WordNet

grow in a special preparation; "the biologist grows microorganisms"
(biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar); "the culture of cells in a Petri dish"
the raising of plants or animals; "the culture of oysters"
a particular society at a particular time and place; "early Mayan civilization" (同)civilization, civilisation
the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization; "the developing drug culture"; "the reason that the agency is doomed to inaction has something to do with the FBI culture"
the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group
happen at the same time (同)synchronise, contemporize, contemporise
make synchronous and adjust in time or manner; "Lets synchronize our efforts" (同)synchronise, sync
cause to indicate the same time or rate; "synchronize your watches" (同)synchronise
make (motion picture sound) exactly simultaneous with the action; "synchronize this film" (同)synchronise
operate simultaneously; "The clocks synchronize" (同)synchronise
arrange or represent events so that they co-occur; "synchronize biblical events" (同)synchronise, contemporize, contemporise
operating in unison; "the synchronized flapping of a birds wings" (同)synchronised

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『教養』;修養;教化 / 〈C〉〈U〉『文化』(主として精神面をさし,生活・習慣・物の考え方などを含む)Greek cultureギリシア文化 / 〈U〉(…の)『耕作』;『栽培』,養殖,培養《+『of』+『名』》
教養のある,洗練された,上品な / 栽培(養殖)された

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/05/07 14:49:24」(JST)

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A synchronous or synchronized culture is a microbiological culture or a cell culture that contains cells that are all in the same growth stage.

Since numerous factors influence the cell cycle, some of them stochastic (random), normal, non-synchronous cultures have cells in all stages of the cell cycle. Obtaining a culture with a unified cell-cycle stage is very useful for biological research. Since cells are too small for certain research techniques, a synchronous culture can be treated as a single cell; the number of cells in the culture can be easily estimated, and quantitative experimental results can simply be divided in the number of cells to obtain values that apply to a single cell. Synchronous cultures have been extensively used to address questions regarding cell cycle and growth, and the effects of various factors on these.

Synchronous cultures can be obtained in several ways:

External conditions can be changed, so as to arrest growth of all cells in the culture, and then changed again to resume growth. The newly growing cells are now all starting to grow at the same stage, and they are synchronized. For example, for photosynthetic cells light can be eliminated for several hours and then re-introduced. Another method is to eliminate an essential nutrient from the growth medium and later to re-introduce it.
Cell growth can also be arrested using chemical growth inhibitors. After growth has completely stopped for all cells, the inhibitor can be easily removed from the culture and the cells then begin to grow synchronously. Nocodazole, for example, is often used in biological research for this purpose.
Cells in different growth stages have different physical properties. Cells in a culture can thus be physically separated based on their density or size, for instance. This can be achieved using centrifugation (for density) or filtration (for size).
In the Helmstetter-Cummings technique, a bacterial culture is filtered through a membrane. Most bacteria pass through, but some remain bound to the membrane. Fresh medium is then applied to the membrane and the bound bacteria start to grow. Newborn bacteria that detach from the membrane are now all at the same stage of growth; they are collected in a flask that now harbors a synchronous culture.

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1. 培養陰性感染性心内膜炎の疫学、微生物学、および診断 epidemiology microbiology and diagnosis of culture negative endocarditis
2. コクシジオイデス症の臨床検査診断 laboratory diagnosis of coccidioidomycosis
3. 感染性心内膜炎の臨床症状および診断 clinical manifestations and diagnosis of infective endocarditis
4. Q熱による心内膜炎 q fever endocarditis
5. ブルセラ症の臨床症状、診断、および治療 clinical manifestations diagnosis and treatment of brucellosis

English Journal

Changes in the micro- and nanostructure of siliceous valves in the diatom Synedra acus under the effect of colchicine treatment at different stages of the cell cycle.

Kharitonenko KV1, Bedoshvili YD2, Likhoshway YV2.
Journal of structural biology.J Struct Biol.2015 Apr;190(1):73-80. doi: 10.1016/j.jsb.2014.12.004. Epub 2015 Jan 22.
The important role of the cytoskeleton in the morphogenesis of siliceous frustule components, which are synthesized within the diatom cells, has been revealed due to experiments with microtubule inhibitors. It has been shown that colchicine entering the diatom cell inhibits polymerization of tubulin
PMID 25620323

Spatiotemporal memory is an intrinsic property of networks of dissociated cortical neurons.

Ju H1, Dranias MR1, Banumurthy G1, VanDongen AM2.
The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.J Neurosci.2015 Mar 4;35(9):4040-51. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3793-14.2015.
The ability to process complex spatiotemporal information is a fundamental process underlying the behavior of all higher organisms. However, how the brain processes information in the temporal domain remains incompletely understood. We have explored the spatiotemporal information-processing capabili
PMID 25740531

Cell cycle synchronization reveals greater G2/M-phase accumulation of lung epithelial cells exposed to titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Medina-Reyes EI1, Bucio-López L, Freyre-Fonseca V, Sánchez-Pérez Y, García-Cuéllar CM, Morales-Bárcenas R, Pedraza-Chaverri J, Chirino YI.
Environmental science and pollution research international.Environ Sci Pollut Res Int.2015 Mar;22(5):3976-82. doi: 10.1007/s11356-014-3871-y. Epub 2014 Nov 26.
Titanium dioxide has been classified in the 2B group as a possible human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and amid concerns of its exposure, cell cycle alterations are an important one. However, several studies show inconclusive effects, mainly because it is difficult t
PMID 25422119

Japanese Journal

Measurement of saturation processes in glutamatergic and GABAergic synapse densities during long-term development of cultured rat cortical networks

Ito Daisuke,Komatsu Takumi,Gohara Kazutoshi
Brain research 1534, 22-32, 2013-10-09
… For this purpose, we performed a long-term culture of rat cortical cells for 35 days in vitro (DIV). … During this culture period, we labeled glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses separately using antibodies against vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGluT1) and vesicular transporter of gamma-aminobutyric acid (VGAT). …
NAID 120005367403

軟磁性材料を用いた培養神経回路網への局所誘導電流刺激

斎藤淳史,斎藤亜希,森口裕之 [他],小谷潔,神保泰彦
電気学会論文誌. C, 電子・情報・システム部門誌 = The transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. C, A publication of Electronics, Information and Systems Society 132(4), 509-515, 2012-04-01
… To establish precisely focused magnetic stimulation, we developed a Mu-meal based low-frequency localized induced current (LIC) stimulation system with micro-fabricated dual cell-culture chamber. … The dual cell-culture chamber was arranged in a concentric circle manner. …
NAID 10030529973

Clitocybin A, a Novel Isoindolinone, From the Mushroom Clitocybe aurantiaca, Inhibits Cell Proliferation Through G1 Phase Arrest by Regulating the PI3K/Akt Cascade in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells

Yoo Kyu-Dong,Park Eun-Seok,Lim Yong [他],KANG Shin-Il,YOO Su-Hyang,WON Ha-Hee,KIM Young-Hee,YOO Ick-Dong,YOO Hwan-Soo,HONG Jin Tae,YUN Yeo-Pyo
Journal of pharmacological sciences 118(2), 171-177, 2012-02-20
… Clitocybin A, a novel isoindolinone, isolated from the culture broth of mushroom <I>Clitocybe aurantiaca</I> … In accordance with these findings, clitocybin A blocked the PDGF-BB–inducible progression through G0/G1 to S phase of the cell cycle in synchronized cells and decreased the expression of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 2, CDK4, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and proliferative cell nuclear antigen. …
NAID 10030454723