WordNet

a burn cause by hot liquid or steam
burn with a hot liquid or steam; "She scalded her hands when she turned on the faucet and hot water came out"
heat to the boiling point; "scald the milk"
treat with boiling water; "scald tomatoes so that they can be peeled"
the act of burning with steam or hot water
spend (significant amounts of money); "He has money to burn"
pain that feels hot as if it were on fire (同)burning
undergo combustion; "Maple wood burns well" (同)combust
destroy by fire; "They burned the house and his diaries" (同)fire, burn_down
cause to undergo combustion; "burn garbage"; "The car burns only Diesel oil" (同)incinerate
an injury caused by exposure to heat or chemicals or radiation
burn with heat, fire, or radiation; "The iron burnt a hole in my dress"
a place or area that has been burned (especially on a persons body) (同)burn mark
damage inflicted by fire
cause to burn or combust; "The sun burned off the fog"; "We combust coal and other fossil fuels" (同)combust
shine intensely, as if with heat; "The coals were glowing in the dark"; "The candles were burning" (同)glow
burn at the stake; "Witches were burned in Salem"
feel hot or painful; "My eyes are burning"
feel strong emotion, especially anger or passion; "She was burning with anger"; "He was burning to try out his new skies"
of immediate import; "burning issues of the day"
execution by fire (同)burning at the stake
the act of burning something; "the burning of leaves was prohibited by a town ordinance" (同)combustion
a form of torture in which cigarettes or cigars or other hot implements are used to burn the victims skin
of or relating to a hot spring; "thermal water"
rising current of warm air
relating to or associated with heat; "thermal movements of molecules"; "thermal capacity"; "thermic energy"; "the caloric effect of sunlight" (同)thermic, caloric
caused by or designed to retain heat; "a thermal burn"; "thermal underwear"
destroyed or badly damaged by fire; "a row of burned houses"; "a charred bit of burnt wood"; "a burned-over site in the forest"; "barricaded the street with burnt-out cars" (同)burnt, burned-over, burned-out, burnt-out
ruined by overcooking; "she served us underdone bacon and burnt biscuits" (同)burnt
treated by heating to a high temperature but below the melting or fusing point; "burnt sienna" (同)burnt
remove the burrs from (同)burr
seed vessel having hooks or prickles (同)burr
small bit used in dentistry or surgery (同)burr

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈熱湯・湯気(ゆげ)が〉…‘を'やげどさせる / ‘を'煮沸[消毒]する / 〈ミルクなど〉‘を'沸点近くまで煮たたせる(熱する) / (熱湯・湯気での)やけど
〈火・家などが〉『燃える』,『焼ける』 / (火や熱によって)『焦げる』,日焼けする / 『光』(『熱』)『を出す』 / (…で)熱さを感じる,ほてる《+『with』+『名』》 / (愛憎などで)燃える,かっかとなる《+『with』+『名』》 / …'を'『燃やす』,『焼く』 / …'を'焦がす;…'を'日焼けさせる / …'を'熱く感じさせる,'を'ほてらせる / …'を'燃料にする / 『やけど』;焼け焦げ / 『日焼け』 / ロケットの噴射・（CDなどに）焼く、（音楽｛おんがく｝やデータなどを）（CDなどに）焼く
《スコットランド》小川
燃えている,焼けている / 燃えるように熱い;強烈な / 火急の,差し迫った
熱の,熱による / 熱い / (暖まった)上昇気流

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/28 12:19:00」(JST)

wiki en

Thermal burn is a type of burn resulted from making contact with heated objects, such as boiling water, steam, hot cooking oil, fire, and hot objects. Scalds are the most common type of thermal burn suffered by children, but for adults thermal burn is most commonly caused by fire.^[1] Burn are generally classified from first degree up to fourth degree, but the American Burn Association (ABA) has categorized thermal burns as minor, moderate, and major, based almost solely on the depth and size of the burn.^[2]

Pathophysiology

There are three (or sometimes four) degrees of burns, in ascending order of severity and depth. For more info, see Burn#Signs and symptoms.

According to Jackson's thermal wound theory, there are three zones of major burn injury, shaped usually like a bull's-eye.

Zone of coagulation is the center area of the wound, where all tissues are damaged there.
Zone of stasis surrounds the coagulation area, where some tissues are not damaged.
Zone of hyperemia is the unburned area surrounding zone of stasis, but it is red due to increased blood flow through inflammatory response.^[3]

Factors

The minimum temperature where it can suffer burn in a finite amount of time is 44°C (111°F). From 44° to 51°C (111° to 124°F), the rate of burn increases by approximately quadruple with each Celsius degree risen or twice per Fahrenheit degree risen, from six hours down to six seconds. The burn would develop in less than a second if the exposure temperature is at least 70°C (160°F).^[3]

Resistance

There are skin factors that offer resistance to burns. A person who is more burn resistant would require higher temperature and longer exposure to burn as badly than a less resistant person.

Thicker skin would offer more insulation from heat. External factors on the skin like hair, moisture or oils can also help ease and delay the burn. Another factor is skin circulation, which is used to dissipate heat imprinted on the skin.^[3]

Causes

Hot liquids and steam

Scalding is a type of thermal burn caused by boiling water and steam, commonly suffered by children. Scalds are commonly caused by accidental spilling of hot liquids, having temperature of water too high in baths and showers, steam from boiling water or heated food, and getting splattered by hot cooking oil.^[4] Scalding is usually a first- or second-degree burn, but third-degree burn can sometimes result from prolonged contact.^[5] Nearly three quarters of all burn injuries suffered by young children is scalding.^[6]

Fire

Fire causes about 50% of all cases of thermal burns in the United States.^[7] The most frequent event where people get burned by fire is during house fires encountered by firefighters and trapped occupants,^[8] where 85% of all fire deaths took place there.^[9] Fireworks are another notable cause of fire burns, especially by adolescent males on Independence Days.^[6] The most common cause of injury by fire or flame by children is touching candle flame.^{[citation needed]} In some regions, such as the western United States, getting burned by wildfires are common, especially by firefighters who are trying to fight fires. Wildfires can suddenly shift due to changing wind direction, making it harder for firefighters and eyewitnesses to avoid getting touched by fire.

If clothing the person wears catches fire, third-degree burns can develop in the matter of just few seconds,^[10] unless if the victim is wearing heavy clothes.

Hot objects

Solid objects that are hot can also cause contact burns, especially by children who intentionally touch things that they are unaware that they're too hot to touch.^[11] Such burns imprinted on the skin usually forms the pattern that resembles it. Sources of burns from solid objects include ashes and coal, irons, soldering equipment, frying pans and pots, oven containers, light bulbs, and exhaust pipes.^[12]

Prevention

Education is an important tool for children on how to prevent getting burned by fire or getting scalded. In that act, firefighters and community leaders are often employed in schools and clinics.^[9]

Smoke alarms installed in homes are used to reduce deaths resulting from fire by half. Homeowners should change batteries at least once a year and replace smoke alarms every decade. Before fire occurs, family should practice evacuating home, and when fire occurs family must leave residence immediately (within two minutes). To prevent house fire, family should keep flammable objects, like matches, out of children's reach, and they must not leave anything involving flames unattended while keeping objects that can catch fire away from it by at least 12 inches, like stove ovens, stovetops, space heaters, and candles. Fire extinguishers should be stored in the kitchen, where most house fires started there.^[13]

To prevent burns in children, water temperature must not be set too high when taking baths or washing hands, nonflammable sleepwear should be worn, use backburners when cooking something on the stove, and keep hot foods, drinks, and irons away from the edge of counter and table.^[14] Oven mitts and potholders must be used in handling hot containers. People should be careful when taking hot foods out of microwave ovens, and covers should be opened gently to reduce the risk of steam burns.^[15]

Treatment

The household method of treating a minor burn is cooling the burn using cool water or applying antiseptic onto it. The pain or inflammation can effectively be treated using acetaminophen (paracetamol), or ibuprofen. Ice, butter, cream and ointment cannot be used since they can worsen the burn.^[16]

If person is on fire, he/she must be told to stop, drop, and roll, cover them with heavy blanket, wool, coat, or rug. Then water should be poured onto the victim to cool them down. Burned clothing stuck to the skin must not be removed. CPR can be performed on victim and be sent to a hospital if the burn is severe enough.^[16] Severe burn patients are often treated through trauma resuscitation, airway management, fluid resuscitation, blood transfusion, wound management, and skin grafting, as well as the use of antibiotics.^[2]^[17]

Outcome

For people who are hospitalized for thermal burns, 95% of them survive. Survival rates increased steadily over the last half century due to advances in treating burns as well as more trustful burn centers. According to statistics from 1990 to 1994, the risks of death caused by burns are greater for: people older than 60 years of age, burns covering over 40% of the body, and patients suffering inhalation injury. According to the formula developed by authors, patients who has zero risk criteria would have 99.7% chance of survival, ones who have one criterion would have 97% chance of survival, patients having two would have 67% chance, and patients nursing all three would have 10% chance of survival.^[2]

Epidemiology

In the United States, over two million people required medical attention for thermal burns every year. About 1 in 30 of those victims (75,000) are hospitalized for thermal burns every year, with a third of those patients stay in the hospital for more than two months. About 14,000 Americans die each year from burns.^[18]

Children

Thermal burns are one of the most common mode of early childhood injury.^[11] In the United States, burns are the third most common cause of accidental death among children.^[19] Nearly 96,000 children around the world died as a result of thermal burns in 2004,^[6] and 61,400 died in 2008 from thermal injuries.^[9] Deaths from burns dropped by 55% from 1999 to 2011.^[20] Burns are the only mode of unintentional injury where more girls are suffered from it than boys worldwide, including by fire.^[6]

References

^ Phillip L Rice, Jr.; Dennis P Orgill. "Classification of burns". UpToDate. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Phillip L Rice, Jr.; Dennis P Orgill. "Emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in adults". UpToDate. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Pathophysiology of thermal burn injury" (DOC). Civic Plus. 2007. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ Eisen, Sarah; Murphy, Catherine (2009). Murphy, Catherine; Gardiner, Mark; Sarah Eisen, eds. Training in paediatrics : the essential curriculum. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-0-19-922773-0.
^ Maguire, S; Moynihan, S; Mann, M; Potokar, T; Kemp, AM (December 2008). "A systematic review of the features that indicate intentional scalds in children.". Burns : journal of the International Society for Burn Injuries 34 (8): 1072–81. doi:10.1016/j.burns.2008.02.011. PMID 18538478.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Peden, Margie (2008). World report on child injury prevention. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization. p. 86. ISBN 978-92-4-156357-4.
^ National Burn Repository Pg. i
^ Herndon D (ed.). "Chapter 4: Prevention of Burn Injuries". Total burn care (4th ed.). Edinburgh: Saunders. p. 46. ISBN 978-1-4377-2786-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Fire, Burns and Scalds Prevention". Safe Kids Worldwide. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^ Panté, Michael D. (2009). Advanced Assessment and Treatment of Trauma. pp. 192–194. ISBN 978-07-6378114-9. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Burns". KidsHealth. Retrieved 13 October 2014.
^ "Contact Burn Treatment". Burn Remedies. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^ "Fire Safety Tips". Safe Kids Worldwide. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^ Eric D. Morgan; William F. Miser. "Skin burns". UpToDate. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^ "Burns and Scalds Prevention Tips". Safe Kids Worldwide. Retrieved 18 October 2014.
^ ^a ^b "Burns". MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
^ "Burn Triage and Treatment: Thermal Injuries". Radiation Emergency Medical Management. U.S. Department of Human and Health Resources. Retrieved 19 October 2014.
^ "Acute Thermal Burn Injury". Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. Retrieved 26 October 2014.
^ Phillip L Rice, Jr.; Dennis P Orgill. "Emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in adults". UpToDate. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
^ "Burns and Fire Safety Fact Sheet" (PDF). Safe Kids Worldwide. Retrieved 18 October 2014.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 軽症熱傷の治療 treatment of minor thermal burns
2. 熱傷の分類 classification of burns
3. 小児における中等度および重度熱傷の救急治療 emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in children
4. 重症熱傷患者のマネージメントの概要 overview of the management of the severely burned patient
5. 成人における中等度および重度熱傷の救急治療 emergency care of moderate and severe thermal burns in adults

English Journal

Palm surface area database and estimation formula in Korean children using the alginate method.

Choi H, Park MS, Nam B, Lee J, Kim E, Lee HM.SourceMedical Devices Clinical Trial Center, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Brain Korea 21 Project for Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2011 Nov;42(6):873-82. Epub 2011 Mar 12.
Studies of palm surface area (PSA) have been investigated as an important reference area unit in physiology and medicine today. Most previous PSA studies have been limited to adults. The purpose of this study was to archive Korean children's PSA data and to calculate an optimized formula for estimat
PMID 21397891

Japanese Journal

ガス成分を変調させた過渡応答熱分析法による膨張黒鉛の酸化予測

佐野秀明,鄭国斌,内山休男,Sano Hideaki,Zheng Guo-Bin,Uchiyama Yasuo
長崎大学工学部研究報告 41(76), 61-65, 2011-01
… A novel transient thermal analysis for oxidation was developed in order to predict mass loss during oxidation of exfoliated graphite. … The method also provides the opportunity of simultaneous monitoring of changes in response to self-heating and calculating amount of burn-off ratio during oxidation. …
NAID 120002769916