WordNet

run or be performed again; "the function iterates"
versed in literature; dealing with literature
a person who can read and write (同)literate person
able to read and write
knowledgeable and educated in one or several fields; "computer literate"
literate but poorly informed
able to read but not to write
barely able to read and write; "an semiliterate scrawl"
rewrite in a different script; "The Sanskrit text had to be transliterated" (同)transcribe
a person who can read but is disinclined to derive information from literary sources (同)aliterate person

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/05/18 19:00:19」(JST)

wiki en

Iteration is the act of repeating a process, either to generate an unbounded sequence of outcomes, or with the aim of approaching a desired goal, target or result. Each repetition of the process is also called an "iteration", and the results of one iteration are used as the starting point for the next iteration.

In the context of mathematics or computer science, iteration (along with the related technique of recursion) is a standard building block of algorithms.

Mathematics

Iteration in mathematics may refer to the process of iterating a function i.e. applying a function repeatedly, using the output from one iteration as the input to the next. Iteration of apparently simple functions can produce complex behaviours and difficult problems - for examples, see the Collatz conjecture and juggler sequences.

Another use of iteration in mathematics is in iterative methods which are used to produce approximate numerical solutions to certain mathematical problems. Newton's method is an example of an iterative method. Manual calculation of a number's square root is a common use and a well-known example.

Computing

Iteration in computing is the technique marking out of a block of statements within a computer program for a defined number of repetitions. That block of statements is said to be iterated; a computer scientist might also refer to that block of statements as an "iteration".

The pseudocode below is an example of iteration; the line of code between the brackets of the for loop will "iterate" three times:

a = 0
for i from 1 to 3        // loop three times
{
  a = a + i              // add the current value of i to a
}
print a                  // the number 6 is printed (0 + 1; 1 + 2; 3 + 3)

It is permissible, and often necessary, to use values from other parts of the program outside of the bracketed block of statements in order to perform the desired function. In the example above, the line of code is using the value of i as it increments.

Education

In some schools of pedagogy, iterations are used to describe the process of teaching or guiding students to repeat experiments, assessments, or projects, until more accurate results are found, or the student has mastered the technical skill. This idea is found in the old adage, "Practice makes perfect." In particular, "iterative" is defined as the "process of learning and development that involves cyclical inquiry, enabling multiple opportunities for people to revisit ideas and critically reflect on their implication."^[1]

Unlike computing and math, educational iterations are not predetermined; instead, the task is repeated until success according to some external criteria (often a test) is achieved.

Relationship with recursion

In algorithmic situations, recursion and iteration can be employed to the same effect. The primary difference is that recursion can be employed as a solution without prior knowledge as to how many times the action will have to repeat, while a successful iteration requires that foreknowledge.

Some types of programming languages, known as functional programming languages, are designed such that they do not set up block of statements for explicit repetition as with the for loop. Instead, those programming languages exclusively use recursion. Rather than call out a block of code to be repeated a pre-defined number of times, the executing code block instead "divides" the work to be done into a number separate pieces, after which the code block executes itself on each individual piece. Each piece of work will be divided repeatedly until the "amount" of work is as small as it can possibly be, at which point algorithm will do that work very quickly. The algorithm then "reverses" and reassembles the pieces into a complete whole.

The classic example of recursion is in list-sorting algorithms such as Merge Sort. The Merge Sort recursive algorithm will first repeatedly divide the list into consecutive pairs; each pair is then ordered, then each consecutive pair of pairs, and so forth until the elements of the list are in the desired order.

The code below is an example of a recursive algorithm in the Scheme programming language that will output the same result as the pseudocode under the previous heading.

(let iterate ((i 1) (a 0))
  (if (<= i 3)
    (iterate (+ i 1) (+ a i))
    (display a)))

Other Terminology

In Object-Oriented Programming, an iterator is an object that ensures iteration is executed in the same way for a range of different data structures, saving time and effort in later coding attempts.

An iteratee is an abstraction which accepts or rejects data during an iteration.

References

^ Helen Timperley, Aaron Wilson, Heather Barrar, and Irene Fung. "Teacher Professional Learning and Development: Best Evidence Synthesis Iteration [BES]" (PDF). OECD. p. 238. Retrieved April 4, 2013.

English Journal

Real-time Feedback on Nonverbal Clinical Communication. Theoretical Framework and Clinician Acceptance of Ambient Visual Design.

Hartzler AL1, Patel RA, Czerwinski M, Pratt W, Roseway A, Chandrasekaran N, Back A.
Methods of information in medicine.Methods Inf Med.2014 Oct 13;53(5):389-405. doi: 10.3414/ME13-02-0033. Epub 2014 Jun 27.
INTRODUCTION: This article is part of the Focus Theme of METHODS of Information in Medicine on "Pervasive Intelligent Technologies for Health".BACKGROUND: Effective nonverbal communication between patients and clinicians fosters both the delivery of empathic patient-centered care and positive patien
PMID 24970354

Optical design and optimization of planar curved LED end-lit light bar.

Yu JC, Chen ZY, Kao BD.
Applied optics.Appl Opt.2014 Oct 10;53(29):H67-75. doi: 10.1364/AO.53.000H67.
This study investigates the optical design of planar curved LED end-lit light bars using v cuts as light-diverting structures. The application of LEDs in automotive lighting has become popular, especially in signal lamps and daytime running lamps. Most designs adopt a direct back light using arrays
PMID 25322433

The last one heard: the importance of an early stage participatory evaluation for programme implementation.

Gilmore B, Vallières F, McAuliffe E, Tumwesigye N, Muyambi G.
Implementation science : IS.Implement Sci.2014 Sep 26;9(1):137. [Epub ahead of print]
BackgroundThe systematic involvement of project beneficiaries in community maternal and child health programmes remains low and limited, especially during the formative stages of the project cycle. Understanding how positive and negative feedback obtained from communities can subsequently be used to
PMID 25253191

Japanese Journal

Simulation model for Francis and Reversible Pump Turbines

Nielsen Torbjørn K.
International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems 8(3), 169-182, 2015
… The Hill diagram is drawn through measured points, so for using the diagram in a simulation program, one have to iterate in the diagram based on curve fitting of the measured points. …
NAID 130005097356

Acceleration of reinforcement learning by policy evaluation using nonstationary iterative method.

Senda Kei,Hattori Suguru,Hishinuma Toru,Kohda Takehisa
IEEE transactions on cybernetics 44(12), 2696-2705, 2014-12
… Typical methods for solving reinforcement learning problems iterate two steps, policy evaluation and policy improvement. …
NAID 120005522521

学習関与者との関係性が学習者の省察プロセスに与える影響:韓国伝統芸能伝承をフィールドとして

竹田陽子
組織学会大会論文集 3(1), 56-61, 2014
… As the result, the learners who are expanding their network tend to represent what they learn explicitly and objectively, and iterate feedback loops of reflection frequently. …
NAID 130004687206

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tweet no comments by erlend january 11th Iterate allows one to “build a rough iterate Column: Don’t Wait To Iterate Iterate Iterate Iterate, iterate, iterate

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消す、消し去る、見えなくする・
(医)～の痕跡をなくす、除去する
(医)(管腔を)閉塞させる

High-power view of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (PAS stain), seen as a mass of scarred, obliterated capillary lumens with accumulations of matrix material, that has replaced a portion of the glomerulus.

The cytoplasm of the podocytes thus appears flattened over the external aspect of the GBM, obliterating the network of arcades between the podocytes and the GBM.(BPT.550)