同: VNTR, variable number tandem repeat

WordNet

give numbers to; "You should number the pages of the thesis"
place a limit on the number of (同)keep_down
a concept of quantity involving zero and units; "every number has a unique position in the sequence"
the property possessed by a sum or total or indefinite quantity of units or individuals; "he had a number of chores to do"; "the number of parameters is small"; "the figure was about a thousand" (同)figure
a clothing measurement; "a number 13 shoe"
an item of merchandise offered for sale; "she preferred the black nylon number"; "this sweater is an all-wool number"
a numeral or string of numerals that is used for identification; "she refused to give them her Social Security number" (同)identification number
a select company of people; "I hope to become one of their number before I die"
the grammatical category for the forms of nouns and pronouns and verbs that are used depending on the number of entities involved (singular or dual or plural); "in English the subject and the verb must agree in number"
enumerate; "We must number the names of the great mathematicians" (同)list
do over; "They would like to take it over again" (同)take_over
an event that repeats; "the events today were a repeat of yesterdays" (同)repetition
to say again or imitate; "followers echoing the cries of their leaders" (同)echo
to say, state, or perform again; "She kept reiterating her request" (同)reiterate, ingeminate, iterate, restate, retell
liable to or capable of change; "rainfall in the tropics is notoriously variable"; "variable winds"; "variable expenses"
a quantity that can assume any of a set of values (同)variable quantity
a symbol (like x or y) that is used in mathematical or logical expressions to represent a variable quantity
something that is likely to vary; something that is subject to variation; "the weather is one variable to be considered"
(used of a device) designed so that a property (as e.g. light) can be varied; "a variable capacitor"; "variable filters in front of the mercury xenon lights"
so frightened as to be unable to move; stunned or paralyzed with terror; petrified; "too numb with fear to move"
make numb or insensitive; "The shock numbed her senses" (同)benumb, blunt, dull

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉(数えて得られる)『数,数量』 / 〈C〉(概念としての)『数,数字』 / 〈C〉『番号』 / 〈C〉(演奏会や演劇の)番組,出し物;曲目 / 〈C〉(雑誌の)号 / 〈U〉(文法で)数(すう) / 《複数形で》数の上の優勢 / 《複数形で》算数 / 〈C〉《単数形で》《話》(商品としての)洋服の1点;商品,売り物 / 〈C〉《単随形で》《俗》女の子 / …‘を'数える / (…の中に,…として)…‘を'含める,加える《+『among』(『with, as』)+『名』》 / …‘に'番号をつける / …‘の'数となる / 《しばしば受動態で》…‘の'数を制限する / 総計(…に)なる《+『in』+『名』〈数〉》
〈自分がすでに一度言ったこと)‘を'『繰り返して言う』 / 〈他人の言ったこと〉‘を'おうむ返しに言う;…‘を'他の人に繰り返して言う / …‘を'『暗記して言う』,暗唱する / …‘を'繰り返して行う(do again) / (食べたあとで)〈食物の〉味が残る / 〈小数が〉循環する / 繰り返すこと,反復すること / 繰り返されるもの,(公演の)再演;(番組の)再放送 / 反復楽節;反復記号(∥: :∥)
『変わりやすい』,一定しない,気まぐれの / 変えられる,可変の,調節できる / 《英》《遠回しに》(演技などが)むらがある / 変化するもの,変化しやすいもの / (数学で)変数
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
麻痺(まひ)した,感覚を失った,しびれた / …‘の'感覚を失わせる,‘を'しびれさせる

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2019/04/04 03:25:20」(JST)

wiki en

A variable number tandem repeat (or VNTR) is a location in a genome where a short nucleotide sequence is organized as a tandem repeat. These can be found on many chromosomes, and often show variations in length (number of repeats) among individuals. Each variant acts as an inherited allele, allowing them to be used for personal or parental identification. Their analysis is useful in genetics and biology research, forensics, and DNA fingerprinting.

Schematic of a Variable Number of Tandem Repeats in 4 alleles.

Variations of VNTR (D1S80) allele lengths in 6 individuals.

Structure and allelic variation

In the schematic above, the rectangular blocks represent each of the repeated DNA sequences at a particular VNTR location. The repeats are in tandem – i.e. they are clustered together and oriented in the same direction. Individual repeats can be removed from (or added to) the VNTR via recombination or replication errors, leading to alleles with different numbers of repeats. Flanking the repeats are segments of non-repetitive sequence (shown here as thin lines), allowing the VNTR blocks to be extracted with restriction enzymes and analyzed by RFLP, or amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and their size determined by gel electrophoresis.

Use in genetic analysis

VNTRs were an important source of RFLP genetic markers used in linkage analysis (mapping) of diploid genomes. Now that many genomes have been sequenced, VNTRs have become essential to forensic crime investigations, via DNA fingerprinting and the CODIS database. When removed from surrounding DNA by the PCR or RFLP methods, and their size determined by gel electrophoresis or Southern blotting, they produce a pattern of bands unique to each individual. When tested with a group of independent VNTR markers, the likelihood of two unrelated individuals' having the same allelic pattern is extremely low. VNTR analysis is also being used to study genetic diversity and breeding patterns in populations of wild or domesticated animals. As such, VNTRs can be used to distinguish strains of bacterial pathogens. In this microbial forensics context, such assays are usually called Multiple Loci VNTR Analysis or MLVA.

Chromosomal locations of the 13 VNTR loci in the CODIS panel.

Inheritance

In analyzing VNTR data, two basic genetic principles can be used:

Identity Matching – both VNTR alleles from a specific location must match. If two samples are from the same individual, they must show the same allele pattern.
Inheritance Matching – the VNTR alleles must follow the rules of inheritance. In matching an individual with his parents or children, a person must have an allele that matches one from each parent. If the relationship is more distant, such as a grandparent or sibling, then matches must be consistent with the degree of relatedness.

Relationship to other types of repetitive DNA

Repetitive DNA, representing over 40% of the human genome, is arranged in a bewildering array of patterns. Repeats were first identified by the extraction of Satellite DNA, which does not reveal how they are organized. The use of restriction enzymes showed that some repeat blocks were interspersed throughout the genome. DNA sequencing later showed that other repeats are clustered at specific locations, with tandem repeats being more common than inverted repeats (which may interfere with DNA replication). VNTRs are the class of clustered tandem repeats that exhibit allelic variation in their lengths.

Classes

This shows a theoretical example of a VNTR in two different individuals. A single strand of DNA from each individual is displayed in which there is tandem repeat sequence that the individuals share. The sequence presence is a VNTR because one individual has five repeats, while the other has seven repeats (number of repeats varies in different individuals). Each repeat is ten nucleotides, making it a minisatellite, rather than a microsatellite in which each repeat is 1-6 nucleotides.

VNTRs are a type of minisatellite in which the size of the repeat sequence is generally ten to one hundred base pairs. Minisatellites are a type of DNA tandem repeat sequence, meaning that the sequences repeat one after another without other sequences or nucleotides in between them. Minisatellites are characterized by a repeat sequence of about ten to one hundred nucleotides, and the number of times the sequence repeats varies from about five to fifty times. The sequences of minisatellites are larger than those of microsatellites, in which the repeat sequence is generally 1 to 6 nucleotides. The two types of repeat sequences are both tandem but are specified by the length of the repeat sequence. VNTRs, therefore, because they have repeat sequences of ten to one hundred nucleotides in which every repeat is exactly the same, are considered minisatellites. However, while all VNTRs are minisatellites, not all minisatellites are VNTRs. VNTRs can vary in number of repeats from individual to individual, as where some non-VNTR minisatellites have repeat sequences that repeat the same number of times in all individuals containing the tandem repeats in the their genomes.^[1]^[2]

References

^ https://www.nlm.nih.gov/visibleproofs/education/dna/vntr.pdf
^ https://www2.le.ac.uk/departments/mathematics/redundant-content/event-microsites/bio/Dubrova.pdf

External links

Examples :
- VNTRs – info and animated example
Databases :
- The Microorganisms Tandem Repeats Database
- The MLVAbank
- Short Tandem Repeats Database
- Tandem Repeats Database (TRDB)
Search tools :
- TAPO: A combined method for the identification of tandem repeats in protein structures
- Tandem Repeats Finder
- Mreps
- STAR
- TRED
- TandemSWAN
- Microsatellite repeats finder
- JSTRING – Java Search for Tandem Repeats in genomes
- Phobos – a tandem repeat search tool for perfect and imperfect repeats – the maximum pattern size depends only on computational power
Variable+Number+of+Tandem+Repeats at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

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Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「タンデム反復数」「VNTR」「VNTR loci」「minisatellite」「minisatellite repeat」
関連記事	「repeat」「numb」「variable」「number」「tandem」