WordNet

the head of a religious order; in an abbey the prior is next below the abbot
located at or near or behind a part or near the end of a structure
referring to the first of two things or persons mentioned (or the earlier one or ones of several); "the novel was made into a film in 1943 and again in 1967; I prefer the former version to the latter one"
the first of two or the first mentioned of two; "Tom and Dick were both heroes but only the former is remembered today"
(used especially of persons) of the immediate past; "the former president"; "our late President is still very active"; "the previous occupant of the White House" (同)late, previous
grant of favor or advantage to one over another (especially to a country or countries in matters of international trade, such as levying duties)
the right or chance to choose; "given my druthers, Id eat cake" (同)druthers
a strong liking; "my own preference is for good literature"; "the Irish have a penchant for blarney" (同)penchant, predilection, taste
of or near the head end or toward the front plane of a body
earlier in time (同)prior
situated at or toward the bow of a vessel
near or toward the bow of a ship or cockpit of a plane; "the captain went fore (or forward) to check the instruments" (同)forward
religious residence in a monastery governed by a prior or a convent governed by a prioress
data processing in which the operations performed are determined by a system of priorities
the office of prior

PrepTutorEJDIC

(時間・順序が)『前の』先の;(重要さが)優先する
小修道院長;(時に)修道院の副院長(abbotの次に位する)
《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(生物学的に,位置が)後ろの,後部の / (時間・順序が)後の;(…より)後の《+『to』+『名』》(later) / しり(buttocks)
《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『かつての』,以前の / 《the ~》(二つのうちの)『前者』(の)
《場所・位置》…『の前に』,を前にして / 《時》…『より前に』(earlier than…) / (裁判・審理などのために)…の前に / …の前途に,に用意されて,を待って / (困難・不利など)に直面して / (力・勢いなど)に追われて,押されて,攻撃されて / 《順序・階級・価値など》…『よりまさって』,に優先して,より重要で / 《優先》…よりむしろ,するくらいなら(rather than) / 《場所・位置》『前へ』(『に』),前方へ(に),先へ(に) / 《時》『以前に』,すでに(already);今までに,その時までに / (予定より)早く,前に / 《時》…する前に,しないうちに / 《優先》…するより[むしろ],…するくらいなら(rather than)
〈U〉〈C〉『好み』 / 〈U〉〈C〉好みの物を選ぶ権利;優先権 / 〈C〉『好みのもの』
(場所などが)前の,前部の;(…より)前に位置する《+『to』+『名』》 / (時・事件などが)以前の,先の;(…より)前の《+『to』+『名』》
(乗り物の)前部の,前方の / 船首に,(へ) / 前部,前面
小修道院(格はabbeyの下)
女性の小修道院長;(時に)女子修道院の女副院長(abbessの次に位する)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/26 18:43:54」(JST)

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Prior is an ecclesiastical title, derived from the Latin adjective for "earlier, first", with several notable uses.

Monastic superiors

A Prior (or Prioress for nuns) is a monastic superior, usually lower in rank than an Abbot or Abbess. In the Rule of St. Benedict the term prior occurs several times, but does not signify any particular superior; it is indiscriminately applied to any superior, be he Abbot, Provost, Dean, etc. In other old monastic rules the term is used in the same generic sense.

With the Cluniac reform the term Prior received a specific meaning; it supplanted the Provost or Dean (praepositus), spoken of in the Rule of St. Benedict. The example of the Cluniac congregations was gradually followed by all Benedictine monasteries, as well as by the Camaldolese, Vallombrosians, Cistercians, Hirsau congregations, and other offshoots of the Benedictine Order.

Monastic congregations of hermit origin generally do not use the title of abbot for the head of any of their houses, in an effort to avoid the involvement with the world the office of an abbot would entail. As a result, it is not in use for the congregation as a whole. Among them, the equivalent term of Prior General is the one used. This applies, e.g., for the Camaldolese and the Carthusians.

The term is also used by various mendicant Orders, e.g., the Carmelites and the Dominicans. This applies both to the friars and the nuns of these Orders.

Compound and derived titles

In the Benedictine Order and its branches, in the Premonstratensian Order, and in the military orders there are three kinds of priors: the claustral prior, the conventual prior, and the obedientiary prior.

The claustral prior (Latin prior claustralis), called dean in a few monasteries, holds the first place after the abbot (or grand-master in military orders), whom he assists in the government of the monastery, functioning effectively as the abbot's second-in-charge. He has no ordinary jurisdiction by virtue of his office, since he performs the duties of his office entirely according to the will and under the direction of the abbot. His jurisdiction is, therefore, a delegated one and extends just as far as the abbot desires, or the constitutions of the congregation prescribe. He is appointed by the abbot, generally after a consultation in chapter with the professed monks of the monastery, and may be removed by him at any time. In many monasteries, especially larger ones, the claustral prior is assisted by a subprior, who holds the third place in the monastery. In former times there were in larger monasteries, besides the prior and the subprior, also a third, fourth and sometimes even a fifth prior. Each of these was called circa (or circator), because it was his duty to make the rounds of the monastery to see whether anything was amiss and whether the brethren were intent on the work allotted to them respectively. He had no authority to correct or punish the brethren, but was to report to the claustral prior whatever he found amiss or contrary to the rules. In the Congregation of Cluny and others of the tenth, eleventh and twelfth centuries there was also a greater prior (prior major) who preceded the claustral prior in dignity and, besides assisting the abbot in the government of the monastery, had some delegated jurisdiction over external dependencies of the abbey. In the high days of Cluny, the abbot was assisted by a coadjutor styled Grand-Prior (Grand-prieur in French).

The conventual prior (Latin prior conventualis) is the independent superior of a monastery that is not an abbey (and which is therefore called a "priory"). In some orders, like the Benedictines, a monastery remains a priory until it is considered stable enough and large enough to be elevated to the rank of an abbey. In other Orders, like the Camaldolese and Carthusians, conventual priors are the norm and there are no abbots. (The superior of the major houses of Camaldolese nuns, however, is called an abbess.)

This title, in its feminine form prioress, is used for monasteries of nuns in the Dominican and Carmelite orders.

An Obedientiary Prior heads a monastery created as a satellite of an abbey. When an abbey becomes overlarge, or when there is need of a monastery in a new area, the abbot may appoint a group of monks under a prior to begin a new foundation, which remains a dependency of the mother abbey until such time as it is large and stable enough to become an independent abbey of its own.

A Prior Provincial is head of an area of certain Orders, notably the Dominicans, who are not cenobitic (monks) but mendicant friars. Among Dominicans, a convent, male or female, may be headed by a conventual prior, the province by a prior provincial, but the head of the whole Order is not called prior general, but Master General. In all these Orders the second superior of a monastery is called subprior and his office is similar to that of the claustral prior in the Benedictine Order.

Other orders

Compound and derived titles

In some Orders there is only one Grand prior, e.g. in the Portuguese Order of Christ; in other Orders there are several, each in charge of a geographical province called grand priory after him, as in the Order of Malta.

External links

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Prior". Catholic Encyclopedia. Robert Appleton Company.

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