comb form.

麻痺(=paralysis, palsy)

関: cauterize、numb、palsy、paralysis、paralyze、Todd's paralysis; plegic

ex.

hemiplegia 片麻痺 , paraplegia 対麻痺、両側麻痺

WordNet

loss of the ability to move a body part (同)palsy
so frightened as to be unable to move; stunned or paralyzed with terror; petrified; "too numb with fear to move"
make numb or insensitive; "The shock numbed her senses" (同)benumb, blunt, dull
a condition marked by uncontrollable tremor
affect with palsy
cause to be paralyzed and immobile; "The poison paralyzed him"; "Fear paralyzed her" (同)paralyse
make powerless and unable to function; "The bureaucracy paralyzes the entire operation" (同)paralyse
paralysis of one side of the body (同)unilateral paralysis
paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body

PrepTutorEJDIC

(体の)麻痺(まひ),中風 / (…の)停滞《+『of』+『名』》
麻痺(まひ)した,感覚を失った,しびれた / …‘の'感覚を失わせる,‘を'しびれさせる
麻痺(まひ),中風 / …‘を'麻痺させる(paralyze)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/15 09:55:41」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Paralysis is loss of muscle function for one or more muscles. Paralysis can be accompanied by a loss of feeling (sensory loss) in the affected area if there is sensory damage as well as motor. About 1 in 50 people have been diagnosed with some form of paralysis, transient or permanent.^[1] The word comes from the Greek παράλυσις, "disabling of the nerves",^[2] itself from παρά (para), "beside, by"^[3] and λύσις (lysis), "loosing"^[4] and that from λύω (luō), "to loose".^[5]

Christopher Reeve who was paralyzed in an accident.

Causes

Paralysis is most often caused by damage in the nervous system, especially the spinal cord. Other major causes are stroke, trauma with nerve injury, poliomyelitis, cerebral palsy, peripheral neuropathy, Parkinson's disease, ALS, botulism, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Temporary paralysis occurs during REM sleep, and dysregulation of this system can lead to episodes of waking paralysis. Drugs that interfere with nerve function, such as curare, can also cause paralysis. There are many known causes for paralysis, and perhaps more yet to be discovered.

Pseudoparalysis (pseudo- meaning "false, not genuine", from Greek ψεῦδος^[6]) is voluntary restriction or inhibition of motion because of pain, incoordination, orgasm, or other cause, and is not due to actual muscular paralysis.^[7] In an infant, it may be a symptom of congenital syphilis.^[8]

Variations

Paralysis can occur in localised or generalised forms, or it may follow a certain pattern. Most paralyses caused by nervous-system damage (i.e. spinal cord injuries) are constant in nature; however, some forms of periodic paralysis, including sleep paralysis, are caused by other factors.

Paralysis can occur in newborns due to a congenital defect known as Spina Bifida. Spina Bifida causes one or more of the vertebrae to fail to form vertebral arches within the infant, which allows the spinal cord to protrude from the rest of the spine. In extreme cases, spinal cord function inferior to the missing vertebral arches to cease.^[9] This cessation of spinal cord function can result in paralysis of lower extremities. Documented cases of paralysis of the anal sphincter in newborns have been observed when Spina Bifida has gone untreated.^[10] While life-threatening, many cases of Spina Bifida can be corrected surgically if operated on within 72 hours of birth.

Ascending paralysis presents in the lower limbs before the upper limbs. It can be associated with:

Guillain–Barré syndrome (another name for this condition is Landry's ascending paralysis)
Tick paralysis^[11]

Ascending paralysis contrasts with descending paralysis, which occurs in conditions such as botulism.

Other animals

Many animal species use paralysing toxins to capture prey, evade predation, or both. It was shown that in stimulated muscles the decrease in frequency of the miniature potentials runs parallel to the decrease in postsynaptic potential as well as to the decrease in muscle contraction. In invertebrates, this clearly indicates that, e.g., Microbracon (wasp genus) venom causes paralysis of the neuromuscular system by acting at a presynaptic site. Philanthus venom inhibits the fast as well as the slow neuromuscular system at identical concentrations. It causes a decrease in the frequency of the miniature potentials without affecting their amplitude significantly.

Invertebrates

Some species of wasp, to complete the reproductive cycle, the female wasp paralyses a prey item such as a grasshopper and places it in her nest. She then lays eggs in the paralysed insect, which is devoured by the larvae when they hatch.

Vertebrates

A well-known example is the tetrodotoxin of fish species such as Takifugu rubripes, the famously lethal pufferfish of Japanese fugu. This toxin works by binding to sodium channels in nerve cells, preventing the cells' proper function. A non-lethal dose of this toxin results in temporary paralysis. This toxin is also present in many other species ranging from toads to nemerteans.

Paralysis can be seen in breeds of dogs that are chondrodysplastic. These dogs have short legs, and may also have short muzzles. Their intervertebral disc material can calcify and become more brittle. In such cases, the disc may rupture, with disc material ending up in the spinal canal, or rupturing more laterally to press on spinal nerves. A minor rupture may only result in paresis, but a major rupture can cause enough damage to cut off circulation. If no signs of pain can be elicited, surgery should be performed within 24 hours of the incident, to remove the disc material and relieve pressure on the spinal cord. After 24 hours, the chance of recovery declines rapidly, since with continued pressure, the spinal cord tissue deteriorates and dies.

Another type of paralysis is caused by a fibrocartilaginous embolism. This is a microscopic piece of disc material that breaks off and becomes lodged in a spinal artery. Nerves served by the artery will die when deprived of blood.

The German Shepherd Dog is especially prone to developing degenerative myelopathy. This is a deterioration of nerves in the spinal cord, starting in the posterior part of the cord. Dogs so affected will become gradually weaker in the hind legs as nerves die off. Eventually their hind legs become useless. They often also exhibit faecal and urinary incontinence. As the disease progresses, the paresis and paralysis gradually move forward. This disease also affects other large breeds of dogs. It is suspected to be an autoimmune problem.

Cats with a heart murmur may develop blood clots that travel through arteries. If a clot is large enough to block one or both femoral arteries, there may be hind leg paralysis because the major source of blood flow to the hind leg is blocked.

Many snakes exhibit powerful neurotoxins that can cause non-permanent paralysis or death.

References

^ "Paralysis Facts & Figures - Spinal Cord Injury - Paralysis Research Center". Christopherreeve.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.
^ Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "παράλυσις". A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. on Perseus
^ Liddell & Scott 1940, παρά
^ Liddell & Scott 1940, λύσις
^ Liddell & Scott 1940, λύω
^ Liddell & Scott 1940, ψεῦδος
^ TheFreeDictionary > pseudoparalysis, in turn citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004
^ Workowski KA, Berman SM (August 2006). "Sexually transmitted diseases tretment guidelines, 2006". MMWR Recomm Rep 55 (RR–11): 1–94. PMID 16888612. ... evidence of congenital syphilis (e.g., nonimmune hydrops, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis, skin rash, and/or pseudoparalysis of an extremity).
^ Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-337825-1.
^ Hutchinson, Jonathan (1877). "Clinical Lecture On Cases Of Spina Bifida, With Paralysis Of Sphincters". The British Medical Journal 1 (830): 767–768.
^ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Tick paralysis

^[1]

^[2]

^ Hutchinson, Jonathan (1877). "Clinical Lecture On Cases Of Spina Bifida, With Paralysis Of Sphincters". The British Medical Journal 1 (830): 767–768.
^ Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-337825-1.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 救急外来における急性の筋力低下を訴える成人の評価 evaluation of the adult with acute weakness in the emergency department
2. 脳性麻痺の臨床的特徴 clinical features of cerebral palsy
3. 進行性核上性麻痺（PSP） progressive supranuclear palsy psp
4. 血清浸透圧ギャップ serum osmolal gap
5. 特発性脳出血：病因、臨床的特徴、および診断 spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage pathogenesis clinical features and diagnosis

English Journal

Ortner's syndrome associated with hypertensive cardiac disease.

Matsuo S, Matsuda E, Suzuki T.SourceDepartment of Otolaryngology, Tottori Prefectural Chuou Hospital, Tottori, Japan; Department of Adaptation Physiology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, Yonago, Japan. Electronic address: smatsuo@med.tottori-u.ac.jp.
Auris, nasus, larynx.Auris Nasus Larynx.2013 Aug;40(4):420-1. doi: 10.1016/j.anl.2012.08.002. Epub 2012 Oct 12.
We report an 83-year-old man complaining of hoarseness and dyspnea on exertion for two days. He had stopped taking an antihypertensive drug for three months. Physical examinations on admission revealed the left vocal cord fixed in the paramedian position. Radiological examinations showed severe pulm
PMID 23068186

Muscle loading is necessary for the formation of a functional tendon enthesis.

Schwartz AG, Lipner JH, Pasteris JD, Genin GM, Thomopoulos S.SourceDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Washington University, St Louis, MO, USA.
Bone.Bone.2013 Jul;55(1):44-51. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.03.010. Epub 2013 Mar 29.
Muscle forces are essential for skeletal patterning during development. Eliminating muscle forces, e.g., through paralysis, leads to bone and joint deformities. Botulinum toxin (BtxA)-induced paralysis of mouse rotator cuffs throughout postnatal development closely mimics neonatal brachial plexus pa
PMID 23542869

Wavelet adaptation for automatic voice disorders sorting.

Erfanian Saeedi N, Almasganj F.SourceDepartment of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia; Biomedical Engineering Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran. Electronic address: n.erfaniansaeedi@student.unimelb.edu.au.
Computers in biology and medicine.Comput Biol Med.2013 Jul 1;43(6):699-704. doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.03.006. Epub 2013 Mar 26.
Early diagnosis of voice disorders and abnormalities by means of digital speech processing is a subject of interest for many researchers. Various methods are introduced in the literature, some of which are able to extensively discriminate pathological voices from normal ones. Voice disorders sorting
PMID 23668345

Japanese Journal

Clinical Outcomes of Suspected Ischemic Myelopathy in Cats

Nakamoto Yuya,Ozawa Tsuyoshi,Mashita Tadahisa [他],MITSUDA Masashi,KATAKABE Kengo,NAKAICHI Munekazu
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 72(12), 1657-1660, 2010
… Ischemic myelopathy is a disorder of acute onset that is characterized by nonprogressive paresis/plegia. …
NAID 130000307700

痙性麻痺に対する認知運動療法 (特集脳卒中)

高橋昭彦
認知運動療法研究 (7), 45-59, 2007
NAID 40016160094

Secondary Neurologic Deficit Due to Unrecognized Spine Instability in Multitrauma Casualties : A Report of Three Cases

FOLMAN Yoram,GEPSTEIN Reuven
Journal of orthopaedic trauma 18(7), 450-454, 2004-08-01
NAID 10017006853

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「片麻痺」「numb」「hemiplegia」「四肢麻痺」「palsy」
拡張検索	「chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia」

「片麻痺」

Paralysis
ICD-10	G72.3
MeSH	D010243

　　[★]

hemi plegia
日: かたまひ
英: hemiplegia
同: 半側麻痺、半身麻痺
関: 不全片麻痺 hemiparesis、半身不随、交差性片麻痺、完全片麻痺、対麻痺 paraplegia

[show details]

片麻痺 へんまひ : 約 18,800 件
片麻痺 かたまひ : 約 48,000 件

身体半身の麻痺

「numb」

　　[★]

adj.

かじかんだ、麻痺した、無感覚な、鈍い、しびれた。無関心の

関: anesthesia, cauterize, insensible, insensitive, insensitivity, palsy, paralysis, paralyze, plegia

「hemiplegia」

　　[★] 片麻痺 =hemi + plegia

関: haemiparesis、haemiplegia、haemiplegic、hemiparesis、hemiplegic、infantile hemiplegia、monoplegia、spastic hemiplegia、transient hemiplegia

「四肢麻痺」

　　[★]

plegia
英: quadriplegia, tetraplegia, quadriparesis
関: 運動麻痺、単麻痺、麻痺。四肢不全麻痺、閉じ込め症候群、痙性四肢麻痺、弛緩性四肢麻痺

「palsy」

　　[★]

n.

麻痺、運動麻痺

関: cauterize、numb、paralysis、paralyze、paresis、plegia、Todd's paralysis

「chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia」

　　[★] 慢性進行性外眼筋麻痺症候群慢性進行性外眼筋麻痺 CPEO

[1] "Paralysis Facts & Figures - Spinal Cord Injury - Paralysis Research Center". Christopherreeve.org. Retrieved 2013-02-19.

[2] Liddell, Henry George; Scott, Robert (1940). "παράλυσις". A Greek-English Lexicon. Oxford: Clarendon Press. on Perseus

[3] Liddell & Scott 1940, παρά

[4] Liddell & Scott 1940, λύσις

[5] Liddell & Scott 1940, λύω

[6] Liddell & Scott 1940, ψεῦδος

[7] TheFreeDictionary > pseudoparalysis, in turn citing The American Heritage Medical Dictionary 2007, 2004

[8] Workowski KA, Berman SM (August 2006). "Sexually transmitted diseases tretment guidelines, 2006". MMWR Recomm Rep 55 (RR–11): 1–94. PMID 16888612. ... evidence of congenital syphilis (e.g., nonimmune hydrops, jaundice, hepatosplenomegaly, rhinitis, skin rash, and/or pseudoparalysis of an extremity).

[9] Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-337825-1.

[10] Hutchinson, Jonathan (1877). "Clinical Lecture On Cases Of Spina Bifida, With Paralysis Of Sphincters". The British Medical Journal 1 (830): 767–768.

[11] MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Tick paralysis

[12] Hutchinson, Jonathan (1877). "Clinical Lecture On Cases Of Spina Bifida, With Paralysis Of Sphincters". The British Medical Journal 1 (830): 767–768.

[13] Saladin, Kenneth (2012). Anatomy and Physiology: Form and Function. McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-337825-1.

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案内

plegia