WordNet

be a contributing factor; "make things factor into a companys profitability"
any of the numbers (or symbols) that form a product when multiplied together
an independent variable in statistics
anything that contributes causally to a result; "a number of factors determined the outcome"
consider as relevant when making a decision; "You must factor in the recent developments" (同)factor in, factor out
resolve into factors; "a quantum computer can factor the number 15" (同)factor in, factor out
small room in which a monk or nun lives (同)cubicle
a device that delivers an electric current as the result of a chemical reaction (同)electric cell
a room where a prisoner is kept (同)jail cell, prison cell
(biology) the basic structural and functional unit of all organisms; they may exist as independent units of life (as in monads) or may form colonies or tissues as in higher plants and animals
any small compartment; "the cells of a honeycomb"
a small unit serving as part of or as the nucleus of a larger political movement (同)cadre
an event known to have happened or something known to have existed; "your fears have no basis in fact"; "how much of the story is fact and how much fiction is hard to tell"
a concept whose truth can be proved; "scientific hypotheses are not facts"
a piece of information about circumstances that exist or events that have occurred; "first you must collect all the facts of the case"
a statement or assertion of verified information about something that is the case or has happened; "he supported his argument with an impressive array of facts"
obtain; "derive pleasure from ones garden" (同)gain
develop or evolve from a latent or potential state (同)educe
come from; "The present name derives from an older form"
come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example; "She was descended from an old Italian noble family"; "he comes from humble origins" (同)come, descend
a mass of fungal tissue that has spore-bearing structures embedded in it or on it
the dense colorless framework of a chloroplast
the supporting tissue of an organ (as opposed to parenchyma)

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…の)『要因』,(…を生み出す)要素《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 囲数,約数 / 代理人,《おもに英》仲買人 / =factorize
(刑務所の)『独房』;(修道院の)小さい独居室 / (ミツバチの)みつ房,巣穴 / 小さい部屋 / 『細胞』 / 電池 / 花粉室 / (共産党などの)細胞
〈C〉『事実』,実際にある(あった)事 / 〈U〉真相,真実(truth) / 《the~》(法律用語で)犯行
《『derive』+『名』+『from』+『名』(do『ing』)》(…から)…‘を'『引き出す』,得る,求める / 《『derive from』+『名』(do『ing』)》《文》(…から)派生する,(…に)由来する

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/09/26 15:07:37」(JST)

wiki en

SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1) is small cytokine belonging to the chemokine family that is officially designated Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (CXCL12).

Stromal cell-derived factors 1-alpha and 1-beta are small cytokines that belong to the intercrine family, members of which activate leukocytes and are often induced by proinflammatory stimuli such as lipopolysaccharide, TNF, or IL1. The intercrines are characterized by the presence of 4 conserved cysteines that form 2 disulfide bonds. They can be classified into 2 subfamilies. In the CC subfamily, which includes beta chemokine, the cysteine residues are adjacent to each other. In the CXC subfamily, which includes alpha chemokine, they are separated by an intervening amino acid. The SDF1 proteins belong to the latter group.^[1]

Structure

SDF-1 is produced in two forms, SDF-1α/CXCL12a and SDF-1β/CXCL12b, by alternate splicing of the same gene.^[2] Chemokines are characterized by the presence of four conserved cysteines, which form two disulfide bonds. The CXCL12 proteins belong to the group of CXC chemokines, whose initial pair of cysteines are separated by one intervening amino acid.

Function

Chemotaxis

CXCL12 is strongly chemotactic for lymphocytes.^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6] During embryogenesis it directs the migration of hematopoietic cells from foetal liver to bone marrow and the formation of large blood vessels. Mice that were knocked-out for CXCL12 gene were lethal before the birth or within just 1 hour of life.

In adulthood, CXCL12 plays an important role in angiogenesis by recruiting endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) from the bone marrow through a CXCR4 dependent mechanism.^[7] It is this function of CXCL12 that makes it a very important factor in carcinogenesis and the neovascularisation linked to tumour progression.^[8] CXCL12 also has a role in tumor metastasis where cancer cells that express the receptor CXCR4 are attracted to metastasis target tissues that release the ligand, CXCL12.^[9] In breast cancer, however, increased expression of CXCL12 determines a reduced risk of distant metastasis.^[10]^[11]

In 2011, CXCL12 was shown to be responsible for recruiting macrophages to breast tumours in mice in response to the experimental anti-cancer drug combretastatin A-4 phosphate, which damages tumour blood vessels. This macrophage recruitment is believed to stimulate tumour blood vessel growth, counteracting the effects of the drug.

Blocking CXCR4, the receptor for CXCL12, with Plerixafor (AMD-3100) increased the effectiveness of combretastatin in a mouse model of breast cancer, it is presumed by preventing macrophages from being recruited to tumours.^[12] ^[13]

Other

By blocking CXCR4, a major coreceptor for HIV-1 entry, CXCL12 acts as an endogenous inhibitor of CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 strains.^[14] CXCL12 was shown to be expressed in many tissues in mice (including brain, thymus, heart, lung, liver, kidney, spleen and bone marrow).

Receptor

The receptor for this chemokine is CXCR4, which was previously called LESTR or fusin.^[15] This CXCL12-CXCR4 interaction used to be considered exclusive (unlike for other chemokines and their receptors), but recently it was suggested that CXCL12 may also bind the CXCR7 receptor.^[16]^[17]^[18] The CXCR4 receptor is a G-Protein Coupled Receptor that can be bound by man-made proteins such as Granuloycte-Colony Stimulating Factors (G-CSFs). G-CSFs bind CXCR4 to prevent SDF-1 binding, which results in the inhibition of the pathway. Neutrophils in the bone marrow, for example, are bound by G-CSFs and are released into the bloodstream to help fight diseases or infections following chemotherapy treatment. Drugs like Neupogen (a therapeutic G-CSF) dislodge neutrophils in the bone marrow to help fight diseases resulting from neutropenia (often caused by chemotherapy treatments).

Gene

The gene for CXCL12 is located on human chromosome 10.^[19]^[20] In human and mouse both CXCL12 and CXCR4 show high identity of sequence: 99% and 90%, respectively.

References

^ "Entrez Gene: CXCL12 chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12 (stromal cell-derived factor 1)". http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=6387.
^ De La Luz Sierra M, Yang F, Narazaki M, Salvucci O, Davis D, Yarchoan R, Zhang HH, Fales H, Tosato G (April 2004). "Differential processing of stromal-derived factor-1alpha and stromal-derived factor-1beta explains functional diversity". Blood 103 (7): 2452–9. doi:10.1182/blood-2003-08-2857. PMID 14525775.
^ Bleul CC, Fuhlbrigge RC, Casasnovas JM, Aiuti A, Springer TA (September 1996). "A highly efficacious lymphocyte chemoattractant, stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF-1)". J. Exp. Med. 184 (3): 1101–9. doi:10.1084/jem.184.3.1101. PMC 2192798. PMID 9064327. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2192798/.
^ Ara T, Nakamura Y, Egawa T, Sugiyama T, Abe K, Kishimoto T, Matsui Y, Nagasawa T (April 2003). "Impaired colonization of the gonads by primordial germ cells in mice lacking a chemokine, stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1)". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (9): 5319–23. doi:10.1073/pnas.0730719100. PMC 154343. PMID 12684531. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154343/.
^ Askari AT, Unzek S, Popovic ZB, Goldman CK, Forudi F, Kiedrowski M, Rovner A, Ellis SG, Thomas JD, DiCorleto PE, Topol EJ, Penn MS (August 2003). "Effect of stromal-cell-derived factor 1 on stem-cell homing and tissue regeneration in ischaemic cardiomyopathy". Lancet 362 (9385): 697–703. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)14232-8. PMID 12957092.
^ Ma Q, Jones D, Borghesani PR, Segal RA, Nagasawa T, Kishimoto T, Bronson RT, Springer TA (August 1998). "Impaired B-lymphopoiesis, myelopoiesis, and derailed cerebellar neuron migration in CXCR4- and SDF-1-deficient mice". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 (16): 9448–53. doi:10.1073/pnas.95.16.9448. PMC 21358. PMID 9689100. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC21358/.
^ Zheng H, Fu G, Dai T, Huang H (September 2007). "Migration of endothelial progenitor cells mediated by stromal cell-derived factor-1alpha/CXCR4 via PI3K/Akt/eNOS signal transduction pathway". J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 50 (3): 274–80. doi:10.1097/FJC.0b013e318093ec8f. PMID 17878755.
^ Kryczek I, Wei S, Keller E, Liu R, Zou W (March 2007). "Stroma-derived factor (SDF-1/CXCL12) and human tumor pathogenesis". Am. J. Physiol., Cell Physiol. 292 (3): C987–95. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00406.2006. PMID 16943240.
^ Müller A, Homey B, Soto H, Ge N, Catron D, Buchanan ME, McClanahan T, Murphy E, Yuan W, Wagner SN, Barrera JL, Mohar A, Verástegui E, Zlotnik A (March 2001). "Involvement of chemokine receptors in breast cancer metastasis". Nature 410 (6824): 50–6. doi:10.1038/35065016. PMID 11242036.
^ Mirisola V, Zuccarino A, Bachmeier BE, Sormani MP, Falter J, Nerlich A, Pfeffer U (September 2009). "CXCL12/SDF1 expression by breast cancers is an independent prognostic marker of disease-free and overall survival". Eur. J. Cancer 45 (14): 2579–87. doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2009.06.026. PMID 19646861.
^ Wendt MK, Cooper AN, Dwinell MB (February 2008). "Epigenetic silencing of CXCL12 increases the metastatic potential of mammary carcinoma cells". Oncogene 27 (10): 1461–71. doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210751. PMID 17724466.
^ Welford, AF; Biziato, D; Coffelt, SB; Nucera, S; Fisher, M; Pucci, F; Di Serio, C; Naldini, L et al. (2011). "TIE2-expressing macrophages limit the therapeutic efficacy of the vascular-disrupting agent combretastatin A4 phosphate in mice.". The Journal of Clinical Investigation 121 (5): 1969–73. doi:10.1172/JCI44562. PMC 3083764. PMID 21490397. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3083764/
^ [1], Cancer Research UK blog.
^ Oberlin E, Amara A, Bachelerie F, Bessia C, Virelizier JL, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Schwartz O, Heard JM, Clark-Lewis I, Legler DF, Loetscher M, Baggiolini M, Moser B. (August 1996). "The CXC chemokine SDF-1 is the ligand for LESTR/fusin and prevents infection by T-cell-line-adapted HIV-1.". Nature 382 (6594): 833–5. doi:10.1038/382833a0. PMID 8752281.
^ Bleul et al. (1996). "The lymphocyte chemoattractant SDF-1 is a ligand for LESTR/fusin and blocks HIV-1 entry". Nature 382 (6594): 829–833. doi:10.1038/382829a0. PMID 8752280.
^ Balabanian K, Lagane B, Infantino S, Chow KY, Harriague J, Moepps B, Arenzana-Seisdedos F, Thelen M, Bachelerie F (October 2005). "The chemokine SDF-1/CXCL12 binds to and signals through the orphan receptor RDC1 in T lymphocytes". J. Biol. Chem. 280 (42): 35760–6. doi:10.1074/jbc.M508234200. PMID 16107333.
^ Burns JM, Summers BC, Wang Y, Melikian A, Berahovich R, Miao Z, Penfold ME, Sunshine MJ, Littman DR, Kuo CJ, Wei K, McMaster BE, Wright K, Howard MC, Schall TJ (September 2006). "A novel chemokine receptor for SDF-1 and I-TAC involved in cell survival, cell adhesion, and tumor development". J. Exp. Med. 203 (9): 2201–13. doi:10.1084/jem.20052144. PMC 2118398. PMID 16940167. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2118398/.
^ Cruz-Orengo, L.; Holman, D. W.; Dorsey, D.; Zhou, L.; Zhang, P.; Wright, M.; McCandless, E. E.; Patel, J. R. et al. (2011). "CXCR7 influences leukocyte entry into the CNS parenchyma by controlling abluminal CXCL12 abundance during autoimmunity". Journal of Experimental Medicine 208 (2): 327–339. doi:10.1084/jem.20102010. PMC 3039853. PMID 21300915. //www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3039853/. edit
^ Shirozu M, Nakano T, Inazawa J, et al. (August 1995). "Structure and chromosomal localization of the human stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1) gene". Genomics 28 (3): 495–500. doi:10.1006/geno.1995.1180. PMID 7490086.
^ Deloukas P, Earthrowl ME, Grafham DV, et al. (May 2004). "The DNA sequence and comparative analysis of human chromosome 10". Nature 429 (6990): 375–81. doi:10.1038/nature02462. PMID 15164054.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 骨髄造血の制御 regulation of myelopoiesis
2. 関節リウマチの病因 pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis
3. 骨転移の機序 mechanisms of bone metastases
4. 単純ヘルペスウイルス1型感染の病因 pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection
5. 造血幹細胞の分布 sources of hematopoietic stem cells

English Journal

Synergistic effects of SDF-1α chemokine and hyaluronic acid release from degradable hydrogels on directing bone marrow derived cell homing to the myocardium.

Purcell BP, Elser JA, Mu A, Margulies KB, Burdick JA.SourceDepartment of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
Biomaterials.Biomaterials.2012 Nov;33(31):7849-57. Epub 2012 Jul 24.
Poor cell engraftment in the myocardium is a limiting factor towards the use of bone marrow derived cells (BMCs) to treat myocardial infarction (MI). In order to enhance the engraftment of circulating BMCs in the myocardium following MI, we have developed in situ forming hyaluronic acid (HA) hydroge
PMID 22835643

Expression and function of the SDF-1 chemokine receptors CXCR4 and CXCR7 during mouse limb muscle development and regeneration.

Hunger C, Odemis V, Engele J.SourceInstitute of Anatomy, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 13, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
Experimental cell research.Exp Cell Res.2012 Oct 15;318(17):2178-90. Epub 2012 Jul 3.
The chemokine, SDF-1/CXCL12, and its receptor, CXCR4, have been implied to play major roles during limb myogenesis. This concept was recently challenged by the identification of CXCR7 as an alternative SDF-1 receptor, which can either act as a scavenger receptor, a modulator of CXCR4, or an active c
PMID 22766125

Japanese Journal

P-59 生体分解性スキャフォールド結合性stromal cell-derived factor 1を用いた骨組織再生(生体材料,一般講演(ポスター発表),第66回日本歯科理工学会学術講演会)

日本歯科理工学会誌 34(5), 403, 2015-09-15
NAID 110009985367

骨髄破壊的処置相当の放射線照射によるマウス骨髄ストローマ細胞におけるSDF-1発現低下

日大医学雑誌 = Journal of Nihon University Medical Association 74(2), 50-56, 2015-04
NAID 40020473097

A-5 SDF-1担持スキャホールドを用いた骨組織再生誘導(細胞2,一般講演(口頭発表),第65回日本歯科理工学会学術講演会)

日本歯科理工学会誌 34(2), 61, 2015-03-25
NAID 110009923853

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「SDF-1」
関連記事	「stromal」「derive」「fact」「factor」「stroma」

「SDF-1」

Chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 12
	; PDB rendering based on 1a15.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	1A15, 1QG7, 1SDF, 1VMC, 2J7Z, 2K01, 2K03, 2K04, 2K05, 2KEC, 2KED, 2KEE, 2KOL, 2NWG, 2SDF, 3GV3, 3HP3
Identifiers
Symbols	CXCL12; IRH; PBSF; SCYB12; SDF1; SDF1A; SDF1B; TLSF; TPAR1
External IDs	OMIM: 600835 MGI: 103556 HomoloGene: 128606 GeneCards: CXCL12 Gene
Gene Ontology
Molecular function	• receptor binding; • chemokine activity; • growth factor activity; • CXCR chemokine receptor binding;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • extracellular space; • plasma membrane;
Biological process	• response to hypoxia; • neuron migration; • positive regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; • cellular calcium ion homeostasis; • chemotaxis; • immune response; • cell adhesion; • signal transduction; • G-protein coupled receptor signaling pathway; • blood circulation; • regulation of actin polymerization or depolymerization; • adult locomotory behavior; • response to radiation; • response to heat; • response to mechanical stimulus; • response to virus; • telencephalon cell migration; • organ regeneration; • positive regulation of dopamine secretion; • negative regulation of apoptotic process; • response to peptide hormone stimulus; • positive regulation of neuron differentiation; • positive regulation of axon extension involved in axon guidance; • positive regulation of calcium ion transport via voltage-gated calcium channel activity; • chemokine-mediated signaling pathway; • positive regulation of monocyte chemotaxis; • negative regulation of leukocyte apoptotic process;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
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