and the initiation of repetitive responses and ventricular fibrillation (VF) after a premature stimulus (S2). … The interval between S2 and the first non-driven beat was coincidental with the time of -(dCai/dt)max. Conclusions: Larger Cai transient and INCX activation induced by anodal stimulation produces anodal supernormality. …
NAID 10028103085

Purkinje-related Arrhythmias

NOGAMI Akihiko
Journal of arrhythmia 27(1), 6-27, 2011-01-25
… The Purkinje system has been found to be responsible for the mechanism of some ventricular tachyarrhythmias. … These ventricular tachyarrhythmias can be called Purkinje-related arrhythmias, and are manifested as monomorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) and polymorphic VT, including ventricular fibrillation (VF). …
NAID 10029598512

Ventricular Premature Beats Originated from the Posterior Cardiac Vein

Aso Mizuho,Takenaka Sou,Kanno Takaaki,Nakashima Takashi,Ozaki Hiroyuki,Nakamura Mitsuchika,Otsuka Masato,Tsurumi Yukio
Journal of Arrhythmia 27(Supplement), PJ1_085, 2011
… He had a ventricular premature beats (VPCs) with QRS complex of right bundle branch morphology and superior axis, which resulting in a poor left ventricular function. … The origin of these VPCs was the epicardium of left ventricular along the posterior cardiac vein. … He remained free of any arrhythmias after the procedure, and his left ventricular function was increasing. …
NAID 130002130595

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「心室性期外収縮」「premature ventricular complex」「ventricular ectopic beat」
拡張検索	「supraventricular premature beat」
関連記事	「premature」「ventricular」「beat」「beating」「be」

「心室性期外収縮」

Premature ventricular contraction
	Classification and external resources
	; A premature ventricular contraction marked by the arrow.
ICD-10	I49.3
ICD-9	427.69
DiseasesDB	32412
eMedicine	emerg/773
MeSH	D018879

　　[★]

英: ventricular premature complex VPC, ventricular premature beat VPB, premature ventricular beat, premature ventricular contraction PVC, ventricular extrasystole
同: 心室期外収縮、心室性早期収縮 ventricular premature contraction premature ventricular contractions
関: 心室性不整脈、ラウン分類。上室性期外収縮

「premature ventricular complex」

　　[★] 心室性期外収縮、心室期外収縮

関: premature ventricular beat、premature ventricular contraction、ventricular ectopic beat、ventricular extrasystole、ventricular premature beat、ventricular premature complex

「ventricular ectopic beat」

　　[★]

心室性期外収縮

関: premature ventricular beat、premature ventricular complex、premature ventricular contraction、ventricular extrasystole、ventricular premature beat、ventricular premature complex

「supraventricular premature beat」

　　[★]

上室性期外収縮、心房期外収縮、心房性期外収縮

関: atrial premature beat、atrial premature complex、premature atrial complex、premature atrial contraction、premature supraventricular beat

「premature」

　　[★]

adj.

早発、早発性の、早熟性の、成熟前の、未熟な、(遺伝子配列などで)中途での

関: early-onset、halfway、immature、immaturity、midway、precocious、precocity、prematurely、untrained

「ventricular」

　　[★]

adj.

室の、心室の、脳室の、心室性の

関: cardiac ventricle、cerebral ventricle、cerebroventricle、cerebroventricular、heart ventricle、ventricle、ventriculi、ventriculus

「beat」

　　[★]

n.

拍動

v.

拍動する、打ち負かす、打つ

関: beating、hit、strike

「beating」

　　[★]

n.

拍動、泡立て

adj.

拍動している

関: beat

「be」

　　[★] 　　　　　　　　　

[1] What is a PVC

[2] Stanfield, C.; Germann, W. (2008), Principles of Human Physiology (3rd ed.), Pearson International Edition, p. 378, ISBN 0-321-45506-1

[keany-3] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Premature ventricular contraction at eMedicine

[francisj-4] Francis J, Watanabe MA, Schmidt G. (January 2005), "Heart rate turbulence: a new predictor for risk of sudden cardiac death.", Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 10: 102–9, PMID 15649245

[emilsson-5] Emilsson K (June 2008), "Suspected association of ventricular arrhythmia with air pollution in a motorbike rider: a case report", J Med Case Reports 2: 192, doi:10.1186/1752-1947-2-192, PMC 2427047, PMID 18522736

[6] Health encyclopedia – diseases and conditions. The heathcentral network. Accessed Feb 8th 2009.

[7] MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Ectopic heartbeat

[ganz-8] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g [Leonard I Ganz, MD, http://www.uptodate.com/patients/content/topic.do?topicKey=hrt_dis/11733, Up-to-date patient information, Updated Sep 11th 2007, reviewed Oct 2008, Accessed Feb 9th 2009.]

[guyton-9] Guyton MD, Arthur C.; Hall, John E. (2006), Textbook of medical physiology (11th ed.), p. 151, ISBN 0-7216-0240-1

[zimetbaum-10] Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME (May 1998), "Evaluation of patients with palpitations", N. Engl. J. Med. 338 (19): 1369–73, doi:10.1056/NEJM199805073381907, PMID 9571258

[11] Meurs KM, Spier AW, Wright NA, Hamlin RL (January 2001), "Comparison of in-hospital versus 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiography for detection of ventricular premature complexes in mature Boxers", J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 218 (2): 222–4, doi:10.2460/javma.2001.218.222, PMID 11195827

[levy-12] Levy 2007, pp. 49–50

[gomella-13] Haist, Steven A.; Gomella, Leonard G. (2004), "19 Basic ECG Reading: Ventricular Arrhythmias", Clinician's pocket reference (10th ed.), New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 390, ISBN 0-07-140255-1

[14] Belhassen B (April 2005), "Radiofrequency ablation of "benign" right ventricular outflow tract extrasystoles: a therapy that has found its disease? In patients with no known coronary artery disease (CAD), the presence of frequent premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) is linked to acute myocardial infarction and sudden death. The Framingham Heart Study defines frequent as >30 PVCs per hour. The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association recommend evaluation for CAD in patients who have frequent PVCs and cardiac risk factors, such as hypertension and smoking (SOR C). Evaluation for CAD may include stress testing, echocardiography, and ambulatory rhythm monitoring", J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 45 (8): 1266–8, doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2005.01.028, PMID 15837260

[15] Shiraishi, Hirokazu; Ishibashi, Kazuya; Urao, Norifumi; Tsukamoto, Masaki; Hyogo, Masayuki; Keira, Natsuya; Hirasaki, Satoshi; Shirayama, Takeshi et al. (2002), "A case of cardiomyopathy induced by premature ventricular complexes", Circulation 66 (11): 1065–7, doi:10.1253/circj.66.1065 |displayauthors= suggested (help)

[nelson-16] Nelson 2008, p. 424

[17] Levy 2007, p. 62

[18] Levy 2007, p. 24

[19] Nelson 2008, p. 430

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ventricular premature beat