WordNet

of or relating to a hot spring; "thermal water"
rising current of warm air
relating to or associated with heat; "thermal movements of molecules"; "thermal capacity"; "thermic energy"; "the caloric effect of sunlight" (同)thermic, caloric
caused by or designed to retain heat; "a thermal burn"; "thermal underwear"
by means of heat or with respect to thermal properties
a unit of heat equal to 100,000 British thermal units

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熱の,熱による / 熱い / (暖まった)上昇気流

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/29 19:17:48」(JST)

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Example of a thermal column between the ground and a cumulus

A thermal column (or thermal) is a column of rising air in the lower altitudes of Earth's atmosphere. Thermals are created by the uneven heating of Earth's surface from solar radiation, and are an example of convection, specifically atmospheric convection. The Sun warms the ground, which in turn warms the air directly above it.^[1] Dark earth, urban areas, and roadways are good sources of thermals.

The warmer air near the surface expands, becoming less dense than the surrounding air. The lighter air rises and cools due to its expansion in the lower pressure at higher altitudes. It stops rising when it has cooled to the same temperature as the surrounding air. Associated with a thermal is a downward flow surrounding the thermal column. The downward-moving exterior is caused by colder air being displaced at the top of the thermal.

The size and strength of thermals are influenced by the properties of the lower atmosphere (the troposphere). Generally, when the air is cold, bubbles of warm air are formed by the ground heating the air above it and can rise like a hot air balloon. The air is then said to be unstable. If there is a warm layer of air higher up, an inversion can prevent thermals from rising high and the air is said to be stable.

Thermals are often indicated by the presence of visible cumulus clouds at the apex of the thermal. When a steady wind is present, thermals and their respective cumulus clouds can align in rows oriented with wind direction, sometimes referred to as "cloud streets" by soaring and glider pilots. Cumulus clouds are formed by the rising air in a thermal as it ascends and cools, until the water vapor in the air begins to condense into visible droplets. The condensing water releases latent heat energy allowing the air to rise higher. Very unstable air can reach the level of free convection (LFC) and thus rise to great heights condensing large quantities of water and so forming showers or even thunderstorms.

Thermals are one of the many sources of lift used by soaring birds and gliders to soar.

Thermals on the sun typically form hexagonal prisms (Bénard cells).

References

^ Bradbury, Tom (2000). Meteorology and Flight: Pilot's Guide to Weather (Flying & Gliding). A & C Black. ISBN 0-7136-4226-2.

External links

What do thermals look like? - Thermal Structure and Behavior by Wayne M. Angevine
Time-lapse video of clouds caused by thermals forming and decaying

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Wrinkled, wavelength-tunable graphene-based surface topographies for directing cell alignment and morphology.

Wang Z1, Tonderys D2, Leggett SE3, Williams EK2, Kiani MT2, Steinberg RS4, Qiu Y4, Wong IY5, Hurt RH6.
Carbon.Carbon N Y.2016 Feb 1;97:14-24.
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Feasibility study of an alkaline-based chemical treatment for the purification of polyhydroxybutyrate produced by a mixed enriched culture.

Jiang Y1, Mikova G2, Kleerebezem R1, van der Wielen LA1, Cuellar MC1.
AMB Express.AMB Express.2015 Jan 24;5(1):5. eCollection 2015.
This study focused on investigating the feasibility of purifying polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) from mixed culture biomass by alkaline-based chemical treatment. The PHB-containing biomass was enriched on acetate under non-sterile conditions. Alkaline treatment (0.2 M NaOH) together with surfactant SDS (
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Magnetic resonance-based visualization of thermal ablative margins around hepatic tumors by means of systemic ferucarbotran administration before radiofrequency ablation: animal study to reveal the connection between excess iron deposition and t2*-weighted hypointensity in ablative margins.

Nagai M1, Yamaguchi M, Mori K, Furuta T, Ashino H, Kurosawa H, Kasahara H, Minami M, Fujii H.
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OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to demonstrate experimentally that radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of ferucarbotran-accumulated healthy liver tissues causes excess iron deposition in the ablated liver tissues on postablation days and produces sustained T2*-weighted low signals indicative of
PMID 25695671

Influence of denaturation and aggregation of β-lactoglobulin on its tryptic hydrolysis and the release of functional peptides.

Leeb E1, Götz A2, Letzel T3, Cheison SC4, Kulozik U5.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2015 Nov 15;187:545-54. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.034. Epub 2015 Apr 21.
Whereas previous studies showed that thermal pre-treatment of whey proteins promote their enzymatic hydrolysis, to date no correlation between the conformation of denatured protein and the release of individual peptides has been considered. Hence, in this study total denaturation of β-lactoglobulin
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Japanese Journal

Nanocomposites based on plasma-polymerized carbon nanotubes and Nylon-6

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Component Crystallization and Physical Collapse during Freeze-Drying of L-ArginineCitric Acid Mixtures

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Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin 60(9), 1176-1181, 2012-09
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「熱的」「温熱性」「サーマル」「thermally」
拡張検索	「thermal hyperalgesia」「thermal denaturation」「thermal stimulation」