WordNet

grow in a special preparation; "the biologist grows microorganisms"
(biology) the growing of microorganisms in a nutrient medium (such as gelatin or agar); "the culture of cells in a Petri dish"
the raising of plants or animals; "the culture of oysters"
a particular society at a particular time and place; "early Mayan civilization" (同)civilization, civilisation
the attitudes and behavior that are characteristic of a particular social group or organization; "the developing drug culture"; "the reason that the agency is doomed to inaction has something to do with the FBI culture"
the tastes in art and manners that are favored by a social group
(digital communication) pertaining to a transmission technique that requires a common clock signal (a timing reference) between the communicating devices in order to coordinate their transmissions
occurring or existing at the same time or having the same period or phase; "recovery was synchronous with therapy"- Jour.A.M.A.; "a synchronous set of clocks"; "the synchronous action of a birds wings in flight"; "synchronous oscillations" (同)synchronal, synchronic

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『教養』;修養;教化 / 〈C〉〈U〉『文化』(主として精神面をさし,生活・習慣・物の考え方などを含む)Greek cultureギリシア文化 / 〈U〉(…の)『耕作』;『栽培』,養殖,培養《+『of』+『名』》
同時に起こる / 調子を合わせて動く(進行する)
教養のある,洗練された,上品な / 栽培(養殖)された

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/03/13 23:47:09」(JST)

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A synchronous or synchronized culture is a microbiological culture or a cell culture that contains cells that are all in the same growth stage.

Since numerous factors influence the cell cycle, some of them stochastic (random), normal, non-synchronous cultures have cells in all stages of the cell cycle. Obtaining a culture with a unified cell-cycle stage is very useful for biological research. Since cells are too small for certain research techniques, a synchronous culture can be treated as a single cell; the number of cells in the culture can be easily estimated, and quantitative experimental results can simply be divided in the number of cells to obtain values that apply to a single cell. Synchronous cultures have been extensively used to address questions regarding cell cycle and growth, and the effects of various factors on these.

Synchronous cultures can be obtained in several ways:

External conditions can be changed, so as to arrest growth of all cells in the culture, and then changed again to resume growth. The newly growing cells are now all starting to grow at the same stage, and they are synchronized. For example, for photosynthetic cells light can be eliminated for several hours and then re-introduced. Another method is to eliminate an essential nutrient from the growth medium and later to re-introduce it.
Cell growth can also be arrested using chemical growth inhibitors. After growth has completely stopped for all cells, the inhibitor can be easily removed from the culture and the cells then begin to grow synchronously. Nocodazole, for example, is often used in biological research for this purpose.
Cells in different growth stages have different physical properties. Cells in a culture can thus be physically separated based on their density or size, for instance. This can be achieved using centrifugation (for density) or filtration (for size).
In the Helmstetter-Cummings technique, a bacterial culture is filtered through a membrane. Most bacteria pass through, but some remain bound to the membrane. Fresh medium is then applied to the membrane and the bound bacteria start to grow. Newborn bacteria that detach from the membrane are now all at the same stage of growth; they are collected in a flask that now harbors a synchronous culture.

§External links

Synchronous culture

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English Journal

Synchronized mammalian cell culture: Part I-A physical strategy for synchronized cultivation under physiological conditions.

Barradas OP1, Jandt U, Becker M, Bahnemann J, Pörtner R, Zeng AP.
Biotechnology progress.Biotechnol Prog.2014 Jul 13. doi: 10.1002/btpr.1944. [Epub ahead of print]
Conventional analysis and optimization procedures of mammalian cell culture processes mostly treat the culture as a homogeneous population. Hence, the focus is on cell physiology and metabolism, cell line development, and process control strategy. Impact on cultivations caused by potential variation
PMID 25044769

Mimicking isovolumic contraction with combined electromechanical stimulation improves the development of engineered cardiac constructs.

Morgan KY1, Black LD 3rd.
Tissue engineering. Part A.Tissue Eng Part A.2014 Jun;20(11-12):1654-67. doi: 10.1089/ten.TEA.2013.0355. Epub 2014 Apr 7.
Electrical and mechanical stimulation have both been used extensively to improve the function of cardiac engineered tissue as each of these stimuli is present in the physical environment during normal development in vivo. However, to date, there has been no direct comparison between electrical and m
PMID 24410342

Exploration on Mechanism of a New Type of Melatonin Receptor Agonist Neu-p11 in Hypoxia-Reoxygenation Injury of Myocardial Cells.

Yu J1, Wei J, Ji L, Hong X.
Cell biochemistry and biophysics.Cell Biochem Biophys.2014 May 20. [Epub ahead of print]
To explore the mechanism of a new type of melatonin receptor agonist Neu-p11 in hypoxia-reoxygenation injury of myocardial cells. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) model of H9c2 myocardial cells was established, and the cells were divided into control group, H/R group, and Neu-p11 group. Apoptosis rates o
PMID 24840226

Japanese Journal

ビジネスゲームPrice Gameの開発と検証

立野貴之,横田一正,秋元圭
情報文化学会誌 19(2), 26-34, 2012-12-15
本稿ではTCP/IP通信を利用し,LAN内に設置されている複数台のPCから同時に参加することができるビジネスゲームPrice Gameについて報告する。Price Gameビジネスゲームの大きな特徴は,専用サーバ機を必要とせず,効果的にクライアント同士の通信を行う仕組みを利用し,手軽に導入することができる。運用面に関しても,各教員がそれぞれ提示しやすい販売アイテムを選び,サーバプログラムなどの専門 …
NAID 110009833459

Chloroplast Division and Differentially Regulated Expression of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in the Synchronous Culture of Nannochloris bacillaris (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae)

SUMIYA Nobuko,YAMAZAKI Tomokazu,OWARI Satomi,YAMAMOTO Maki,WATANABE Koichi,KAWANO Shigeyuki
Cytologia : international journal of cytology 77(1), 59-66, 2012-03-25
NAID 10030120049

Chloroplast Division and Differentially Regulated Expression of FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 in the Synchronous Culture of Nannochloris bacillaris (Chlorophyta, Trebouxiophyceae)

Sumiya Nobuko,Yamazaki Tomokazu,Owari Satomi,Yamamoto Maki,Watanabe Koichi,Kawano Shigeyuki
CYTOLOGIA 77(1), 59-66, 2012
In plants, the prokaryote-derived chloroplast division protein FtsZ is divided into the FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 families. To clarify the relationship between FtsZ1 and FtsZ2 expression and chloroplast divisio …
NAID 130004448166