WordNet

the amount that can be contained; "the gas tank has a capacity of 12 gallons" (同)content
(computer science) the amount of information (in bytes) that can be stored on a disk drive; "the capacity of a hard disk drive is usually expressed in megabytes"
a specified function; "he was employed in the capacity of director"; "he should be retained in his present capacity at a higher salary"
the maximum production possible; "the plant is working at 80 per cent capacity"
tolerance for alcohol; "he had drunk beyond his capacity"
the power to learn or retain knowledge; in law, the ability to understand the facts and significance of your behavior (同)mental ability
capability to perform or produce; "among his gifts is his capacity for true altruism"; "limited runway capacity"; "a great capacity for growth"
determine the sum of; "Add all the people in this town to those of the neighboring town" (同)tot, tot up, sum, sum_up, summate, tote up, add, add together, tally, add up
damage beyond the point of repair; "My son totaled our new car"; "the rock star totals his guitar at every concert"
add up in number or quantity; "The bills amounted to $2,000"; "The bill came to $2,000" (同)number, add up, come, amount
a small amount (especially of a drink); "a tot of rum"
either of two saclike respiratory organs in the chest of vertebrates; serves to remove carbon dioxide and provide oxygen to the blood
used of automobiles; completely demolished; "the insurance adjuster declared the automobile totaled"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉《しばしばa capacity》(建物などの)『収容力』,(容器などの)『容量』,『容積』 / 〈U〉《しばしばa capacity》(人の)『能力』,才能;(物の)性能 / 〈C〉(…の)『資格』,地位《+『of』(『as』)+『名』》
『総計の』,全体の / 『全くの』,完全な(absolute) / 『合計』,総額,総数,総量(sum) / …‘を'合計する / 合計…‘に'なる,総額が…‘に'のぼる(amount to)
幼児,小児 / (特に酒類の)少量,一杯,一口
…‘を'合計する《+up+名,+名+up》 / 合計(…に)なる《+up to+名》
《しばしば複数形で》『肺』,肺臓

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/08/21 03:41:05」(JST)

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Lung volumes and lung capacities refer to the volume of air associated with different phases of the respiratory cycle. Lung volumes are directly measured; Lung capacities are inferred from lung volumes.

The average total lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air,^[1] but only a small amount of this capacity is used during normal breathing. The lung capacity of freediver and world record holder Herbert Nitsch is measured to be 10 Liters, which he can expand to 15 Liters with a special technique called “packing” or “buccal pumping”.

Tidal breathing is normal, resting breathing; the tidal volume is the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled in only a single such breath.

The average human respiratory rate is 30-60 breaths per minute at birth,^[2] decreasing to 12-20 breaths per minute in adults.^[3]

Factors affecting volumes

Several factors affect lung volumes; some can be controlled and some cannot. Lung volumes vary with different people as follows:

Larger volumes	Smaller volumes
taller people	shorter people
people who live at higher altitudes	people who live at lower altitudes
non obese	obese^[4]

A person who is born and lives at sea level will develop a slightly smaller lung capacity than a person who spends their life at a high altitude. This is because the partial pressure of oxygen is lower at higher altitude which, as a result means that oxygen less readily diffuses into the bloodstream. In response to higher altitude, the body's diffusing capacity increases in order to process more air.

When someone living at or near sea level travels to locations at high altitudes (e.g., the Andes; Denver, Colorado; Tibet; the Himalayas) that person can develop a condition called altitude sickness because their lungs remove adequate amounts of carbon dioxide but they do not take in enough oxygen. (In normal individuals, carbon dioxide is the primary determinant of respiratory drive.)

Specific changes in lung volumes also occur during pregnancy. Functional residual capacity drops 18–20%,^[5] typically falling from 1.7 to 1.35 litres,^{[citation needed]} due to the compression of the diaphragm by the uterus.^{[citation needed]} The compression also causes a decreased total lung capacity (TLC) by 5%^[5] and decreased expiratory reserve volume by 20%.^[5] Tidal volume increases by 30–40%, from 0.5 to 0.7 litres,^[5] and minute ventilation by 30–40%^[5]^[6] giving an increase in pulmonary ventilation. This is necessary to meet the increased oxygen requirement of the body, which reaches 50 mL/min, 20 mL of which goes to reproductive tissues. Overall, the net change in maximum breathing capacity is zero.^[5]

Values

**Average lung volumes in healthy adults**^[7]
Volume	Value (litres)
Volume	In men	In women
Inspiratory reserve volume	3.0	1.9
Tidal volume	0.5	0.5
Expiratory reserve volume	1.1	0.7
Residual volume	1.2	1.1

**Lung capacities in healthy adults**^[7]
Volume	Average value (litres)		Derivation
Volume	In men	In women	Derivation
Vital capacity	4.6	3.1	IRV plus TV plus ERV
Inspiratory capacity	3.5	2.4	IRV plus TV
Functional residual capacity	2.3	1.8	ERV plus RV
Total lung capacity	5.8	4.2	IRV plus TV plus ERV plus RV

The tidal volume, vital capacity, inspiratory capacity and expiratory reserve volume can be measured directly with a spirometer. These are the basic elements of a ventilatory pulmonary function test.

Determination of the residual volume is more difficult as it is impossible to "completely" breathe out. Therefore measurement of the residual volume has to be done via indirect methods such as radiographic planimetry, body plethysmography, closed circuit dilution (including the helium dilution technique) and nitrogen washout.

In absence of such, estimates of residual volume have been prepared as a proportion of body mass for infants (18.1 mL/kg),^[8] or as a proportion of vital capacity (0.24 for men and 0.28 for women)^[9] or in relation to height and age ((0.0275* Age [Years]+0.0189*Height [cm]-2.6139) litres for normal-mass individuals and (0.0277*Age [Years]+0.0138*Height [cm]-2.3967) litres for overweight individuals).^[10] Standard errors in prediction equations for residual volume have been measured at 579 mL for men and 355 mL for women, while the use of 0.24*FVC gave a standard error of 318 mL.^[11]

Restrictive and obstructive

Scheme of changes in lung volumes in restricted and obstructed lung in comparison with healthy lung.

The results (in particular FEV1/FVC and FRC) can be used to distinguish between restrictive and obstructive pulmonary diseases:

Type	Examples	Description	FEV1/FVC
restrictive diseases	pulmonary fibrosis, Infant Respiratory Distress Syndrome, weak respiratory muscles, pneumothorax	volumes are decreased	often in a normal range (0.8 - 1.0)
obstructive diseases	asthma or COPD or Emphysema	volumes are essentially normal but flow rates are impeded	often low (Asthma can reduce the ratio to 0.6, Emphysema can reduce the ratio to 0.78 - 0.45)

References

^ Marieb, Elaine; Hoehn, Katja (2010). Human Anatomy and Physiology (8th Ed.). Prentice Hall PTR. p. 824. ISBN 978-0-321-69415-7. |accessdate= requires |url= (help)
^ Scott L. DeBoer (4 November 2004). Emergency Newborn Care. Trafford Publishing. p. 30. ISBN 978-1-4120-3089-2.
^ Wilburta Q. Lindh; Marilyn Pooler; Carol Tamparo; Barbara M. Dahl (9 March 2009). Delmar's Comprehensive Medical Assisting: Administrative and Clinical Competencies. Cengage Learning. p. 573. ISBN 978-1-4354-1914-8. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Jones RL, Nzekwu MM. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest. 2006 Sep; 130 (3) :827–33. PubMed PMID 16963682.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Simpson, Kathleen Rice; Patricia A Creehan (2007). Perinatal Nursing (3rd ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 65–66. ISBN 978-0-7817-6759-0.
^ Guyton and hall (2005). Textbook of Medical Physiology (11 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. pp. 103g. ISBN 81-8147-920-3.
^ ^a ^b Ganong, William. "Fig. 34-7". Review of Medical Physiology (21st ed.).
^ Morris, Mohy G. (2010). "Comprehensive integrated spirometry using raised volume passive and forced expirations and multiple-breath nitrogen washout in infants". Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology 170 (2): 123–140. doi:10.1016/j.resp.2009.10.010. ISSN 1569-9048. PMC 2858579. PMID 19897058.
^ Wilmore, J. H. (1969). "The use of actual predicted and constant residual volumes in the assessment of body composition by underwater weighing". Med Sci Sports 1: 87–90. doi:10.1249/00005768-196906000-00006.
^ MILLER, WAYNE C.; SWENSEN, THOMAS; WALLACE, JANET P. (February 1998). "Derivation of prediction equations for RV in overweight men and women". Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 30 (2): 322–327. doi:10.1097/00005768-199802000-00023. PMID 9502364.
^ Morrow JR Jr, Jackson AS, Bradley PW, Hartung GH. (Dec 1986). "Accuracy of measured and predicted residual lung volume on body density measurement". Med Sci Sports Exerc 18 (6): 647–52. doi:10.1249/00005768-198612000-00007. PMID 3784877.

External links

Lung function fundamentals (anaesthetist.com)
RT Corner (educational site for RT's and nurses)
Volume of human lungs

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Recruitment pattern of sympathetic neurons during breath-holding at different lung volumes in apnea divers and controls.

Breskovic T, Steinback CD, Salmanpour A, Shoemaker JK, Dujic Z.SourceDepartment of Physiology, University of Split School of Medicine, Soltanska 2, 21000 Split, Croatia.
Autonomic neuroscience : basic & clinical.Auton Neurosci.2011 Oct 28;164(1-2):74-81. Epub 2011 Jun 8.
We tested the hypothesis that breath-hold divers (BHD) attain higher level of sympathetic activation than controls due to the duration of breath-hold rather than a different recruitment strategy. In 6 control subjects and 8 BHD we measured muscle sympathetic neural activity (MSNA) prior to and durin
PMID 21641877

Computational Analysis of Thoracic Multidetector Row HRCT for Segmentation and Quantification of Small Airway Air Trapping and Emphysema in Obstructive Pulmonary Disease.

Mortani Barbosa E Jr, Song G, Tustison N, Kreider M, Gee JC, Gefter WB, Torigian DA.SourceDepartment of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
Academic radiology.Acad Radiol.2011 Oct;18(10):1258-69.
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES: Obstructive pulmonary disease phenotypes are related to variable combinations of emphysema and small-airway disease, the latter manifested as air trapping (AT) on imaging. The investigators propose a method to extract AT information quantitatively from thoracic multi-detect
PMID 21893294

Japanese Journal

Preoperative Graft Volume Assessment with 3D-CT Volumetry in Living-Donor Lobar Lung Transplantations

Kojima Katsuhide,Kato Katsuya,Oto Takahiro,Mitsuhashi Toshiharu,Shinya Takayoshi,Sei Tetsuro,Okumura Yoshihiro,Sato Shuhei,Miyoshi Shinichiro,Kanazawa Susumu
Acta Medica Okayama 65(4), 265-268, 2011-08
… To determine the effectiveness of living-donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT), it is necessary to predict the recipient's postoperative lung function. … Traditionally, Date's formula, also called the segmental ratio, has used the number of lung segments to estimate the forced vital capacity (FVC) of grafts in LDLLT. …
NAID 120003290178

外来化学療法の概要

木田博,田墨惠子,糀桂子,西田勉,水木満佐央
肺癌 51(2), 104-108, 2011
がん化学療法に関わる経験の蓄積，支持療法の発達，がん告知の普及により，がん化学療法が，外来で可能となった．外来化学療法には患者のQOL改善，医療コストの削減効果があるため，確実に急速に増加している．大阪大学医学部附属病院の外来化学療法室もまた近年の治療件数増加に対応するため規模を拡大してきた．現在はベッド19床を有し，年間6500件の化学療法を行っている．外来化学療法室は安全な化学療法を患者に提供 …
NAID 130000653641

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「TLC」「全肺気量」「total lung volume」「total pulmonary volume」「総肺気量」
関連記事	「capacity」「total」

「TLC」

TLC	Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV.
TV	Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)
RV	Residual volume: the volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximal exhalation
ERV	Expiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume of air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory position
IRV	Inspiratory reserve volume: the maximal volume that can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory level
IC	Inspiratory capacity: the sum of IRV and TV
IVC	Inspiratory vital capacity: the maximum volume of air inhaled from the point of maximum expiration
VC	Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation.
VT	Tidal volume: that volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during quiet breathing (VT indicates a subdivision of the lung; when tidal volume is precisely measured, as in gas exchange calculation, the symbol VT or VT is used.)
FRC	Functional residual capacity: the volume in the lungs at the end-expiratory position
RV/TLC%	Residual volume expressed as percent of TLC
VA	Alveolar gas volume
VL	Actual volume of the lung including the volume of the conducting airway.
FVC	Forced vital capacity: the determination of the vital capacity from a maximally forced expiratory effort
FEVt	Forced expiratory volume (time): a generic term indicating the volume of air exhaled under forced conditions in the first t seconds
FEV1	Volume that has been exhaled at the end of the first second of forced expiration
FEFx	Forced expiratory flow related to some portion of the FVC curve; modifiers refer to amount of FVC already exhaled
FEFmax	The maximum instantaneous flow achieved during a FVC maneuver
FIF	Forced inspiratory flow: (Specific measurement of the forced inspiratory curve is denoted by nomenclature analogous to that for the forced expiratory curve. For example, maximum inspiratory flow is denoted FIFmax. Unless otherwise specified, volume qualifiers indicate the volume inspired from RV at the point of measurement.)
PEF	Peak expiratory flow: The highest forced expiratory flow measured with a peak flow meter
MVV	Maximal voluntary ventilation: volume of air expired in a specified period during repetitive maximal effort
	v; t; e;