pulse rate

脈拍数

WordNet

1. be worthy of or have a certain rating; "This bond rates highly"
2. amount of a charge or payment relative to some basis; "a 10-minute phone call at that rate would cost $5" (同)charge per unit
3. a magnitude or frequency relative to a time unit; "they traveled at a rate of 55 miles per hour"; "the rate of change was faster than expected"
4. a quantity or amount or measure considered as a proportion of another quantity or amount or measure; "the literacy rate"; "the retention rate"; "the dropout rate"
5. assign a rank or rating to; "how would you rank these students?"; "The restaurant is rated highly in the food guide" (同)rank, range, order, grade, place
6. estimate the value of; "How would you rate his chances to become President?"; "Gold was rated highly among the Romans" (同)value
7. drive by or as if by pulsation; "A soft breeze pulsed the air"
8. the rate at which the heart beats; usually measured to obtain a quick evaluation of a persons health (同)pulse_rate, heart_rate
9. the rhythmic contraction and expansion of the arteries with each beat of the heart; "he could feel the beat of her heart" (同)pulsation, heartbeat, beat
10. edible seeds of various pod-bearing plants (peas or beans or lentils etc.)
11. produce or modulate (as electromagnetic waves) in the form of short bursts or pulses or cause an apparatus to produce pulses; "pulse waves"; "a transmitter pulsed by an electronic tube" (同)pulsate
12. give (hair) the appearance of being fuller by using a rat
13. a pad (usually made of hair) worn as part of a womans coiffure
14. any of various long-tailed rodents similar to but larger than a mouse
15. catch rats, especially with dogs
16. desert ones party or group of friends, for example, for ones personal advantage
17. employ scabs or strike breakers in
18. standing or position on a scale
19. a local tax on property (usually used in the plural)

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉『割合』,『率』 / 〈C〉《the~,a~》『速度』(speed),進度 / 〈C〉『値段』,『相場』;料金 / 〈U〉等級(class),(…)等 / 《複数形ぃ》《英》地方税 / (…の金額に)…‘の'『値段を決める』,見積もる《+『名』+『at』+『名』》 / …‘を'『評価する』,みなす / 《米話》…‘に'値する,‘の'価値がある / 『評価される』;みなされる
2. …‘を'どなりつける
3. 《通例単数形で》『脈はく』 / (一般に,規則的な)鼓動,律動 / (電気の)パルス / (一般的な)傾向 / 脈を打つ,鼓動する
4. 〈U〉《時に複数扱い》(食用の)豆類 / 〈C〉《通例複数形で》豆のとれる植物
5. 『ネズミ』 / ひきょう者,裏切り者 / ネズミをつかまえる / 《話》(人を)裏切る,密告する《+『on』+『名』〈人〉》
6. 〈C〉〈U〉（品質・技量などによる）格づけ,評価 / 〈C〉（個人・会社の経済的な）信用度 / 〈C〉(トン・馬力による)(船舶・車)の等級 / 〈C〉(テレビ・ラジオの)視聴率

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/02/08 21:15:19」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

This article is about heartbeats. For other uses, see Pulse (disambiguation).

Pulse evaluation at the radial artery.

In medicine, one's pulse represents the tactile arterial palpation of the heartbeat by trained fingertips. The pulse may be palpated in any place that allows an artery to be compressed against a bone, such as at the neck (carotid artery), on the inside of the elbow (brachial artery), at the wrist (radial artery), at the groin (femoral artery), behind the knee (popliteal artery), near the ankle joint (posterior tibial artery), and on foot (dorsalis pedis artery). Pulse (or the count of arterial pulse per minute) is equivalent to measuring the heart rate. The heart rate can also be measured by listening to the heart beat directly (auscultation), traditionally using a stethoscope and counting it for a minute. The study of the pulse is known as sphygmology.

Physiology

The pulse is a decidedly low tech and high yield and antiquated term still useful at the bedside in an age of computational analysis of cardiac performance. Claudius Galen was perhaps the first physiologist to describe the pulse. The pulse is an expedient tactile method of determination of systolic blood pressure to a trained observer. Diastolic blood pressure is non-palpable and unobservable by tactile methods, occurring between heartbeats.

Pressure waves generated by the heart in systole moves the arterial walls. Forward movement of blood occurs when the boundaries are pliable and compliant. These properties form enough to create a palpable pressure wave.

The heart rate may be greater or lesser than the pulse rate depending upon physiologic demand. In this case, the heart rate is determined by auscultation or audible sounds at the heart apex, in which case it is not the pulse. The pulse deficit (difference between heart beats and pulsations at the periphery) is determined by simultaneous palpation at the radial artery and auscultation at the heart apex. It may be present in case of premature beats or atrial fibrillation.

Pulse velocity, pulse deficits and much more physiologic data are readily and simplistically visualized by the use of one or more arterial catheters connected to a transducer and oscilloscope. This invasive technique has been commonly used in intensive care since the 1970s.

The rate of the pulse is observed and measured by tactile or visual means on the outside of an artery and is recorded as beats per minute or BPM.

The pulse may be further indirectly observed under light absorbances of varying wavelengths with assigned and inexpensively reproduced mathematical ratios. Applied capture of variances of light signal from the blood component hemoglobin under oxygenated vs. deoxygenated conditions allows the technology of pulse oximetry.

Characteristics of pulse

Rate

Normal pulse rates at rest, in beats per minute (BPM):

newborn (0–3 months old)	infants (3 – 6 months)	infants (6 – 12 months)	children (1 – 10 years)	children over 10 years & adults, including seniors	well-trained adult athletes
100-150	90–120	80-120	70–130	60–100	40–60

The pulse rate can be used to check overall heart health and fitness level. Generally lower is better, but bradycardias can be dangerous. Symptoms of a dangerously slow heartbeat include weakness, loss of energy and fainting.

Rhythm

A normal pulse is regular in rhythm and force. An irregular pulse may be due to sinus arrhythmia, premature beats, ectopic beats, atrial fibrillation, Paroxysmal Atrial Tachycardia, atrial flutter, partial heart block etc. Intermittent dropping out of beats at pulse is called "intermittent pulse". Examples of regular intermittent (regularly irregular) pulse include pulsus bigeminus, pulsus trigeminus. An example of irregular intermittent (irregularly irregular) pulse is delirium cordis.

Volume

The degree of expansion displayed by artery during diastolic and systolic state is called volume. It also known as amplitude, expansion or size of pulse.

Hypokinetic pulse

A weak pulse signifies narrow pulse pressure. It may be due to low cardiac output (as seen in shock, congestive cardiac failure), hypovolemia, valvular heart disease (such as aortic outflow tract obstruction, mitral stenosis, aortic arch syndrome) etc.

Hyperkinetic pulse

A bounding pulse signifies high pulse pressure. It may be due to low peripheral resistance (as seen in fever, anemia, thyrotoxicosis, hyperkinetic heart syndrome, A-V fistula, Paget's disease, beriberi, liver cirrhosis), increased cardiac output, increased stroke volume (as seen in anxiety, exercise, complete heart block, aortic regurgitation), decreased distensibility of arterial system (as seen in atherosclerosis, hypertension and coarctation of aorta).

The strength of the pulse can also be reported:

• 0 = Absent
• 1 = Barely palpable
• 2 = Easily palpable
• 3 = Full
• 4 = Aneurysmal or Bounding pulse

Force

Also known as compressibility of pulse. It is a rough measure of systolic blood pressure.

Tension

It corresponds to diastolic blood pressure. A low tension pulse (pulsus mollis), the vessel is soft or impalpable between beats. In high tension pulse (pulsus durus), vessels feels rigid even between pulse beats.

Form

A form or contour of a pulse is palpatiory estimation of arteriogram. A quickly rising and quickly falling pulse (pulsus celer) is seen in aortic regurgitation. A slow rising and slowly falling pulse (pulsus tardus) is seen in aortic stenosis.

Equality

Comparing pulses and different places gives valuable clinical information.

A discrepant or unequal pulse between left and right radial artery is observed in anomalous or aberrant course of artery, coarctation of aorta, aortitis, dissecting aneurysm, peripheral embolism etc. An unequal pulse between upper and lower extremities is seen in coarctation to aorta, aortitis, block at bifurcation of aorta, dissection of aorta, iatrogenic trauma and arteriosclerotic obstruction.

Condition of arterial wall

A normal artery is not palpable after flattening by digital pressure. A thick radial artery which is palpable 7.5-10 cm up the forearm is suggestive of arteriosclerosis.

Radio-femoral delay

In coarctation of aorta, femoral pulse may be significantly delayed as compared to radial pulse (unless there is coexisting aortic regurgitation). The delay can also be observed in supravalvar aortic stenosis.

Patterns

Several pulse patterns can be of clinical significance. These include:

• Pulsus alternans: an ominous medical sign that indicates progressive systolic heart failure. To trained fingertips, the examiner notes a pattern of a strong pulse followed by a weak pulse over and over again. This pulse signals a flagging effort of the heart to sustain itself in systole.
• Pulsus bigeminus: indicates a pair of hoofbeats within each heartbeat. Concurrent auscultation of the heart may reveal a gallop rhythm of the native heartbeat.
• Pulsus bisferiens: an unusual physical finding typically seen in patients with aortic valve diseases. If the aortic valve does not normally open and close, trained fingertips will observe two pulses to each heartbeat instead of one.
• Pulsus tardus et parvus or anacrotic pulse: a slower than normal rise in the tactile pulse caused by an increasingly stiff aortic valve. Loss of compliance in the aortic valve makes it progressively harder to open, thus requiring increased generation of blood pressure in the left ventricle.
• Pulsus paradoxus: a condition in which some heartbeats cannot be detected at the radial artery during the inspiration phase of respiration. It is caused by an exaggerated decrease in blood pressure during this phase, and is diagnostic of a variety of cardiac and respiratory conditions of varying urgency.
• Tachycardia: an elevated resting heart rate. In general an electrocardiogram (ECG) is required to identify the type of tachycardia.
• Pulsatile This description of the pulse implies the intrinsic physiology of Systole and Diastole. Scientifically, Systole and Diastole are Forces that expand and contract the pulmonary and systemic circulations.

• A collapsing pulse is a sign of hyperdynamic circulation.

Common palpable sites

Upper limb

Front of right upper extremity

• Axillary pulse: located inferiorly of the lateral wall of the axilla
• Brachial pulse: located on the inside of the upper arm near the elbow, frequently used in place of carotid pulse in infants (brachial artery)
• Radial pulse: located on the lateral of the wrist (radial artery). It can also be found in the anatomical snuff box.
• Ulnar pulse: located on the medial of the wrist (ulnar artery).

Chinese medicine has focused on the pulse in the upper limbs for several centuries. The concept of pulse diagnosis is essentially a treatise based upon palpation and observations of the radial and ulnar volar pulses at the readily accessible wrist.

Lower limb

• Femoral pulse: located in the inner thigh, at the mid-inguinal point, halfway between the pubic symphysis and anterior superior iliac spine (femoral artery).
• Popliteal pulse: Above the knee in the popliteal fossa, found by holding the bent knee. The patient bends the knee at approximately 124°, and the physician holds it in both hands to find the popliteal artery in the pit behind the knee (Popliteal artery).
• Dorsalis pedis pulse: located on top of the foot, immediately lateral to the extensor of hallucis longus (dorsalis pedis artery).
• Tibialis posterior pulse: located on the medial side of the ankle, 2 cm inferior and 2 cm posterior to the medial malleolus (posterior tibial artery). It is easily palpable over Pimenta's Point.

Head and neck

Arteries of the neck.

• Carotid pulse: located in the neck (carotid artery). The carotid artery should be palpated gently and while the patient is sitting or lying down. Stimulating its baroreceptors with low palpitation can provoke severe bradycardia or even stop the heart in some sensitive persons. Also, a person's two carotid arteries should not be palpated at the same time. Doing so may limit the flow of blood to the head, possibly leading to fainting or brain ischemia. It can be felt between the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle, above the hyoid bone and lateral to the thyroid cartilage.
• Facial pulse: located on the mandible (lower jawbone) on a line with the corners of the mouth (facial artery).
• Temporal pulse: located on the temple directly in front of the ear (superficial temporal artery).

Torso

• Apical pulse: located in the 5th left intercostal space, 1.25 cm lateral to the mid-clavicular line. In contrast with other pulse sites, the apical pulse site is unilateral, and measured not under an artery, but below the heart itself (more specifically, the apex of the heart).

See also

• Heart rate
• Pulse meter
• Tempo

References

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 小児における身体的診察：一般原則および標準的な測定 the pediatric physical examination general principles and standard measurements
• 2. 動脈拍動の検討 examination of the arterial pulse
• 3. 脈圧の上昇 increased pulse pressure
• 4. 新生児における酸素のモニタリングおよび治療 oxygen monitoring and therapy in the newborn
• 5. 分娩時胎児心拍数の評価 intrapartum fetal heart rate assessment

English Journal

• Cardiorespiratory fitness in breast cancer survivors.

• Burnett D, Kluding P, Porter C, Fabian C, Klemp J.SourceBreast Cancer Survivorship Center, Mail stop 5015, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3903 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66103-9815 USA.
• SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):68. Epub 2013 Feb 25.
• Maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) has been used to assess risk for all-cause mortality and cardiovascular disease (CVD), and low VO2max has recently been associated with increased mortality from breast cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the proportion of breast cancer survivors with 2 o
• PMID 23538987

• Circadian expressions of cardiac ion channel genes in mouse might be associated with the central clock in the SCN but not the peripheral clock in the heart.

• Tong M, Watanabe E, Yamamoto N, Nagahata-Ishiguro M, Maemura K, Takeda N, Nagai R, Ozaki Y.SourceDepartment of Cardiology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan.
• Biological rhythm research.Biol Rhythm Res.2013 Aug;44(4):519-530. Epub 2012 Aug 6.
• Significant circadian variations exist in the frequency of cardiac arrhythmia, but few studies have examined the relation between cardiac ion channels genes and biological clocks. We investigated this relation using suprachiasmatic nuclei lesion (SCNX) and pharmacological autonomic nervous system bl
• PMID 23420534

• Applying heuristic evaluation to observation chart design to improve the detection of patient deterioration.

• Preece MH, Hill A, Horswill MS, Karamatic R, Hewett DG, Watson MO.SourceSchool of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia.
• Applied ergonomics.Appl Ergon.2013 Jul;44(4):544-56. doi: 10.1016/j.apergo.2012.11.003. Epub 2012 Dec 8.
• A key goal for patient safety is to improve the early recognition and management of patients whose conditions deteriorate whilst in hospital. Paper-based observation charts are the main means of recording and monitoring patients' physiological stability, yet observations (e.g., blood pressure, heart
• PMID 23232087

Japanese Journal

• Application of a First Impression Triage in the Japan Railway West Disaster

• Hashimoto Atsunori,Ueda Takahiro,Kuboyama Kazutoshi,Yamada Taihei,Terashima Mariko,Miyawaki Atsushi,Nakao Atsunori,Kotani Joji
• Acta Medica Okayama 67(3), 171-176, 2013-06-00
• … We used "First Impression Triage (FIT)", our new triage strategy based on general inspection and palpation without counting pulse/respiratory rates, and determined the feasibility of FIT in the chaotic situation of treating a large number of injured people in a brief time period. … There were no statistical differences between FIT and START in the accuracy rate calculated by means of probability of survival and ICU stay. …
• NAID 120005295915

• Passively Q-Switched Intracavity BaTeMo

• Gao Liang,Wang Qingpu,Tao Xutang,Li Ping,Zhang Xingyu,Liu Zhaojun,Chen Xiaohan,Bai Fen,Lan Weixia,Shen Hongbin,Gao Zeliang,Zhang Junjie,Fang Jiaxiong
• Applied Physics Express 6(5), 052703-052703-3, 2013-05-25
• … The pulse repetition rate is measured to be 24 kHz and the pulse width is 5.2 ns. …
• NAID 150000106503

• A Compact 500 MHz Femtosecond All-Fiber Ring Laser

• Yang Tong,Huang Huichang,Yuan Xiaozhi,Wei Xiaoming,He Xin,Mo Shupei,Deng Huaqiu,Yang Zhongmin
• Applied Physics Express 6(5), 052702-052702-3, 2013-05-25
• … We demonstrate a fundamentally mode-locked all-fiber ring laser with the repetition rate up to 500 MHz and pulse duration of 250 fs at 1.5 μm. …
• NAID 150000106502

Related Links

• Pulse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Normal pulse rates at rest, in beats per minute (BPM): ... The pulse rate can be used to check overall heart health and fitness level. Generally lower is better, but bradycardias can be dangerous. Symptoms of a ...

• Pulse Rate Chart (or) Heart Beat Chart | Medindia

Pulse rate or heart beat chart helps you to find out the recommended average pulse rate per minute for your age.

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「脈拍数」
関連記事	「rate」「rat」「pulse」

「脈拍数」

　　[★]

英

pulse rate

関

心拍、脈拍

• 正常な成人：65～85回/分
• 60回/分以下：徐脈
• 100回/分以上：頻脈

出典不明

	呼吸数(回/分)	脈拍数(回/分)	脈拍数/呼吸数比
新生児	40～50	120	2.4～3.0
乳児	30～40	120	3.0～4.0
幼児	20～30	90	3.0～4.5
学童	18～20	80	4.0～4.4
成人	16～18	70	3.9～4.4

• 脈拍数と呼吸数の比は3-4とほぼ一定、か？

「rate」

　　[★]

• n.

• (全体に対する部分などの割合を示す)率　　　⇔　(率を率で除すような比 ratioとは区別するでしょう)

• vi.

• 格付けされる、等級に分けられる
• 影響力がある、重要な地位にある

• vt.

• ～を値踏みする、～の価格を査定する
• (～の重要性や価値を)評価する
• (性能などによって)～を格付けする(等級に分ける)
• (金融)(不動産の)課税額を決める
• ～に値する、～の価値がある

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「rat」

　　[★]

• n.

• (げっ歯類)ラット、(マウスも含めての総称)ネズミ、ラットの

関

laboratory rat、mouse、Norway rat、Rattus、Rattus norvegicus

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「pulse」

　　[★] 脈拍