WordNet

hand over one and receive another, approximately equivalent; "exchange prisoners"; "exchange employees between branches of the company"
chemical process in which one atom or ion or group changes places with another
reciprocal transfer of equivalent sums of money (especially the currencies of different countries); "he earns his living from the interchange of currency" (同)interchange
the act of changing one thing for another thing; "Adam was promised immortality in exchange for his disobedience"; "there was an interchange of prisoners" (同)interchange
(chess) gaining (or losing) a rook in return for a knight or bishop; "black lost the exchange"
(chess) the capture by both players (usually on consecutive moves) of pieces of equal value; "the endgame began after the exchange of queens"
a workplace for buying and selling; open only to members
the act of giving something in return for something received; "deductible losses on sales or exchanges of property are allowable"
a mutual expression of views (especially an unpleasant one); "they had a bitter exchange"
give to, and receive from, one another; "Would you change places with me?"; "We have been exchanging letters for a year" (同)change, interchange
give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a womans coiffure
any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
catch rats, especially with dogs
desert ones party or group of friends, for example, for ones personal advantage
employ scabs or strike breakers in
pertaining to respiration; "respiratory assistance"
the relative magnitudes of two quantities (usually expressed as a quotient)
a breathing device for administering long-term artificial respiration (同)inhalator

PrepTutorEJDIC

…‘を'『取り替える』;(…と)…‘を'取り替える《+『名』+『for』+『名』》 / …‘を'『取り交わす』;(人と)…‘を'取り交わす《+『名』+『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / (化幣が)両替される / 〈U〉〈C〉(物の物との)『取り替え』《+『of』+『名』+『for』+『名』》;(相手と物を)『交換すること』《+『of』+『名』(複数)+『with』+『名』〈人〉》 / 〈C〉交換物,取り替え品 / 〈C〉取引所;(電話の)交換局 / 〈U〉両替;為替(かわせ),為替相場 / 〈C〉=employment exchange
『ネズミ』 / ひきょう者,裏切り者 / ネズミをつかまえる / 《話》(人を)裏切る,密告する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
呼吸の,呼吸作用の,呼吸のための
『比』,比率,『割合』;『比例』
《米》人工呼吸装置 / (一般に)マスク;防毒マスク

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/12/15 19:50:06」(JST)

wiki en

The respiratory exchange ratio (RER) is the ratio between the amount of carbon dioxide (CO₂) produced in metabolism and oxygen (O₂) used.^[1] Humans typically inhale more molecules of oxygen than they exhale of carbon dioxide.

The ratio is determined by comparing exhaled gases to room air. Measuring this ratio can be used for estimating the respiratory quotient (RQ), an indicator of which fuel (carbohydrate or fat) is being metabolized to supply the body with energy. This estimation is only valid if metabolism is in a steady state.^{[citation needed]}

RER is about 0.8 at rest with a modern diet. This value however, can exceed 1 during intense exercise, as CO₂ production by the working muscles becomes greater and more of the inhaled O₂ gets used rather than being expelled. During moderate or higher intensity aerobic exercise and anaerobic exercise, using RER for estimating RQ loses accuracy because of factors including bicarbonate buffering of hydrogen ions, which affects the CO₂ levels being expelled by the respiratory system.^{[citation needed]}

Calculation of RER is commonly done in conjunction with exercise tests such as the VO₂ Max Test and can be used as an indicator that the participants are nearing exhaustion and the limits of their cardio-respiratory system. An RER greater than or equal to 1.15 is often used as a secondary endpoint criterion of a VO₂ Max Test.^{[citation needed]}

An RER of 0.70 indicates that fat is the predominant fuel source, RER of 0.85 suggests a mix of fat and carbohydrates, and a value of 1.00 or above is indicative of carbohydrate being the predominant fuel source.^{[citation needed]}

Oxidation of a molecule of Carbohydrate

6 O₂ + C₆H₁₂O₆ => 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + 38 ATP

RER = VCO₂/VO₂ = 6 CO₂/6 O₂ = 1.0

Oxidation of a molecule of Fatty Acid

23 O₂ + C₁₆H₃₂O₂ => 16 CO₂ + 16 H₂O + 129 ATP

RER = VCO₂/VO₂ = 16 CO₂/23 O₂ = 0.7

References

^ Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut (1997). Animal Physiology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 171. ISBN 0 521 57098 0.

UpToDate Contents

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Cardiovascular Function in Long-Term Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation Survivors.

Armenian SH1, Horak D2, Scott JM3, Mills G4, Siyahian A4, Berano Teh J4, Douglas PS5, Forman SJ6, Bhatia S7, Jones LW8.
Biology of blood and marrow transplantation : journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation.Biol Blood Marrow Transplant.2017 Apr;23(4):700-705. doi: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2017.01.006. Epub 2017 Jan 5.
PMID 28065839

Steady-state energy balance in animal models of obesity and weight loss.

Olsen MK1, Johannessen H1, Cassie N2, Barrett P2, Takeuchi K3, Kulseng B1,4, Chen D1,4, Zhao CM1.
Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.Scand J Gastroenterol.2017 Apr;52(4):442-449. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2016.1267791. Epub 2016 Dec 20.
PMID 27996337

Sevoflurane for Sedation in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. A Randomized Controlled Pilot Study.

Jabaudon M1,2, Boucher P1, Imhoff E1, Chabanne R1, Faure JS1, Roszyk L3,2, Thibault S4, Blondonnet R1,2, Clairefond G2, Guérin R1, Perbet S1,2, Cayot S1, Godet T1, Pereira B4, Sapin V3,2, Bazin JE1, Futier E1,2, Constantin JM1,2.
American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.Am J Respir Crit Care Med.2017 Mar 15;195(6):792-800. doi: 10.1164/rccm.201604-0686OC.
PMID 27611637

Japanese Journal

一過性の水中運動が動脈スティフネスに及ぼす影響 : 陸上運動との差異

野上順子,斉藤陽子,谷村祐子,佐藤幸治,大槻毅,前田清司,鰺坂隆一
体力科學 60(3), 269-277, 2011-06-01
… In addition, the carbon dioxide output and respiratory exchange ratio during exercise were significantly greater in water. …
NAID 10029136134

難消化性デキストリン摂取が軽運動時における糖・脂質代謝に及ぼす影響

高橋将記,久保早哉香,的場秀樹,小原繁
徳島大学総合科学部自然科学研究 24, 21-26, 2010
… Heart rate, oxygen consumption, plasma lactate (LA), plasma glucose (BG) and plasma free fatty acid (FFA), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) were determined at before meal, start of exercise after 60 minutes of taking the meal, midpoint of exercise (15-min point), end of exercise (30-min point) and recovery phase after 15 minutes from cessation of the exercise. …
NAID 110008703799