area

• n.

• 面積、範囲、分野、区域、領域、部域、地域

関

district、domain、extent、field、local、range、reach、realm、region、regional、scope、segment、segmental、spectra、spectrum、territory、universe

　 　 　 　 　 　

WordNet

1. the extent of a 2-dimensional surface enclosed within a boundary; "the area of a rectangle"; "it was about 500 square feet in area" (同)expanse, surface_area
2. a part of a structure having some specific characteristic or function; "the spacious cooking area provided plenty of room for servants"
3. a particular geographical region of indefinite boundary (usually serving some special purpose or distinguished by its people or culture or geography); "it was a mountainous area"; "Bible country" (同)country
4. a part of an animal that has a special function or is supplied by a given artery or nerve; "in the abdominal region" (同)region
5. a subject of study; "it was his area of specialization"; "areas of interest include..."
6. let eat; "range the animals in the prairie"
7. a place for shooting (firing or driving) projectiles of various kinds; "the army maintains a missile range in the desert"; "any good golf club will have a range where you can practice"
8. a series of hills or mountains; "the valley was between two ranges of hills"; "the plains lay just beyond the mountain range" (同)mountain_range, range of mountains, chain, mountain_chain, chain of mountains
9. the limits within which something can be effective; "range of motion"; "he was beyond the reach of their fire" (同)reach
10. a large tract of grassy open land on which livestock can graze; "they used to drive the cattle across the open range every spring"; "he dreamed of a home on the range"
11. a variety of different things or activities; "he answered a range of questions"; "he was impressed by the range and diversity of the collection"
12. lay out orderly or logically in a line or as if in a line; "lay out the clothes"; "lay out the arguments" (同)array, lay_out, set out
13. change or be different within limits; "Estimates for the losses in the earthquake range as high as $2 billion"; "Interest rates run from 5 to 10 percent"; "The instruments ranged from tuba to cymbals"; "My students range from very bright to dull" (同)run
14. range or extend over; occupy a certain area; "The plants straddle the entire state" (同)straddle
15. have a range; be capable of projecting over a certain distance, as of a gun; "This gun ranges over two miles"
16. select (a team or individual player) for a game; "The Buckeyes fielded a young new quarterback for the Rose Bowl"
17. the space around a radiating body within which its electromagnetic oscillations can exert force on another similar body not in contact with it (同)field of force, force_field
18. a particular kind of commercial enterprise; "they are outstanding in their field" (同)field_of_operation, line of business
19. a region in which active military operations are in progress; "the army was in the field awaiting action"; "he served in the Vietnam theater for three years" (同)field of operations, theater, theater of operations, theatre, theatre of operations
20. the area that is visible (as through an optical instrument) (同)field of view
21. (computer science) a set of one or more adjacent characters comprising a unit of information
22. (mathematics) a set of elements such that addition and multiplication are commutative and associative and multiplication is distributive over addition and there are two elements 0 and 1; "the set of all rational numbers is a field"
23. a geographic region (land or sea) under which something valuable is found; "the diamond fields of South Africa"
24. a piece of land cleared of trees and usually enclosed; "he planted a field of wheat"
25. all of the horses in a particular horse race
26. all the competitors in a particular contest or sporting event
27. somewhere (away from a studio or office or library or laboratory) where practical work is done or data is collected; "anthropologists do much of their work in the field"
28. answer adequately or successfully; "The lawyer fielded all questions from the press"
29. catch or pick up (balls) in baseball or cricket
30. play as a fielder
31. move forward or upward in order to touch; also in a metaphorical sense; "Government reaches out to the people" (同)reach_out
32. the act of physically reaching or thrusting out (同)reaching, stretch
33. to extend as far as; "The sunlight reached the wall"; "Can he reach?" "The chair must not touch the wall" (同)extend to, touch
34. be in or establish communication with; "Our advertisements reach millions"; "He never contacted his children after he emigrated to Australia" (同)get_through, get hold of, contact
35. reach a point in time, or a certain state or level; "The thermometer hit 100 degrees"; "This car can reach a speed of 140 miles per hour" (同)hit, attain
36. reach a destination, either real or abstract; "We hit Detroit by noon"; "The water reached the doorstep"; "We barely made it to the finish line"; "I have to hit the MAC machine before the weekend starts" (同)make, attain, hit, arrive at, gain
37. reach a goal, e.g., "make the first team"; "We made it!"; "She may not make the grade" (同)make, get_to, progress to
38. relating to or applicable to or concerned with the administration of a city or town or district rather than a larger area; "local taxes"; "local authorities"
39. public transport consisting of a bus or train that stops at all stations or stops; "the local seemed to take forever to get to New York"
40. affecting only a restricted part or area of the body; "local anesthesia"
41. of or belonging to or characteristic of a particular locality or neighborhood; "local customs"; "local schools"; "the local citizens"; "a local point of view"; "local outbreaks of flu"; "a local bus line"
42. the approximate amount of something (usually used prepositionally as in `in the region of' (同)neighborhood
43. the extended spatial location of something; "the farming regions of France"; "religions in all parts of the world"; "regions of outer space" (同)part
44. a knowledge domain that you are interested in or are communicating about; "it was a limited realm of discourse"; "here we enter the region of opinion"; "the realm of the occult" (同)realm
45. a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth; "penguins inhabit the polar regions"
46. an area in which something acts or operates or has power or control: "the range of a supersonic jet"; "a piano has a greater range than the human voice"; "the ambit of municipal legislation"; "within the compass of this article"; "within the scope of an investigation"; "outside the reach of the law"; "in the political orbit of a world power" (同)range, reach, orbit, compass, ambit
47. an ancient seaport in northwestern Israel; an important Roman city in ancient Palestine
48. a unit of surface area equal to 100 square meters (同)ar

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉〈C〉『面積』 / 〈C〉『地域』,『地方』(region, district) / 〈C〉(活動・研究・興味などの及ぶ)『範囲』,『領域』(range)《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉《英》=areaway 1
2. 〈U〉《時にa~》(価格・気温などの変動の)『幅』 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(知覚・知識などの)『範囲』,広がり / 〈U〉《時にa~》(銃砲・ミサイルなどの)着弾距離,射程 / 〈U〉《時a~》(航空機・船舶などの)航続距離 / 〈C〉(銃砲の)射撃場,(ミサイルナドの)試射場 / 〈C〉《米》放牧地域 / 〈C〉(山などの)列,連なり / 〈C〉(料理用の)レンジ / 〈U〉《しばしばa~》(動植物の)生息(分布)区域 / 《副詞句を伴って》(価格・気温などがある範囲内で)『変動する』,動く / (…を)さまよう,歩き回る,(…に)及ぶ《+『over』(『through』)+『名』》 / 一列(一直線)に延びている / (動植物が)分布している / 《副詞[句]を伴って》(ある状態に)…‘を'『並べて置く』,配列する,整列させる / …‘を'さまよう,歩き回る(受動態にできない) / 《米》〈家畜〉‘を'放牧地に入れる
3. 〈C〉『野原』,[牧]草地;田;畑;《the fields》田野,田畑 / 〈C〉(雪・氷などの)原,広がり / 〈C〉(鉱物などの)産出地,埋蔵地 / 〈C〉『戦場』(battlefield);戦闘(battle) / 〈C〉(スポーツの)『競技場』;(陸上のトラックに対して)フィールド / 〈C〉(ある用途の)場,地面 / 〈C〉(研究・活動などの)『分野』,領域 / 《the~》現地 / 〈C〉(電気・磁気などの)場;(レンズの)視界 / 〈C〉(絵・旗などの)地,下地 / 《the~》《集合的に》(キツネ狩り・競技の)参加者;(競馬の)出走馬;(野球の)守備選手 / (野球・クリケットで)〈打球〉‘を'さばく / 〈選手〉‘を'出場させる,守備につける / (野球・クリケットで)野手をつとめる
4. 《時間などの副詞[句]を伴って》〈場所・目的地〉‘に'『着く』,『到着する』;〈人,人の耳など〉‘に'『届く』 / 〈ある年齢・状態など〉‘に'『達する』,到達する / 〈手など〉‘を'『差し出す』,『伸ばす』《+『out』+『名』,+『名』+『out』》 / 〈物〉‘を'『手を伸ばして取る』,‘に'手を届かせる / (電話などで)…‘と'連絡する / 〈ある数量〉に達する~届く,及ぶ / 〈人の心〉を動かす / (…に)『手を伸ばす』《+『out to』(『toward』)+『名』》 / (物を)取ろうと手を伸ばす《+『for』+『名』》;(名声などを)手に入れようとする《+『for(after)』+『名』》 / 〈物事が〉(空間的・時間的に)(…)届く,達する《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉《時にa~》(…に)『手を伸ばすこと』《+『for』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(手・声などの)届く範囲《+『fo』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(力・理解などの)及ぶ範囲 / 〈C〉(川の曲がり目の間の)直線流域
5. 『一地方の』,ある土地の,(特に)自分の住んでいる土地の;地方に特有な / (全体からみて)『部分的な』,局部の,狭い部分の / 《米》各駅停車の / 《話》《しばしば複数形で》その土地に住んでいる人々 / 《米話》(新聞の)地方記事 / 《話》(各駅停車の)列車,電車,バス / 《米》(労働組合などの)支部
6. 低カロリーの
7. (地理的な)『地域』,『地帯』;(特に広大な)地方 / 《複数形で》(宇宙などの)区分,界,属 / (身体の)部分 / (学問などの)分野,領域 / 《複数形で》(都会から離れた)地方
8. (物事の及ぶ)『範囲』 / (人の理解・行動する)『能力の限界』,視野 / (表現・発達・活動する)機会,余地《+『for』+『名』》
9. …『である』,…です(beの二人称の単数とすべての人称の複数の直説法現在形)
10. アール(メートル法の面積単位;100平方メートル)
11. are (面積の単位)の変形

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/10 16:26:00」(JST)

wiki ja

[Wiki ja表示]

エリア

エリア (Elia)等

• エリア (Elia) - イタリア語、ベンガル語などの男性名。エリヤとも。英語ではイライジャ (Elijah)。ヘブライ語の「我が神はヤハウェ」を意味する語に由来。
  • エリヤ - 旧約聖書の人物
  • エリア・カザン - アメリカの俳優
  • エリア・ミロセヴィッチ - イタリアの天文学者
  • チャールズ・ラムのペンネーム - イギリスの詩人
  • エリヤ (メンデルスゾーン) (Elias) - メンデルスゾーン作曲のエリヤを題材としたオラトリオ
  • エルイェロ・エリア - オランダのサッカー選手
  • エリヤ・バラード - 遠藤浩輝による漫画EDEN 〜It's an Endless World!〜の主人公

エリア (area)

• 面積
• 区域 - 区分された土地
  • 地域
  • 地区
  • 地方
  • 圏域
  • 都市圏

エリア (Eria)

• エリア属＝オサラン属 Eria：洋ランとしてはエリアと呼ばれる。

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wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about the geometric quantity. For other uses, see Area (disambiguation).

The combined area of these three shapes is between 15 and 16 squares.

Area is a quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional surface or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Area can be understood as the amount of material with a given thickness that would be necessary to fashion a model of the shape, or the amount of paint necessary to cover the surface with a single coat. It is the two-dimensional analog of the length of a curve (a one-dimensional concept) or the volume of a solid (a three-dimensional concept).

The area of a shape can be measured by comparing the shape to squares of a fixed size. In the International System of Units (SI), the standard unit of area is the square metre (written as m²), which is the area of a square whose sides are one metre long. A shape with an area of three square metres would have the same area as three such squares. In mathematics, the unit square is defined to have area one, and the area of any other shape or surface is a dimensionless real number.

There are several well-known formulas for the areas of simple shapes such as triangles, rectangles, and circles. Using these formulas, the area of any polygon can be found by dividing the polygon into triangles. For shapes with curved boundary, calculus is usually required to compute the area. Indeed, the problem of determining the area of plane figures was a major motivation for the historical development of calculus.

For a solid shape such as a sphere, cone, or cylinder, the area of its boundary surface is called the surface area. Formulas for the surface areas of simple shapes were computed by the ancient Greeks, but computing the surface area of a more complicated shape usually requires multivariable calculus.

Area plays an important role in modern mathematics. In addition to its obvious importance in geometry and calculus, area is related to the definition of determinants in linear algebra, and is a basic property of surfaces in differential geometry. In analysis, the area of a subset of the plane is defined using Lebesgue measure, though not every subset is measurable. In general, area in higher mathematics is seen as a special case of volume for two-dimensional regions.

Area can be defined through the use of axioms, defining it as a function of a collection of certain plane figures to the set of real numbers. It can be proved that such a function exists.

Formal definition

See also: Jordan measure

An approach to defining what is meant by "area" is through axioms. "Area" can be defined as a function from a collection M of special kind of plane figures (termed measurable sets) to the set of real numbers which satisfies the following properties:

• For all S in M, a(S) ≥ 0.
• If S and T are in M then so are S ∪ T and S ∩ T, and also a(S∪T) = a(S) + a(T) − a(S∩T).
• If S and T are in M with S ⊆ T then T − S is in M and a(T−S) = a(T) − a(S).
• If a set S is in M and S is congruent to T then T is also in M and a(S) = a(T).
• Every rectangle R is in M. If the rectangle has length h and breadth k then a(R) = hk.
• Let Q be a set enclosed between two step regions S and T. A step region is formed from a finite union of adjacent rectangles resting on a common base, i.e. S ⊆ Q ⊆ T. If there is a unique number c such that a(S) ≤ c ≤ a(T) for all such step regions S and T, then a(Q) = c.

It can be proved that such an area function actually exists.

Units

A square metre quadrat made of PVC pipe.

Every unit of length has a corresponding unit of area, namely the area of a square with the given side length. Thus areas can be measured in square metres (m²), square centimetres (cm²), square millimetres (mm²), square kilometres (km²), square feet (ft²), square yards (yd²), square miles (mi²), and so forth. Algebraically, these units can be thought of as the squares of the corresponding length units.

The SI unit of area is the square metre, which is considered an SI derived unit.

Conversions

Although there are 10 mm in 1 cm, there are 100 mm² in 1 cm².

The conversion between two square units is the square of the conversion between the corresponding length units. For example, since

1 foot = 12 inches,

the relationship between square feet and square inches is

1 square foot = 144 square inches,

where 144 = 12² = 12 × 12. Similarly:

• 1 square kilometer = 1,000,000 square meters
• 1 square meter = 10,000 square centimetres = 1,000,000 square millimetres
• 1 square centimetre = 100 square millimetres
• 1 square yard = 9 square feet
• 1 square mile = 3,097,600 square yards = 27,878,400 square feet

In addition,

• 1 square inch = 6.4516 square centimetres
• 1 square foot = 0.09290304 square metres
• 1 square yard = 0.83612736 square metres
• 1 square mile = 2.589988110336 square kilometres

Other units

See also: Category:Units of area

There are several other common units for area. The "Are" was the original unit of area in the metric system, with;

• 1 are = 100 square metres

Though the are has fallen out of use, the hectare is still commonly used to measure land:

• 1 hectare = 100 ares = 10,000 square metres = 0.01 square kilometres

Other uncommon metric units of area include the tetrad, the hectad, and the myriad.

The acre is also commonly used to measure land areas, where

• 1 acre = 4,840 square yards = 43,560 square feet.

An acre is approximately 40% of a hectare.

On the atomic scale, area is measured in units of barns, such that:

• 1 barn = 10⁻²⁸ square meters.

The barn is commonly used in describing the cross sectional area of interaction in nuclear physics.

In India,

• 20 Dhurki = 1 Dhur

• 20 Dhur = 1 Khatha

• 20 Khata = 1 Bigha

• 32 Khata = 1 Acre

Area formulae

Polygon Formulae

Rectangles

The area of this rectangle is lw.

The most basic area formula is the formula for the area of a rectangle. Given a rectangle with length l and w, the formula for the area is:

A = lw  (rectangle)

That is, the area of the rectangle is the length multiplied by the width. As a special case, as in the case of a square, the area of a square with side length s is given by the formula:

A = s²  (square)

The formula for the area of a rectangle follows directly from the basic properties of area, and is sometimes taken as a definition or axiom. On the other hand, if geometry is developed before arithmetic, this formula can be used to define multiplication of real numbers.

Equal area figures.

Dissection formulae

Most other simple formulae for area follow from the method of dissection. This involves cutting a shape into pieces, whose areas must sum to the area of the original shape.

For an example, any parallelogram can be subdivided into a trapezoid and a right triangle, as shown in figure to the left. If the triangle is moved to the other side of the trapezoid, then the resulting figure is a rectangle. It follows that the area of the parallelogram is the same as the area of the rectangle:

A = bh  (parallelogram).

Two equal triangles.

However, the same parallelogram can also be cut along a diagonal into two congruent triangles, as shown in the figure to the right. It follows that the area of each triangle is half the area of the parallelogram:

 (triangle).

Similar arguments can be used to find area formulae for the trapezoid and the rhombus, as well as more complicated polygons.^{[citation needed]}

Area of curved shapes

Circles

A circle can be divided into sectors which rearrange to form an approximate parallelogram.

Main article: Area of a circle

The formula for the area of a circle (more properly called area of a disk) is based on a similar method. Given a circle of radius r, it is possible to partition the circle into sectors, as shown in the figure to the right. Each sector is approximately triangular in shape, and the sectors can be rearranged to form and approximate parallelogram. The height of this parallelogram is r, and the width is half the circumference of the circle, or πr. Thus, the total area of the circle is r × πr, or πr²:

A = πr²  (circle).

Though the dissection used in this formula is only approximate, the error becomes smaller and smaller as the circle is partitioned into more and more sectors. The limit of the areas of the approximate parallelograms is exactly πr², which is the area of the circle.

This argument is actually a simple application of the ideas of calculus. In ancient times, the method of exhaustion was used in a similar way to find the area of the circle, and this method is now recognized as a precursor to integral calculus. Using modern methods, the area of a circle can be computed using a definite integral:

Ellipses

Main article: Ellipse#Area

The formula for the area of an ellipse is related to the formula of a circle; for an ellipse with semi-major and semi-minor axes x and y the formula is:

Surface area

Main article: Surface area

Archimedes showed that the surface area and volume of a sphere is exactly 2/3 of the area and volume of the surrounding cylindrical surface.

Most basic formulae for surface area can be obtained by cutting surfaces and flattening them out. For example, if the side surface of a cylinder (or any prism) is cut lengthwise, the surface can be flattened out into a rectangle. Similarly, if a cut is made along the side of a cone, the side surface can be flattened out into a sector of a circle, and the resulting area computed.

The formula for the surface area of a sphere is more difficult to derive: because the surface of a sphere has nonzero Gaussian curvature, it cannot be flattened out. The formula for the surface area of a sphere was first obtained by Archimedes in his work On the Sphere and Cylinder. The formula is:

A = 4πr²  (sphere).

where r is the radius of the sphere. As with the formula for the area of a circle, any derivation of this formula inherently uses methods similar to calculus.

General formulae

Areas of 2-dimensional figures

• A triangle: (where B is any side, and h is the distance from the line on which B lies to the other vertex of the triangle). This formula can be used if the height h is known. If the lengths of the three sides are known then Heron's formula can be used: where a, b, c are the sides of the triangle, and is half of its perimeter. If an angle and its two included sides are given, the area is where C is the given angle and a and b are its included sides. If the triangle is graphed on a coordinate plane, a matrix can be used and is simplified to the absolute value of . This formula is also known as the shoelace formula and is an easy way to solve for the area of a coordinate triangle by substituting the 3 points (x₁,y₁), (x₂,y₂), and (x₃,y₃). The shoelace formula can also be used to find the areas of other polygons when their vertices are known. Another approach for a coordinate triangle is to use Infinitesimal calculus to find the area.
• A simple polygon constructed on a grid of equal-distanced points (i.e., points with integer coordinates) such that all the polygon's vertices are grid points: , where i is the number of grid points inside the polygon and b is the number of boundary points. This result is known as Pick's theorem.

Area in calculus

Integration can be thought of as measuring the area under a curve, defined by f(x), between two points (here a and b).

The area between two graphs can be evaluated by calculating the difference between the integrals of the two functions

• The area between a positive-valued curve and the horizontal axis, measured between two values a and b (b is defined as the larger of the two values) on the horizontal axis, is given by the integral from a to b of the function that represents the curve:

• The area between the graphs of two functions is equal to the integral of one function, f(x), minus the integral of the other function, g(x):

where is the curve with the greater y-value.

• An area bounded by a function r = r(θ) expressed in polar coordinates is:

• The area enclosed by a parametric curve with endpoints is given by the line integrals:

(see Green's theorem) or the z-component of

Surface area of 3-dimensional figures

• cone: , where r is the radius of the circular base, and h is the height. That can also be rewritten as or where r is the radius and l is the slant height of the cone. is the base area while is the lateral surface area of the cone.
• cube: , where s is the length of an edge.
• cylinder: , where r is the radius of a base and h is the height. The 2r can also be rewritten as d, where d is the diameter.
• prism: 2B + Ph, where B is the area of a base, P is the perimeter of a base, and h is the height of the prism.
• pyramid: , where B is the area of the base, P is the perimeter of the base, and L is the length of the slant.
• rectangular prism: , where is the length, w is the width, and h is the height.

General formula

The general formula for the surface area of the graph of a continuously differentiable function where and is a region in the xy-plane with the smooth boundary:

Even more general formula for the area of the graph of a parametric surface in the vector form where is a continuously differentiable vector function of :

List of formulae

There are formulae for many different regular and irregular polygons, and those additional to the ones above are listed here.

Additional common formulae for area:

Shape	Formula	Variables
Regular triangle (equilateral triangle)		is the length of one side of the triangle.
Triangle		is half the perimeter, , and are the length of each side.
Triangle		and are any two sides, and is the angle between them.
Triangle		and are the base and altitude (measured perpendicular to the base), respectively.
Rhombus		and are the lengths of the two diagonals of the rhombus.
Parallelogram		is the length of the base and is the perpendicular height.
Trapezoid		and are the parallel sides and the distance (height) between the parallels.
Regular hexagon		is the length of one side of the hexagon.
Regular octagon		is the length of one side of the octagon.
Regular polygon		is the side length and is the number of sides.
Regular polygon		is the perimeter and is the number of sides.
Regular polygon		is the radius of a circumscribed circle, is the radius of an inscribed circle, and is the number of sides.
Regular polygon		is the apothem, or the radius of an inscribed circle in the polygon, and is the perimeter of the polygon.
Circle		is the radius and the diameter.
Circular sector		and are the radius and angle (in radians), respectively and is the length of the perimeter.
Ellipse		and are the semi-major and semi-minor axes, respectively.
Total surface area of a Cylinder		and are the radius and height, respectively.
Lateral surface area of a cylinder		and are the radius and height, respectively.
Total surface area of a Sphere		and are the radius and diameter, respectively.
Total surface area of a Pyramid		is the base area, is the base perimeter and is the slant height.
Total surface area of a Pyramid frustrum		is the base area, is the base perimeter and is the slant height.
Square to circular area conversion		is the area of the square in square units.
Circular to square area conversion		is the area of the circle in circular units.

The above calculations show how to find the area of many common shapes.

The area of irregular polygons can be calculated using the "Surveyor's formula".

Optimization

Given a wire contour, the surface of least area spanning ("filling") it is a minimal surface. Familiar examples include soap bubbles.

The question of the filling area of the Riemannian circle remains open.^{[citation needed]}

See also

• Equi-areal mapping
• Integral
• Orders of magnitude (area)—A list of areas by size.
• Perimeter
• Planimeter, an instrument for measuring small areas, e.g. on maps.
• Volume

References

External links

• Area Calculator
• Conversion cable diameter to circle cross-sectional area and vice versa

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Is lung function associated with bone mineral density? Results from the Hertfordshire Cohort Study.

• Dennison EM, Dhanwal DK, Shaheen SO, Azagra R, Reading I, Jameson KA, Sayer AA, Cooper C.SourceMRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, Southampton General Hospital, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.
• Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2013 Dec;8(1-2):115. doi: 10.1007/s11657-012-0115-y. Epub 2013 Jan 15.
• Given limited information available regarding associations between lung function and bone mineral density among healthy subjects, we undertook these analyses in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study. Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)), forced vital capacity (FVC) and FEV(1)/FVC were not associated w
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• [Nanopathology as a new scientific disciplineMinireview].

• Dvořáčková J, Bielniková H, Mačák J.AbstractThe detection of metal particles in the pathologically altered tissues (eg. in inflammatory lesions or tumors) led to the idea that they might be associated with emergence of some idiopathic diseases. To understand the etiopathogenesis of diseases associated with the presence of nanoparticles in the tissue there is a new area of patology - nanopathology. Numerous studies have shown that nanoparticles can enter the human body through inhalation or ingestion. Through the pulmonary alveoli, skin and intestinal mucosa, the nanoparticles may reach the blood and lymphatic system, which subsequently distributes them to other target organs. Epithelial surfaces of conjunctiva and skin represent another potential way of penetration of nanoparticles into the body. There is a number of studies, which described the adverse effects of ultrafine particles on respiratory and cardiovascular system. Recent studies have also shown that some nanoparticles are able to pass through the pores of the nuclear membrane, where they may pose a risk of damage to cells and genetic information and they are also potentially capable to cross the placental and hematoencephalic barriers. Further, their role in the induction of oxidative stress is significant in relation to the mutagenesis. Scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) represents a suitable tool for identification of metal-based particles in tissues and body fluids. Importance of nanopathogy can be seen in the elucidation of the etiopathogenesis of many diseases, not only of respiratory and cardiovascular systems, but also of many other organ systems. Keywords: nanoparticles - nanopathology - diseases of nanoparticles (nanopathologies) - ESEM-EDS.
• Ceskoslovenská patologie.Cesk Patol.2013 Dec;49(1):46-50.
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• M-health: supporting automated diagnosis and electonic health records.

• Alepis E, Lambrinidis C.SourceDepartment of Informatics, University of Piraeus, Piraeus, Greece.
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• Chervenkov H.SourceNational Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology - branch Plovdiv, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
• SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):78. Epub 2013 Mar 5.
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Japanese Journal

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• Galvin Kevin P.,Forghani Marveh,Doroodchi Elham,Iveson Simon M.
• KONA Powder and Particle Journal advpub(0), 2016
• … Hence this work is likely to motivate further work in this area, concerned with the dynamics of random consolidation of settling spheres. …
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• The Effect of Fruit Bearing on Low-molecular-weight Metabolites in Stems of Satsuma Mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.)

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• The Horticulture Journal advpub(0), 2016
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• NAID 130005083312

• 小型FRPボートのレーダ反射信号特性－リフレクタ搭載・非搭載での比較－

• 山田 多津人,水井 真治,大岩 恭平,尾崎 宏介
• 海上保安大学校研究報告, 理工学系 58(1・2), 15-23, 20150327-00-00
• … However,at the actual sea area,the quantitative effects with the radar reflector on the boat are not yet clear enough. …
• NAID 120005602049

• Aquatic adaptation and the evolution of smell and taste in whales

• Kishida Takushi,Thewissen JGM,Hayakawa Takashi,Imai Hiroo,Agata Kiyokazu
• Zoological Letters 1, 2015-12
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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「範囲」「local」「reach」「region」「extent」

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