adj.

同調的な、同期的な、同時の

関: coincident、coincidental、coincidentally、concomitant、concomitantly、concurrent、concurrently、coordinate、simultaneous、simultaneously、synchronously

WordNet

(digital communication) pertaining to a transmission technique that requires a common clock signal (a timing reference) between the communicating devices in order to coordinate their transmissions
occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase; "recovery was synchronous with therapy"- Jour.A.M.A.; "a synchronous set of clocks"; "the synchronous action of a birds wings in flight"; "synchronous oscillations" (同)synchronal, synchronic
of equal importance, rank, or degree
a number that identifies a position relative to an axis (同)co-ordinate
be co-ordinated; "These activities coordinate well"
bring into common action, movement, or condition; "coordinate the painters, masons, and plumbers"; "coordinate his actions with that of his colleagues"; "coordinate our efforts"
matching point for point; "coincident circles"
occurring or operating at the same time; "a series of coincident events" (同)coincidental, coinciding, concurrent, co-occurrent, cooccurring, simultaneous
overlapping in duration; "concurrently with the conference an exhibition of things associated with Rutherford was held"; "going to school and holding a job at the same time" (同)at the same time
in synchrony; in a synchronous manner; "in four-chambered hearts, the two auricles move synchronously"
a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds; suitable for transmission of images or voice or video as well as data; "ATM is used for both LAN and WAN" (同)ATM
operations that are initiated predictably by a clock

PrepTutorEJDIC

同時に起こる / 調子を合わせて動く(進行する)
(…と)同時に起こる(発生する)《+『with』+『名』》 / (線などが)同一点に集合する / (意見などが)一致した,同一の
対等の,等位の;(…と)同等の,同位の《+『with』+『名』》 / 同等の人(人物) / (数学の)座標 / 《複数形で》コーディネート(色やデザインを組合せた装い・家具) / 〈各部分〉'を'調和させる / 調和して動く
同時に起こる;(…と)同時に起こる《+『with』+『名』》 / 一致した,符合した;(…と)一致する《+『with』+『名』》
付随する,同時に起こる;(…に)伴う《+『with』(『to』)+『名』》 / (…に)付随する物,(…の)つきもの;《複数形で》(…に)付随する事情《+『of』(『to』)+『名』》
同時の;(…と)同時に起こる《+『with』+『名』》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/24 00:19:15」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Firefighters marching in a parade

Synchronization is the coordination of events to operate a system in unison. The familiar conductor of an orchestra serves to keep the orchestra in time. Systems operating with all their parts in synchrony are said to be synchronous or in sync; those which are not are asynchronous.

Today, synchronization can occur on a global basis through the GPS-enabled timekeeping systems (and similar independent systems operated by the EU and Russia).

Transport

Time-keeping and synchronization of clocks was a critical problem in long-distance ocean navigation; accurate time is required in conjunction with astronomical observations to determine how far East or West a vessel has traveled. The invention of an accurate marine chronometer revolutionized marine navigation. By the end of the 19th century, time signals in the form of a signal gun, flag, or dropping time ball, were provided at important ports so that mariners could check their chronometers for error.

Synchronization was important in the operation of 19th century railways, these being the first major means of transport fast enough for the differences in local time between adjacent towns to be noticeable. Each line handled the problem by synchronizing all its stations to headquarters as a standard railroad time. In some territories, sharing of single railroad tracks was controlled by the timetable.^{[citation needed]} The need for strict timekeeping led the companies to settle on one standard, and civil authorities eventually abandoned local mean solar time in favor of that standard.

Communication

In electrical engineering terms, for digital logic and data transfer, a synchronous circuit requires a clock signal. However, the use of the word "clock" in this sense is different from the typical sense of a clock as a device that keeps track of time-of-day; the clock signal simply signals the start and/or end of some time period, often very minute (measured in microseconds or nanoseconds), that has an arbitrary relationship to sidereal, solar, or lunar time, or to any other system of measurement of the passage of minutes, hours, and days.

In a different sense, electronic systems are sometimes synchronized to make events at points far apart appear simultaneous or near-simultaneous from a certain perspective. (Albert Einstein proved in 1905 in his first relativity paper that there actually are no such things as absolutely simultaneous events.) Timekeeping technologies such as the GPS satellites and Network Time Protocol (NTP) provide real-time access to a close approximation to the UTC timescale and are used for many terrestrial synchronization applications of this kind.

Synchronization is an important concept in the following fields:

Computer science (In computer science, especially parallel computing, synchronization refers to the coordination of simultaneous threads or processes to complete a task with correct runtime order and no unexpected race conditions.)
Cryptography
Multimedia
Music (Rhythm)
Neuroscience
Photography
Physics (The idea of simultaneity has many difficulties, both in practice and theory.)
Synthesizers
Telecommunication

Dynamical systems

Synchronization of multiple interacting dynamical systems can occur when the systems are autonomous oscillators. For instance, integrate-and-fire oscillators with either two-way (symmetric) or one-way coupling can synchronize when the strength of the coupling (in frequency units) is greater than the differences among the free-running natural oscillator frequencies. Poincare phase oscillators are model systems that can interact and partially synchronize within random or regular networks.^[1] In the case of global synchronization of phase oscillators, an abrupt transition from unsynchronized to full synchronization takes place when the coupling strength exceeds a critical threshold. This is known as the Kuramoto model phase transition. Synchronization is an emergent property that occurs in a broad range of dynamical systems, including neural signaling, the beating of the heart and the synchronization of fire-fly light waves.

Human movement

Synchronization of movement is defined as similar movements between two or more people which are temporally aligned.^[2] This is different to mimicry, as these movements occur after a short delay.^[3] Muscular bonding is the idea that moving in time evokes particular emotions.^[4] This sparked some of the first research into movement synchronization and its effects on human emotion.

In groups, synchronization of movement has been shown to increase conformity,^[5] cooperation and trust ^[6] however more research on group synchronization is needed to determine its effects on the group as a whole and on individuals within a group. In dyads, groups of two people, synchronization has been demonstrated to increase affiliation,^[7] self-esteem,^[8] compassion and altruistic behaviour ^[9] and increase rapport.^[10] During arguments, synchrony between the arguing pair has been noted to decrease, however it is not clear whether this is due to the change in emotion or other factors.^[11] There is evidence to show that movement synchronization requires other people to cause its beneficial effects, as the effect on affiliation does not occur when one of the dyad is synchronizing their movements to something outside of the dyad.^[7] This is known as interpersonal synchrony.

There has been dispute regarding the true effect of synchrony in these studies. Research in this area detailing the positive effects of synchrony, have attributed this to synchrony alone; however, many of the experiments incorporate a shared intention to achieve synchrony. Indeed, the Reinforcement of Cooperation Model suggests that perception of synchrony leads to reinforcement that cooperation is occurring, which leads to the pro-social effects of synchrony.^[12] More research is required to separate the effect of intentionality from the beneficial effect of synchrony.^[13]

Uses

Film synchronization of image and sound in sound film.
Synchronization is important in fields such as digital telephony, video and digital audio where streams of sampled data are manipulated.
In electric power systems, alternator synchronization is required when multiple generators are connected to an electrical grid.
Arbiters are needed in digital electronic systems such as microprocessors to deal with asynchronous inputs. There are also electronic digital circuits called synchronizers that attempt to perform arbitration in one clock cycle. Synchronizers, unlike arbiters, are prone to failure. (See metastability in electronics).
Encryption systems usually require some synchronization mechanism to ensure that the receiving cipher is decoding the right bits at the right time.
Automotive transmissions contain synchronizers that bring the toothed rotating parts (gears and splined shaft) to the same rotational velocity before engaging the teeth.
Film, video, and audio applications use time code to synchronize audio and video.
Flash photography, see Flash synchronization

Some systems may be only approximately synchronized, or plesiochronous. Some applications require that relative offsets between events be determined. For others, only the order of the event is important.

References

^ Nolte, David (2015). Introduction to Modern Dynamics: Chaos, Networks, Space and Time. Oxford University Press.
^ Condon, W. S.; Ogston, W. D. (1966-10-01). "Sound film analysis of normal and pathological behavior patterns". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 143 (4): 338–347. doi:10.1097/00005053-196610000-00005. ISSN 0022-3018. PMID 5958766.
^ Richardson, Michael J.; Marsh, Kerry L.; Schmidt, R. C. (2005-02-01). "Effects of visual and verbal interaction on unintentional interpersonal coordination". Journal of Experimental Psychology. Human Perception and Performance. 31 (1): 62–79. doi:10.1037/0096-1523.31.1.62. ISSN 0096-1523. PMID 15709863.
^ McNeill, William Hardy (1997-09-30). Keeping Together in Time. hdl:2027/heb.04002.0001.001. ISBN 978-0-674-50230-7.
^ Dong, Ping; Dai, Xianchi; Wyer, Robert S. (2015-01-01). "Actors conform, observers react: the effects of behavioral synchrony on conformity". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 108 (1): 60–75. doi:10.1037/pspi0000001. ISSN 1939-1315. PMID 25437130.
^ "Synchrony and Cooperation – PubMed – Search Results". Retrieved 2017-02-02.
^ ^a ^b Hove, Michael J.; Risen, Jane L. (2009). "It's All in the Timing: Interpersonal Synchrony Increases Affiliation". Social Cognition. 27 (6): 949. doi:10.1521/soco.2009.27.6.949.
^ Lumsden, Joanne; Miles, Lynden K.; Macrae, C. Neil (2014-01-01). "Sync or sink? Interpersonal synchrony impacts self-esteem". Frontiers in Psychology. 5: 1064. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01064. PMC 4168669. PMID 25285090.
^ Valdesolo, Piercarlo; Desteno, David (2011-04-01). "Synchrony and the social tuning of compassion". Emotion (Washington, D.C.). 11 (2): 262–266. doi:10.1037/a0021302. ISSN 1931-1516. PMID 21500895.
^ Vacharkulksemsuk, Tanya; Fredrickson, Barbara L. (2012-01-01). "Strangers in sync: Achieving embodied rapport through shared movements". Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 48 (1): 399–402. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2011.07.015. ISSN 0022-1031. PMC 3290409. PMID 22389521.
^ Paxton, Alexandra; Dale, Rick (2013-01-01). "Argument disrupts interpersonal synchrony". Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology (2006). 66 (11): 2092–2102. doi:10.1080/17470218.2013.853089. ISSN 1747-0226. PMID 24303888.
^ Reddish, Paul; Fischer, Ronald; Bulbulia, Joseph (2013-01-01). "Let's dance together: synchrony, shared intentionality and cooperation". PloS One. 8 (8): e71182. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071182. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3737148. PMID 23951106.
^ Ellamil, Melissa; Berson, Josh; Margulies, Daniel S. (2016-01-01). "Influences on and Measures of Unintentional Group Synchrony". Frontiers in Psychology. 7: 1744. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01744. PMC 5101201. PMID 27881968.

External links

J. Domański "Mathematical synchronization of image and sound in an animated film"

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Investigation on the interaction of pyrene with bovine serum albumin using spectroscopic methods.

Xu C1, Gu J2, Ma X1, Dong T1, Meng X3.Author information 1School of Environmental Science, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China.2College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Food Safety, Bohai University, Jinzhou 121013, China.3School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China. Electronic address: rubymxl@163.com.AbstractThis paper was designed to investigate the interaction of pyrene with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological condition by spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopic analysis of the emission quenching revealed that the quenching mechanism of BSA by pyrene was static. The binding sites and constants of pyrene-BSA complex were observed to be 1.20 and 2.63×10(6)Lmol(-1) at 298K, respectively. The enthalpy change (ΔH) and entropy change (ΔS) revealed that van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonds stabilized the pyrene-BSA complex. Energy transfer from tryptophan to pyrene occurred by a FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) mechanism, and the distance (r=2.72nm) had been determined. The results of synchronous, three-dimensional fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectra showed that the pyrene induced conformational changes of BSA.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 May 5;125:391-5. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.132. Epub 2014 Feb 8.
This paper was designed to investigate the interaction of pyrene with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological condition by spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopic analysis of the emission quenching revealed that the quenching mechanism of BSA by pyrene was static. The binding sites and constants
PMID 24566118

Comparison and investigation of bovine hemoglobin binding to dihydroartemisinin and 9-hydroxy-dihydroartemisinin: Spectroscopic characterization.

Xiao M1, Han L1, Zhou L1, Zhou Y2, Huang X2, Ge X1, Wei S1, Zhou J3, Wu H4, Shen J1.Author information 1Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Analysis and Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.2Department of Physical Science and Technology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.3Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Biomedical Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Analysis and Testing Center, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Analysis and Testing Center, Key Laboratory of Applied Photochemistry, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China. Electronic address: zhoujiahong@njnu.edu.cn.4Institute of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Nanjing Medical University, No. 136, Hanzhong Avenue, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: whmz2002@yahoo.cn.AbstractThe UV-vis absorption, steady state/time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy are used to investigate the interaction mechanisms of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and 9-hydroxy-dihydroartemisinin (9-OH DHA), respectively. The UV-vis studies present that DHA and 9-OH DHA can disturb the structure of bovine hemoglobin (BHb). Steady state/time resolved and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy reveal that the binding constant of DHA with BHb is bigger than 9-OH DHA. CD spectra indicate DHA and 9-OH DHA can change the conformation of BHb. The comparison results suggest that the binding of BHb with DHA is more stable and stronger than 9-OH DHA.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 May 5;125:120-5. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.096. Epub 2014 Jan 30.
The UV-vis absorption, steady state/time resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and synchronous fluorescence, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy are used to investigate the interaction mechanisms of dihydroartemisinin (DHA) and 9-hydroxy-dihydroartemisinin (9-OH DHA), respectively. The UV-vis studies
PMID 24531541

Dipole-dipole interactions in solution mixtures probed by two-dimensional synchronous spectroscopy based on orthogonal sample design scheme.

Li HZ1, Tao DL2, Qi J3, Wu JG3, Xu YZ4, Noda I5.Author information 1School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.2College of Chemistry and Chemical Industry, Fuyang Normal College, Fuyang 236041, China.3College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.4College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China. Electronic address: xyz@pku.edu.cn.5The Procter & Gamble Company, West Chester, OH 45069, USA.AbstractTwo-dimensional (2D) synchronous spectroscopy together with a new approach called "Orthogonal Sample Design Scheme" was used to study the dipole-dipole interactions in two representative ternary chemical systems (N,N-dimethyllformamide (DMF)/CH3COOC2H5/CCl4 and C60/CH3COOC2H5/CCl4). For the first system, dipole-dipole interactions among carbonyl groups from DMF and CH3COOC2H5 are characterized by using the cross peak in 2D Fourier Transform Infrared Radiation (FT-IR) spectroscopy. For the second system, intermolecular interaction among π-π transition from C60 and vibration transition from the carbonyl band of ethyl acetate is probed by using 2D spectra. The experimental results demonstrate that "Orthogonal Sample Design Scheme" can effectively remove interfering part that is not relevant to intermolecular interaction. Additional procedures are carried out to preclude the possibilities of producing interfering cross peaks by other reasons, such as experimental errors. Dipole-dipole interactions that manifest in the form of deviation from the Beer-Lambert law generate distinct cross peaks visualized in the resultant 2D synchronous spectra of the two chemical systems. This work demonstrates that 2D synchronous spectra coupled with orthogonal sample design scheme provide us an applicable experimental approach to probing and characterizing dipole-dipole interactions in complex molecular systems.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Apr 24;124:697-702. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2013.12.110. Epub 2014 Feb 15.
Two-dimensional (2D) synchronous spectroscopy together with a new approach called "Orthogonal Sample Design Scheme" was used to study the dipole-dipole interactions in two representative ternary chemical systems (N,N-dimethyllformamide (DMF)/CH3COOC2H5/CCl4 and C60/CH3COOC2H5/CCl4). For the first sy
PMID 24582337

Binding and conformational changes of human serum albumin upon interaction with 4-aminoantipyrine studied by spectroscopic methods and cyclic voltammetry.

Gowda JI1, Nandibewoor ST2.Author information 1P.G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India.2P.G. Department of Studies in Chemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad 580 003, India. Electronic address: stnandibewoor@yahoo.com.AbstractThe interactions of 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) with human serum albumin (HSA) have been studied by UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The binding of 4-aminoantipyrine quenches the HSA fluorescence, revealing a 1:1 interaction with a binding constant of about 10(5)M(-1). The experimental results showed that AAP effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA via dynamic type of quenching. In addition, according to the synchronous fluorescence spectra of HSA in presence of 4-aminoantipyrine, the tryptophan residue of the proteins are most perturbed by the binding process. The number of binding sites, the binding constant, site probe study, some common metal ions effect and the thermodynamic parameters were calculated.
Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy.Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc.2014 Apr 24;124:397-403. doi: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.01.028. Epub 2014 Jan 21.
The interactions of 4-aminoantipyrine (AAP) with human serum albumin (HSA) have been studied by UV-visible spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The binding of 4-aminoantipyrine quenches the HSA fluorescence, revealing a 1:1 interaction with a binding constant of about 10(5
PMID 24508878

Japanese Journal

症例薄壁空洞を呈した病変を含む三重多発肺腺癌の1例

胸部外科 = The Japanese journal of thoracic surgery 70(3), 227-230, 2017-03
NAID 40021118628

AN OPTIMAL PRODUCTION CAPACITY CONTROL INCLUDING OUTSIDE SUPPLIERS

International journal of innovative computing, information & control : IJICIC 13(1), 167-182, 2017-02
NAID 120005952837

All-digital duty-cycle corrector with synchronous and high accuracy output for double date rate synchronous dynamic random-access memory application

Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 56(4S), 04CF02, 2017-01-30
NAID 150000113636

教室内温熱・空気環境のマルチポイント同期計測システムの開発 (教育工学)

電子情報通信学会技術研究報告 = IEICE technical report : 信学技報 116(438), 69-73, 2017-01-28
NAID 40021102224

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「concomitant」「同時」「simultaneous」「concurrently」「coincidental」
拡張検索	「asynchronous」「synchronous culture」「synchronous neoplasm」「periodic synchronous discharge」