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Polyarteritis nodosa | |
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Classification and external resources | |
ICD-10 | M30.0 |
ICD-9 | 446.0 |
DiseasesDB | 10220 |
MedlinePlus | 001438 |
MeSH | D010488 |
Polyarteritis nodosa, also known as panarteritis nodosa,[1] periarteritis nodosa,[1]), Kussmaul disease, Kussmaul-Maier disease[2] or PAN, is a systemic vasculitis of small- or medium-sized muscular arteries, typically involving renal and visceral vessels but sparing the pulmonary circulation. [3] Infantile polyarteritis nodosa is restricted to infants.[4] In polyarteritis nodosa, small aneurysms are strung like the beads of a rosary,[5] therefore making "rosary sign" an important diagnostic feature of the vasculitis.[6]
With treatment, five-year survival is 80%; without treatment, five-year survival is 13%. Death is often a consequence of kidney failure, myocardial infarction, or stroke.[7]
In this disease, symptoms result from ischemic damage to affected organs, often the skin, heart, kidneys, and nervous system. Generalised symptoms include fever, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Muscle and joint aches are common. The skin may show rashes, swelling, ulcers, and lumps.[citation needed] Palpable purpura and livedo reticularis can occur in some patients.
Nerve involvement may cause sensory changes with numbness, pain, burning, and weakness (peripheral neuropathy). Central nervous system involvement may cause strokes or seizures. Kidney involvement can produce varying degrees of kidney failure, such as hypertension, edema, oliguria, and uremia.[citation needed] Involvement of the arteries of the heart may cause a heart attack, heart failure, and inflammation of the sac around the heart (pericarditis).
There is no association with ANCA, but about 30% of patients with PAN have chronic hepatitis B and deposits containing HBsAg-HBsAb complexes in affected vessels, indicating an immune complex–mediated etiology in that subset. The cause remains unknown in the remaining cases; there may be etiologic and clinical distinctions between classic idiopathic PAN, the cutaneous forms of PAN, and the PAN associated with chronic hepatitis. [8]
No specific lab tests exist for diagnosing polyarteritis nodosa. Diagnosis is generally based on the physical examination and a few laboratory studies that help confirm the diagnosis:
A patient is said to have polyarteritis nodosa if he or she has three of the 10 signs known as the 1990 American College of Rheumatology (ACR)[9] criteria:
In polyarteritis nodosa, small aneurysms are strung like the beads of a rosary,[5] therefore making "rosary sign" an important diagnostic feature of the vasculitis.[6] The 1990 ACR criteria were designed for classification purposes only. Nevertheless, their good discriminatory performances, indicated by the initial ACR analysis, suggested their potential usefulness for diagnostic purposes, also. Subsequent studies did not confirm their diagnostic utility, demonstrating a significant dependence of their discriminative abilities on the prevalence of the various vasculitides in the analyzed populations. Recently, an original study, combining the analysis of more than 100 items used to describe patients' characteristics in a large sample of vasculitides with a computer simulation technique designed to test the potential diagnostic utility of the various criteria, proposed a set of eight positively or negatively discriminating items to be used as a screening tool for diagnosis in patients suspected of systemic vasculitis.[11]
Treatment involves medications to suppress the immune system, including prednisone and cyclophosphamide. In some cases, methotrexate or leflunomide may be helpful.[12] Some patients have also noticed a remission phase when a four-dose infusion of rituximab is used before the leflunomide treatment is begun. Therapy results in remissions or cures in 90% of cases. Untreated, the disease is fatal in most cases. The most serious associated conditions generally involve the kidneys and gastrointestinal tract. A fatal course usually involves gastrointestinal bleeding, infection, myocardial infarction, and/or kidney failure.[13]
In case of remission, about 60% experience relapse within five years.[14] In cases caused by hepatitis B virus, however, recurrence rate is only around 6%.[15]
The condition affects adults more frequently than children and males more frequently than females. Most cases occur between the ages of 30 and 49. It damages the tissues supplied by the affected arteries because they do not receive enough oxygen and nourishment without a proper blood supply.[citation needed] Polyarteritis nodosa is more common in people with hepatitis B infection.[16]
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リンク元 | 「結節性多発動脈炎」「結節性動脈周囲炎」 |
症状 | 検査 | 病理 | 治療 | |||
結節性多発動脈炎 | polyarteritis nodosa,PN | 細動脈に壊死性血管炎を引き起こす。糸球体腎炎なし。 | ① 全身症状あり ② 他臓器の虚血障害〈脳出血、肺出血、虚血性心疾患(心臓の冠動脈が虚血)〉 ③ 進行性腎機能低下、腎血管性高血圧(炎症動脈狭窄→レニン分泌) |
尿所見に乏しい進行性腎機能低下、腰痛 | ・ 腎臓を含む多臓器の動脈に炎症が生じる。 ・ 腎動脈造影で弓状動脈に生じた結節様病変、糸球体病変は軽度。 |
ステロイド&免疫抑制剤(シクロホスファミド) |
顕微鏡的多発動脈炎 | microscopic polyangitis,MPA | 小血管の炎症。糸球体腎炎あり。 | ①全身症状:発熱、体重減少、多発関節炎、筋肉痛 ②多臓器の虚血障害:肺出血(血痰) ③進行性腎機能低下(急性進行性糸球体腎炎)(高齢者のRPGNにMPAが多い) |
①RPGN症状が(血尿、蛋白尿、円柱、週単位での腎機能低下) ②MPO-ANCA陽性が85%を占める。 |
腎の微小血管と糸球体及び、肺の微小血管に炎症が生じる。 ① 半月体形成:糸球体係蹄壁の外側に増殖した細胞が半月状の形態をとる。 ② 免疫グロブリンや補体の沈着はなし。(p-ANCAがELIZA法で検出される。) |
病態 | レイノー現象 | 抗核抗体 | リウマトイド因子 | 抗好中球細胞質抗体 | 皮疹 | 皮下結節 | 関節炎 | 筋炎 | 漿膜炎 | 自己抗体 |
病理 | 壊死性血管炎 | 糸球体腎炎 | 間質性肺炎 | 心炎 | 唾液腺炎 | オニオンスキン病変 | ワイヤーループ病変 | ヘマトキシリン体 | LE細胞 | |
臓器系 | 有症率 | 臨床症状 |
腎臓 | 60 | 腎不全、腎性高血圧 |
筋骨格系 | 64 | 関節炎、関節痛、筋肉痛 |
末梢神経系 | 51 | 末梢神経ニューロパチー、多発性単神経炎 |
消化器系 | 44 | 複数、悪心・嘔吐、出血、腸梗塞・腸穿孔、胆嚢炎、肝梗塞、膵梗塞 |
皮膚 | 43 | 皮疹、紫斑、結節、皮膚梗塞、網状皮斑、レイノー現象 |
心臓 | 36 | うっ血性心不全、心筋梗塞、心膜炎 |
生殖器・泌尿器系 | 25 | 精巣・卵巣・精巣上体痛 |
中枢神経系 | 23 | 脳血管イベント、精神状態の変調、てんかん発作 |
-PN
.