testimony

• n.

• 証拠

関

evidence、proof、testimonial、witness

　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. something that serves as evidence; "his effort was testimony to his devotion" (同)testimonial
2. a solemn statement made under oath
3. an assertion offering firsthand authentication of a fact; "according to his own testimony he cant do it"
4. be a witness to; "She witnessed the accident and had to testify in court"
5. (law) a person who attests to the genuineness of a document or signature by adding their own signature (同)attestant, attestor, attestator
6. someone who sees an event and reports what happened (同)witnesser, informant
7. (law) a person who testifies under oath in a court of law
8. testimony by word or deed to your religious faith
9. perceive or be contemporaneous with; "We found Republicans winning the offices"; "Youll see a lot of cheating in this school"; "The 1960s saw the rebellion of the younger generation against established traditions"; "I want to see results" (同)find, see
10. make or take a proof of, such as a photographic negative, an etching, or typeset
11. a measure of alcoholic strength expressed as an integer twice the percentage of alcohol present (by volume)
12. make resistant (to harm); "proof the materials against shrinking in the dryer"
13. a trial photographic print from a negative
14. any factual evidence that helps to establish the truth of something; "if you have any proof for what you say, now is the time to produce it" (同)cogent evidence
15. (printing) an impression made to check for errors (同)test copy, trial impression
16. a formal series of statements showing that if one thing is true something else necessarily follows from it
17. (used in combination or as a suffix) able to withstand; "temptation-proof"; "childproof locks"
18. activate by mixing with water and sometimes sugar or milk; "proof yeast"
19. knead to reach proper lightness; "proof dough"
20. your basis for belief or disbelief; knowledge on which to base belief; "the evidence that smoking causes lung cancer is very compelling" (同)grounds
21. (law) all the means by which any alleged matter of fact whose truth is investigated at judicial trial is established or disproved
22. an indication that makes something evident; "his trembling was evidence of his fear"
23. of or relating to or constituting testimony
24. expressing admiration or appreciation; "testimonial dinner"

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉〈U〉(法廷の証人台での)『証言』 / 〈U〉(…の)証拠,しるし《+of+名》 / (信仰などの)公然とした表明
2. 〈C〉(また eyewitness)(…の)『目撃者』《+of(to)+名》 / 〈C〉(法廷などの)『証人』,証言者 / 〈C〉(契約・結婚などの)保証人,立会人;(文書の)連署人《+to+名》 / 〈U〉《文》(特に法廷での)証言 / 〈C〉(…の)証拠[となるもの]《+to+名》 / …‘を'『目撃する』,まのあたりに見る / 〈文書〉‘に'証人として署名する;…‘に'立ち会う / …‘の'証拠になる,‘を'証明する,示す / (…を)証言する,(…の)証拠になる《+to+名(doing)》
3. 〈U〉『証拠』,証明;〈C〉『証拠となるもの』,証拠品 / 〈C〉(真実性・品質などの)試験,吟味 / 〈U〉アルコール性飲料の標準強度 / 〈C〉〈U〉校正刷り(proof sheet);試し刷り,(写真の)試し焼き / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…に)耐えられる,負けない《+『against』+『名』》 / (アルコール飲料など)標準強度の / …‘を'校正する / (…に対して)…‘を'耐久性にする;…‘を'耐水性にする《+『名』+『against』+『名』》
4. 『証拠』,証拠物件 / 印,徴侯,形跡(indication)・(証拠をあげて)…‘を'証明する・「in evidence」で「証拠(証人)として」
5. (人物・資格・品質などの)証明書,推薦状 / 表彰状,感謝状,(業績などに対する)記念品,賞品 / 証明書(推薦状)の;表彰の

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/16 00:48:34」(JST)

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"Testify" redirects here. For other uses, see Testify (disambiguation) and Testimony (disambiguation).

Evidence
Part of the common law series
Types of evidence
Testimony Documentary Real (physical) Digital Exculpatory Inculpatory Demonstrative Eyewitness identification Genetic (DNA) Lies
Relevance
Burden of proof Laying a foundation Public policy exclusions Spoliation Character Habit Similar fact
Authentication
Chain of custody Judicial notice Best evidence rule Self-authenticating document Ancient document Hague Evidence Convention
Witnesses
Competence Privilege Direct examination Cross-examination Redirect Impeachment Recorded recollection Expert witness Dead Man's Statute
Hearsay and exceptions
in English law in United States law Confessions Business records Excited utterance Dying declaration Party admission Ancient document Declaration against interest Present sense impression Res gestae Learned treatise Implied assertion
Other common law areas
Contract Tort Property Wills, trusts and estates Criminal law

In law and in religion, testimony is a solemn attestation as to the truth of a matter.

Etymology

The words "testimony" and "testify" both have a roots in the Latin testis, referring to the notion of a third person, disinterested witness.

Law

In the law, testimony is a form of evidence that is obtained from a witness who makes a solemn statement or declaration of fact. Testimony may be oral or written, and it is usually made by oath or affirmation under penalty of perjury. Unless a witness is testifying as an expert witness, testimony in the form of opinions or inferences is generally limited to those opinions or inferences that are rationally based on the perceptions of the witness and are helpful to a clear understanding of the witness' testimony.

When a witness is asked a question, the opposing attorney can raise an objection, which is a legal move to disallow or prevent an improper question to others, preferably before the witness answers, and mentioning one of the standard reasons, including:

• argumentative
• asked and answered
• best evidence rule
• calls for speculation
• calls for a conclusion
• compound question or narrative
• hearsay
• inflammatory
• incompetent witness (e.g., child, mental or physical impairment, intoxicated)
• irrelevant, immaterial (the words "irrelevant" and "immaterial" have the same meaning under the Federal Rules of Evidence. Historically, irrelevant evidence referred to evidence that has no probative value, i.e., does not tend to prove any fact. Immaterial refers to evidence that is probative, but not as to any fact material to the case. See Black's Law Dictionary, 7th Ed.).
• lack of foundation
• leading question
• privilege
• vague
• ultimate issue testimony

There may also be an objection to the answer, including:

• non-responsive

Up until the mid-20th century, in much of the United States, an attorney often had to follow an objection with an exception to preserve the issue for appeal. If an attorney failed to "take an exception" immediately after the court's ruling on the objection, he waived his client's right to appeal the issue. Exceptions have since been abolished, due to the widespread recognition that forcing lawyers to take them was a waste of time.

When a party uses the testimony of a witness to show proof, the opposing party often attempts to impeach the witness. This may be done using cross-examination, calling into question the witness's competence, or by attacking the character or habit of the witness. So, for example, if a witness testifies that he remembers seeing a person at 2:00 pm on a Tuesday and his habit is to be at his desk job on Tuesday, then the opposing party would try to impeach his testimony related to that event.

Religion

Christians in general use the term "testify" or "to give one's testimony" to mean "the story of how one became a Christian". Commonly it may refer to a specific event in a Christian's life in which they believe God has done something deemed particularly worth sharing. Christians often give their testimony at their own baptism or at evangelistic events. In the current age of the Internet, many Christians have also placed their testimonies on the internet.

Types

Many holiness churches devote a portion of their mid-week service to allow members to give a personal testimony about their faith and experiences in living the Christian life.

In the Religious Society of Friends, the word testimony is used to refer to the ways in which Friends testify or bear witness to their beliefs in their everyday lives. In this context, the word testimony refers not to the underlying belief, but the committed action which arises out of their beliefs, which testifies to their beliefs. Common areas which modern Friends are said to testify are testimony towards peace, testimony to simplicity, testimony to truth and integrity, testimony to equality.

In some religions (most notably Mormonism and Islam) many adherents testify as a profession of their faith, often to a congregation of believers. In Mormonism, testifying is also referred to as "bearing [sic] one's testimony," and often involves the sharing of personal experience—ranging from a simple anecdote to an account of personal revelation—followed by a statement of belief that has been confirmed by this experience. Within Mormon culture, the word "testimony" has become synonymous with "belief." Although testimony and belief are often used interchangeably, they are inherently different. Most Mormons believe that when faith is acted upon, individuals can receive a spiritual witness which solidifies belief into testimony. Mormons are taught that if the exercise of faith brings forth good works, they can know their religious principles are true. An individual who no longer believes in the religion is referred to as having "lost their testimony."

Literature

Bataan Death March Testimonies

Some published oral or written autobiographical narratives are considered "testimonial literature" particularly when they present evidence or first person accounts of human rights abuses, violence and war, and living under conditions of social oppression. This usage of the term comes originally from Latin America and the Spanish term "testimonio" when it emerged from human rights tribunals, truth commissions, and other international human rights instruments in countries such as Chile and Argentina. One of the most famous, though controversial, of these works to be translated into English is I, Rigoberta Menchú. The autobiographies of Frederick Douglass can be considered among the earliest significant English-language works in this genre.

Philosophy

In philosophy, a testimony is known as statements that are based on personal experience or personal knowledge. A statement is accepted on the basis of person's testimony if his or her asserting it renders it acceptable. We can also, rationally accept a claim on the basis of another person's testimony unless at least one of the following is found to be true:

1. The claim is implausible;
2. The person or the source in which the claim is quoted lacks credibility;
3. The claim goes beyond what the person could know from his or her own experience and competence.

See also

• Cross-examination
• Daubert standard
• Deposition
• Eyewitness memory
• Direct examination
• Hostile witness
• In limine
• Leading question
• Philosophical problems of testimony
• Redirect examination
• Rashomon effect
• Strike from the record
• Testimony in Jewish law

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 児童虐待：社会的および法医学的問題 child abuse social and medicolegal issues
• 2. 嫌気性感染症における病態生理、臨床的な手がかり、および微生物の回収方法 pathophysiology clinical clues and recovery of organisms in anaerobic infections
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• 5. 医師と患者の関係における患者中心の考え方 a patient centered view of the clinician patient relationship

English Journal

• Fingerprint identification: advances since the 2009 National Research Council report.

• Champod C1.
• Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2015 Aug 5;370(1674). pii: 20140259. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0259.
• This paper will discuss the major developments in the area of fingerprint identification that followed the publication of the National Research Council (NRC, of the US National Academies of Sciences) report in 2009 entitled: Strengthening Forensic Science in the United States: A Path Forward. The re
• PMID 26101284

• Paradigms of forensic science and legal process: a critical diagnosis.

• Roberts P1.
• Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2015 Aug 5;370(1674). pii: 20140256. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0256.
• This article reconsiders the relationship between criminal adjudication and forensic expertise in the light of 'new paradigms' of forensic practice and recent law reform. It briefly summarizes conventional wisdom on the typical shortcomings of forensic science and other expert evidence, as a springb
• PMID 26101282

• Children weigh the number of informants and perceptual uncertainty when identifying objects.

• Bernard S1, Harris P2, Terrier N3, Clément F3.
• Journal of experimental child psychology.J Exp Child Psychol.2015 Aug;136:70-81. doi: 10.1016/j.jecp.2015.03.009. Epub 2015 Apr 11.
• The aim of this study was to evaluate how 3- to 5-year-old children (N=150) identify an object when they are confronted with conflicting evidence, notably when the available perceptual evidence is contradicted by the testimony of either a lone informant or a three-informant consensus. Results showed
• PMID 25872680

• The work of Glenn F. Webb.

• Fitzgibbon WE1.
• Mathematical biosciences and engineering : MBE.Math Biosci Eng.2015 Aug 1;12(4):v-xvi. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2015.12.4v.
• It is my distinct pleasure to introduce this volume honoring the 70th birthday of Professor Glenn F. Webb. The existence of this compiled volume is in itself a testimony of Glenn's dedication to, his pursuit of, and his achievement of scientific excellence. As we honor Glenn, we honor what is excell
• PMID 25974339

Japanese Journal

• 特集 闇に「希望」を見出した時 TESTIMONY 谷間に、ひかり照る

• 舟の右側 23, 12-14, 2015-11
• NAID 40020627650

• 精神鑑定場面での,いつわりの病識 : 詐病 (特集 治療を進める上での病識,病感(2))

• 精神科治療学 30(10), 1309-1314, 2015-10
• NAID 40020647855

• TESTIMONY 個人伝道に召された人生 : 栃木県宇都宮市 新保綾子(しんぽあやこ)さん

• 舟の右側 20, 16-19, 2015-08
• NAID 40020566204

• 介護殺人事件の裁判における社会福祉専門職の関与に関する研究

• 社会福祉学 56(1), 116-127, 2015-05-31
• NAID 110009986713

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「evidence」「proof」「testimonial」

「evidence」

　　[★]

• n.

• 証拠、根拠、証明、(臨床)エビデンス、証明する

関

attest、bases、basis、certification、certify、demonstrate、demonstration、establish、foundation、ground、hallmark、proof、prove、proven、reason、testify、testimonial、testimony、witness

　 　 　 　

「proof」

　　[★]

• n.

• 証拠、証明、校正刷り、ゲラ刷り、ゲラ

関

attest、certification、certify、demonstrate、demonstration、establish、evidence、hallmark、prove、proven、testify、testimonial、testimony、witness

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「testimonial」

　　[★]

• n.

• 証拠

• v.

• 証明になる

関

evidence、proof、testimony、witness