WordNet
- the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of' (同)neighborhood
- the extended spatial location of something; "the farming regions of France"; "religions in all parts of the world"; "regions of outer space" (同)part
- a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about; "it was a limited realm of discourse"; "here we enter the region of opinion"; "the realm of the occult" (同)realm
- a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
- related or limited to a particular region; "a regional dialect"
- characteristic of a region; "regional flora"
- loss of bodily sensation with or without loss of consciousness (同)anaesthesia
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (地理的な)『地域』,『地帯』;(特に広大な)地方 / 《複数形で》(宇宙などの)区分,界,属 / (身体の)部分 / (学問などの)分野,領域 / 《複数形で》(都会から離れた)地方
- 地方の,地域の;地方に特有の,局地的な
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/10 14:24:53」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
| Local anesthesia |
| Intervention |
| MeSH |
D000772 |
Local anesthesia is any technique to induce the absence of sensation in a specific part of the body,[1] generally for the aim of inducing local analgesia, that is, local insensitivity to pain, although other local senses may be affected as well. It allows patients to undergo surgical and dental procedures with reduced pain and distress. In many situations, such as cesarean section, it is safer and therefore superior to general anesthesia. It is also used for relief of non-surgical pain and to enable diagnosis of the cause of some chronic pain conditions. Anesthetists sometimes combine both general and local anesthesia techniques.
The following terms are often used interchangeably:
- Local anesthesia, in a strict sense, is anesthesia of a small part of the body such as a tooth or an area of skin.
- Regional anesthesia is aimed at anesthetizing a larger part of the body such as a leg or arm.
- Conduction anesthesia is a comprehensive term, which encompasses a great variety of local and regional anesthetic techniques.
Contents
- 1 Medical
- 2 Non-medical local anesthetic techniques
- 3 See also
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Medical
Main article: Local anesthetic
A local anesthetic is a drug that causes reversible local anesthesia and a loss of nociception. When it is used on specific nerve pathways (nerve block), effects such as analgesia (loss of pain sensation) and paralysis (loss of muscle power) can be achieved. Clinical local anesthetics belong to one of two classes: aminoamide and aminoester local anesthetics. Synthetic local anesthetics are structurally related to cocaine. They differ from cocaine mainly in that they have no abuse potential and do not act on the sympathoadrenergic system, i.e. they do not produce hypertension or local vasoconstriction, with the exception of Ropivacaine and Mepivacaine that do produce weak vasoconstriction.
Local anesthetics vary in their pharmacological properties and they are used in various techniques of local anesthesia such as:
- Topical anesthesia (surface)
- Infiltration
- Plexus block
- Epidural (extradural) block
- Spinal anesthesia (subarachnoid block)
Adverse effects depend on the local anesthetic agent, method, and site of administration and is discussed in depth in the local anesthetic sub-article, but overall, adverse effects can be:
- localized prolonged anesthesia or paresthesia due to infection, hematoma, excessive fluid pressure in a confined cavity, and severing of nerves & support tissue during injection.[2]
- systemic reactions such as depressed CNS syndrome, allergic reaction, vasovagal episode, and cyanosis due to local anesthetic toxicity.
- lack of anesthetic effect due to infectious pus such as an abscess.
Non-medical local anesthetic techniques
Local pain management that uses other techniques than analgesic medication include:
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation, which has been found to be ineffective for lower back pain, however, it might help with diabetic neuropathy.[3]
- Pulsed radiofrequency, neuromodulation, direct introduction of medication and nerve ablation may be used to target either the tissue structures and organ/systems responsible for persistent nociception or the nociceptors from the structures implicated as the source of chronic pain.[4][5][6][7][8]
See also
- Continuous wound infiltration
References
- ^ thefreedictionary.com > local anesthesia In turn citing: Mosby's Medical Dictionary, 8th edition. Copyright 2009
- ^ "Nerve damage associated with peripheral nerve block" (PDF). Risks associated with your anaesthetic, (The Royal College of Anaesthetists). Section 12. January 2006. Retrieved 2007-10-10.
- ^ Dubinsky RM, Miyasaki J (January 2010). "Assessment: efficacy of transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation in the treatment of pain in neurologic disorders (an evidence-based review): report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology". Neurology 74 (2): 173–6. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181c918fc. PMID 20042705.
- ^ Varrassi G, Paladini A, Marinangeli F, Racz G (2006). "Neural modulation by blocks and infusions". Pain practice : the official journal of World Institute of Pain 6 (1): 34–8. doi:10.1111/j.1533-2500.2006.00056.x. PMID 17309707.
- ^ Meglio M (2004). "Spinal cord stimulation in chronic pain management". Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 15 (3): 297–306. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.012. PMID 15246338.
- ^ Rasche D, Ruppolt M, Stippich C, Unterberg A, Tronnier VM (2006). "Motor cortex stimulation for long-term relief of chronic neuropathic pain: a 10 year experience". Pain 121 (1–2): 43–52. doi:10.1016/j.pain.2005.12.006. PMID 16480828.
- ^ Boswell MV, Trescot AM, Datta S, Schultz DM, Hansen HC, Abdi S, Sehgal N, Shah RV, Singh V, Benyamin RM, Patel VB, Buenaventura RM, Colson JD, Cordner HJ, Epter RS, Jasper JF, Dunbar EE, Atluri SL, Bowman RC, Deer TR, Swicegood JR, Staats PS, Smith HS, Burton AW, Kloth DS, Giordano J, Manchikanti L (2007). "Interventional techniques: evidence-based practice guidelines in the management of chronic spinal pain" (PDF). Pain physician 10 (1): 7–111. PMID 17256025.
- ^ Romanelli P, Esposito V, Adler J (2004). "Ablative procedures for chronic pain". Neurosurg. Clin. N. Am. 15 (3): 335–42. doi:10.1016/j.nec.2004.02.009. PMID 15246341.
External links
- New York School of Regional Anesthesia
- Anesthesia Books
- General information and tutorials in peripheral regional anesthesia
- [1] Free online manual of regional anaesthesia- John Hyndman
- Clinical Use of Peripheral Nerve Stimulators and The Neuromuscular Junction
- ESRA - The European Society for Regional Anaesthesia Congress
|
Anesthesia (outline)
|
|
| Types |
- General
- Spinal
- Epidural
- Conduction anesthesia
- Local
- Topical
- Intercostal nerve block
- Sedation / Twilight anesthesia
- Dental (Inferior alveolar nerve)
- Neuroleptanalgesic anesthesia
|
|
| Techniques |
- Airway management
- Anesthesia provision in the US
- Arterial catheter
- Bronchoscopy
- Capnography
- Dogliotti's principle
- Drug-induced amnesia
- Intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring
- Nerve block
- Penthrox inhaler
- Tracheal intubation
|
|
| Scientific Principles |
- Blood–gas partition coefficient
- Concentration effect
- Fink effect
- Minimum alveolar concentration
- Second gas effect
|
|
| Measurements |
- ASA physical status classification system
- Baricity
- Bispectral index
- Direct Fick method
- Entropy monitoring
- Fick principle
- Goldman index
- Guedel's classification
- Mallampati score
- Neuromuscular monitoring
- Thyromental distance
|
|
| Instruments |
- Anaesthetic machine
- Anesthesia cart
- Boyle's machine
- Gas cylinder
- Laryngeal mask airway
- Laryngeal tube
- Medical monitor
- Odom's indicator
- Relative analgesia machine
- Vaporiser
- Double-lumen endotracheal tube
- Endobronchial blocker
|
|
| Drugs |
- Benzodiazepine
- Etomidate
- General anaesthetic
- Inhalational anaesthetic
- Infiltration analgesia
- Ketamine
- Local anesthetic
- Methohexital
- Methoxyflurane
- Midazolam
- Neuraxial blockade
- Opiate
- Propofol
- Thiopental
- Thiopentone
|
|
| Complications |
- Emergence delirium
- Allergic reactions
- Anesthesia awareness
- Local anesthetic toxicity
- Malignant hyperthermia
- Perioperative mortality
- Postanesthetic shivering
- Postoperative nausea and vomiting
- Postoperative residual curarization
|
|
| Fields of study |
- Cardiothoracic
- Geriatric
- Oral sedation dentistry
|
|
| Professions |
- Anesthesiologist
- Anesthesiologist assistant
- Nurse anesthetist
- Operating Department Practitioners
- Certified Anesthesia Technician
- Certified Anesthesia Technologist
- Anaesthetic technician
|
|
| History |
- A.C.E. mixture
- Helsinki Declaration for Patient Safety in Anaesthesiology
- History of general anesthesia
- History of neuraxial anesthesia
- History of tracheal intubation
|
|
| Organizations |
- American Association of Nurse Anesthetists
- American Society of Anesthesia Technologists & Technicians
- American Society of Anesthesiologists
- Anaesthesia Trauma and Critical Care
- Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
- Association of Veterinary Anaesthetists
- Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists
- Australian Society of Anaesthetists
- International Anesthesia Research Society
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|
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Makris M, Harrop-Griffiths W, Cook T.SourceAssociation of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland, Obstetric Anaesthetists' Association and Regional Anaesthesia UK Working Party.
- Anaesthesia.Anaesthesia.2013 Dec;68(12):1287. doi: 10.1111/anae.12507.
- PMID 24219274
- Regional anaesthesia and patients with abnormalities of coagulation.
- Collyer T.SourceHarrogate District Foundation Hospital, Harrogate, UK. thomascollyer@gmail.com.
- Anaesthesia.Anaesthesia.2013 Dec;68(12):1286-7. doi: 10.1111/anae.12508.
- PMID 24219273
Japanese Journal
- 周術期チームにおける口腔機能管理システムと効率よい管理のための方策─術前管理期間を左右する2つの因子と4つの管理タイプ，地域における医科歯科連携─
- 心臓大血管手術で脳障害・脳機能障害を防ぐために近赤外分光法による局所脳酸素飽和度モニタを役立てるには
Related Links
- Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, official publication of the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, is a bimonthly journal that publishes peer-reviewed scientific and clinical studies to advance the ...
- Featuring an overview of techniques and principles of regional anesthesia as taught and practiced at the Department of Anesthesiology at St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital Center, New York, NY.
★リンクテーブル★
[★]
- 英
- local anesthesia, regional anesthesia
- 関
- 全身麻酔、浸潤麻酔、局所麻酔薬、局所麻酔薬中毒
局所麻酔の様式
- SPC.171
[★]
- 関
- area、district、division、domain、local、moiety、part、partial、piece、portion、realm、regional、segment、segmental、territory、universe
[★]
- 関
- area、domain、local、locoregional、realm、region、regionally、spot、territory、universe
[★]