WordNet

not synchronous; not occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase
(digital communication) pertaining to a transmission technique that does not require a common clock between the communicating devices; timing signals are derived from special characters in the data stream itself
a means of digital communications that is capable of very high speeds; suitable for transmission of images or voice or video as well as data; "ATM is used for both LAN and WAN" (同)ATM
operations that occur without a regular or predictable time relation to other events

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/12/08 15:26:32」(JST)

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Asynchrony, in the general meaning, is the state of not being synchronized.

Asynchronous learning, a student-centered teaching method that uses online learning resources to facilitate information sharing outside the constraints of time and place among a network of people
Collaborative editing systems

In specific terms of digital logic and physical layer of communication, an asynchronous process does not require a clock signal, in contrast with synchronous and plesiochronous systems.

Asynchronous circuit, is a sequential digital logic circuit which is not governed by a clock circuit or global clock signal
Asynchronous system, has no global clock: instead, it operates under distributed control, with concurrent hardware components communicating and synchronizing on channels
Asynchronous communication, transmission of data without the use of an external clock signal, where data can be transmitted intermittently rather than in a steady stream
Asynchronous serial communication, describes an asynchronous, serial transmission protocol in which a start signal is sent prior to each byte, character or code word and a stop signal is sent after each code word
- Asynchronous serial interfaces
Asynchronous cellular automaton, able to update individual cells independently, in such a way that the new state of a cell affects the calculation of states in neighbouring cells

At the higher data link layer of communication, asynchrony is synonym of statistical multiplexing. The information transmission may or may not start immediately as requested by sender, the additional delay being caused by medium congestion. Contrast with example of circuit switched communication, which (once circuit is established) allows immediate start of transfer with a guaranteed bit rate. Confusingly, a communication is often synchronous at the physical layer, while being asynchronous at the data link layer.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode, according to the ATM Forum, "a telecommunications concept defined by ANSI and ITU (formerly CCITT) standards for carriage of a complete range of user traffic, including voice, data, and video signals," and is designed to unify telecommunication and computer networks
Packet switched systems such as Ethernet or IP

In computer programming, asynchronous events are those occurring independently of the main program flow. Asynchronous actions are actions executed in a non-blocking scheme, allowing the main program flow to continue processing.^[1]

Asynchronous function calls: see futures and promises.
Asynchronous I/O, in computer science, is a form of input/output processing that permits other processing to continue before the transmission has finished
Asynchronous application programming interfaces (APIs)
Asynchronous method dispatch (AMD), a data communication method used when there is a need for the server side to handle a large number of long lasting client requests
Ajax (programming), asynchronous JavaScript and XML

In electric motors, an asynchronous motor is a variant where the electromagnetic field turns with a different (higher) speed than the rotor; the difference is called slip.

References

^ Microsoft documentation describing asynchronous message processing. Accessed on 09-09-2007.

External links

UpToDate Contents

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1. 非同期性興奮と早期興奮の一般原則 general principles of asynchronous activation and preexcitation
2. 左脚中隔枝ブロック left median middle or septal fascicular block
3. 心臓ペーシングのモード：名称および選択 modes of cardiac pacing nomenclature and selection
4. 左脚後枝ブロック left posterior fascicular block
5. 早期興奮症候群における副伝導路の解剖学、病態生理、および局在 anatomy pathophysiology and localization of accessory pathways in the preexcitation syndrome

English Journal

Laser microdissection-based gene expression analysis in the aleurone layer and starchy endosperm of developing rice caryopses in the early storage phase.

Ishimaru T1, Ida M, Hirose S, Shimamura S, Masumura T, Nishizawa NK, Nakazono M, Kondo M.
Rice (New York, N.Y.).Rice (N Y).2015 Dec;8(1):57. doi: 10.1186/s12284-015-0057-2. Epub 2015 Jul 16.
BACKGROUND: Rice endosperm is composed of aleurone cells in the outermost layers and starchy endosperm cells in the inner part. The aleurone layer accumulates lipids, whereas starchy endosperm mainly accumulates starch. During the ripening stage, the starch accumulation rate is known to be asynchron
PMID 26202548

Peripersonal space as the space of the bodily self.

Noel JP1, Pfeiffer C2, Blanke O3, Serino A4.
Cognition.Cognition.2015 Nov;144:49-57. doi: 10.1016/j.cognition.2015.07.012. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
Bodily self-consciousness (BSC) refers to experience of one's self as located within an owned body (self-identification) and as occupying a specific location in space (self-location). BSC can be altered through multisensory stimulation, as in the Full Body Illusion (FBI). If participants view a virt
PMID 26231086

Feeling the burn: When it looks like it hurts, and belongs to me, it really does hurt more.

Giummarra MJ1, Georgiou-Karistianis N2, Verdejo-Garcia A2, Gibson SJ3.
Consciousness and cognition.Conscious Cogn.2015 Nov;36:314-26. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2015.07.010. Epub 2015 Jul 29.
We examined changes in pain sensitivity in the rubber hand illusion (RHI). Experiment 1 investigated changes in pain tolerance immediately after a "healthy" and "wounded" RHI when immersing the hand in a cold pressor ice bath. There was 19% increased pain tolerance and increased perception detection
PMID 26232354

Hatching behavior of eastern long-necked turtles (Chelodina longicollis): The influence of asynchronous environments on embryonic heart rate and phenotype.

McGlashan JK1, Loudon FK2, Thompson MB3, Spencer RJ2.
Comparative biochemistry and physiology. Part A, Molecular & integrative physiology.Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol.2015 Oct;188:58-64. doi: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.018. Epub 2015 Jun 26.
Variable temperatures within a nest cause asynchronous development within clutches of freshwater turtle embryos, yet synchronous hatching occurs and is thought to be an important survival strategy for hatchlings. Metabolic compensation and circadian rhythms in heart rates of embryonic turtles indica
PMID 26119599

Japanese Journal

柔軟な協調学習環境を実現する学習管理システム用モジュールの開発と実践

石井嘉明,久保田真一郎,北村士朗,喜多敏博,中野裕司
情報処理学会論文誌 55(1), 105-114, 2014-01-15
学習環境や学習形態に柔軟に対応する協調学習環境の実現を目指して,優れた共同編集機能を持つGoogle Driveを学習管理システム(以下,LMS)と連携させるモジュールを開発した.学習者の学習環境や形態がその時々で変化する中で,学習者間のインタラクションをより多く発生させるためには,同期・非同期の両面を持ち合わせ,学習者同士が相互依存関係を構築しやすいように,学習者によってコミュニケーションメディ …
NAID 110009658387

A Method of Parallelizing Consensuses for Accelerating Byzantine Fault Tolerance

NAKAMURA Junya,ARARAGI Tadashi,MASUZAWA Toshimitsu,MASUYAMA Shigeru
IEICE Transactions on Information and Systems E97.D(1), 53-64, 2014
… We propose a new method that accelerates asynchronous Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) protocols designed on the principle of state machine replication. …
NAID 130003385484

動的組込みシステムの仕様記述言語の開発

山根智,酒井誠
情報処理学会研究報告. AL, アルゴリズム研究会報告 2013-AL-145(4), 1-6, 2013-10-30
組込みシステムは外部からの信号を入力して,多数のタスクが通信しながら並行動作して,計算を進める.組込みシステムの主要な特徴としては,多数のタスクの並行動作,タスク間の同期及び非同期の通信,リアクティブ性,リアルタイムハイブリッド性などがある.最近では,組込みシステムの新しいアプリケーションとして,モバイルコンピューティングや動的再構成可能組込みシステムがあり,これらは構成要素が動的に生成消滅してシ …
NAID 110009614884