WordNet

the operating part that transmits power to a mechanism; "the piano had a very stiff action" (同)action_mechanism
an act by a government body or supranational organization; "recent federal action undermined the segregationist position"; "the United Nations must have the power to propose and organize action without being hobbled by irrelevant issues"; "the Union action of emancipating Southern slaves"
something done (usually as opposed to something said); "there were stories of murders and other unnatural actions"
the most important or interesting work or activity in a specific area or field; "the action is no longer in technology stocks but in municipal bonds"; "gawkers always try to get as close to the action as possible"
the trait of being active and energetic and forceful; "a man of action"
the series of events that form a plot; "his novels always have a lot of action"
the state of being active; "his sphere of activity"; "he is out of action" (同)activity, activeness
institute legal proceedings against; file a suit against; "He was warned that the district attorney would process him"; "She actioned the company for discrimination" (同)sue, litigate, process
the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction; "he determined unique mechanisms for the photochemical reactions" (同)chemical mechanism
the technical aspects of doing something; "a mechanism of social control"; "mechanisms of communication"; "the mechanics of prose style" (同)mechanics
device consisting of a piece of machinery; has moving parts that perform some function
(philosophy) the philosophical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes
a natural object resembling a machine in structure or function; "the mechanism of the ear"; "the mechanism of infection"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉『行動』,活動;精力的な活動 / 〈C〉『行為』,行い;《複数形で》『日常の行動』,ふるまい / 〈U〉〈C〉(人間・馬などの)身ぶり,動作,所作 / 〈U〉(身体諸器官の)働き / 〈U〉(機械などの)『働き』,機能;(薬・化学薬品などの)『作用』 / 〈U〉〈C〉戦闘(battle) / 〈C〉(銃・ピアノなどの)アクション,作動装置 / 〈C〉訴訟 / 〈U〉(劇・物語の)本筋,筋の運び
〈C〉機械;(部分的な)機械装置 / 〈C〉(機械装置に似た)機構 / 〈C〉(物事が行われる)仕組み,方法 / 〈U〉機械論
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
OLD French古[代]フランス語

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/02/11 21:46:30」(JST)

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In pharmacology, the term mechanism of actions (MOA) refers to the specific biochemical interaction through which a drug substance produces its pharmacological effect.^[1] A mechanism of action usually includes mention of the specific molecular targets to which the drug binds, such as an enzyme or receptor.^[2] Receptor sites have specific affinities for drugs based on the chemical structure of the drug, as well as the specific action that occurs there. Drugs that do not bind to receptors produce their corresponding therapeutic effect by simply interacting with chemical or physical properties in the body. Common examples of drugs that work in this way are antacids and laxatives.^[1]

In comparison, a mode of action (MoA) describes functional or anatomical changes, at the cellular level, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance.

Drugs with known mechanisms of actions

There are many drugs in which the mechanism of action is known. By knowing the interaction between a certain sight of a drug and a receptor, other drugs can be formulated in a way that replicates this interaction, thus producing the same therapeutic effects. Indeed, this method is used to create new drugs.

Aspirin

The mechanism of action of aspirin involves irreversible inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase;^[3] therefore suppressing the production of prostaglandins and thromboxanes, thus reducing pain and inflammation. This mechanism of action is specific to aspirin, and is not constant for all nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Rather, aspirin is the only NSAID that irreversibly inhibits COX-1.^[4]

Antidepressants

The range of pharmacology of antidepressants is broad, as there are many different mechanisms of actions of antidepressants. Many antidepressant drugs, including citalopram, fluoxetine, and paroxetine, serve as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).^[5] The mechanism of action of SSRIs involves the blockage of the serotonin transporter (SERT), which prevents the reuptake of serotonin. An increased level of serotonin in then present in the synaptic space, leading to repeated stimulation of receptors in the recipient cell, thus, producing its pharmacological effects.^[5]

Drugs with unknown mechanisms of action

Some drug mechanisms of action are still unknown. However, even though the mechanism of action of a certain drug is unknown, the drug still functions, it is just unknown or unclear how the drug interacts with receptors and produces its therapeutic effect.

Acamprosate
Armodafinil
Cyclobenzaprine
Demeclocycline
Fabomotizole
Lithium
Meprobamate
Methocarbamol
Paracetamol
Phenytoin

Mechanism of action vs. mode of action

In some literature articles, the term mechanism of action and mode of action (MoA) are used interchangeably; typically referring to the way in which the drug interacts and produces a medical effect. However, in actuality, a mode of action (MoA) describes functional or anatomical changes, at the cellular level, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance.^[6] This differs from a mechanism of action, as it is a more specific term that focuses on the interaction between the drug itself and an enzyme or receptor and its particular form of interaction, whether through inhibition, activation, agonism, or antagonism. Furthermore, the term mechanism of action is the main term that is primarily used in pharmacology, whereas mode of action will more often appear in the field of microbiology or certain aspects of biology.

Methods to determine mechanisms of actions

Direct biochemical methods

Direct biochemical methods include methods in which a protein or a small molecule, such as a drug candidate, is labeled and is traced throughout the body.^[7] This proves to be the most direct approach to find target protein that will bind to small targets of interest, such as a basic representation of a drug outline, in order to identify the pharmacophore of the drug. Due to the physical interactions between the labeled molecule and a protein, biochemical methods can be used to determine the toxicity, efficacy, and the mechanism of action of the drug.

Computation inference methods

Typically, computation inference methods are primarily used to predict protein targets for small molecule drugs based on computer based pattern recognition.^[7] However, this method could also be used for finding new targets for existing or newly developed drugs. By identifying the pharmacophore of the drug molecule, the profiling method of pattern recognition can be carried out where a new target is identified.^[7] This provides an insight at a possible mechanism of action, as it is known what certain functional components of the drug are responsible for interacting with a certain area on a protein, thus, leading to a therapeutic effect.

References

^ ^a ^b Spratto, George R.; Adrienne L. Woods (2010). Delmar Nurse's Drug Handbook. Cengage Learning. ISBN 978-1-4390-5616-5.
^ Grant RL, Combs AB, Acosta D (2010). "Experimental Models for the Investigation of Toxicological Mechanisms". In McQueen CA. Comprehensive Toxicology (2nd ed.). Oxford: Elsevier. p. 204. ISBN 978-0-08-046884-6.
^ L. Tóth, L. Muszbek, I. Komaromi "Mechanism of the irreversible inhibition of human cyclooxygenase-1 by aspirin as predicted by QM/MM calculations", J Mol Graph Model. 2013 Mar;40: pp.99-109
^ Sharma, S.; Sharma, S. C. (1997-10-01). "An update on eicosanoids and inhibitors of cyclooxygenase enzyme systems". Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 35 (10): 1025–1031. ISSN 0019-5189. PMID 9475035.
^ ^a ^b "Mechanism of Action of SSRIs - Psychopharmacology Institute". psychopharmacologyinstitute.com. Retrieved 2015-11-22.
^ "Mechanisms and mode of dioxin action" (PDF). US EPA. Retrieved 11 June 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c Schenone, Monica; Dančík, Vlado; Wagner, Bridget K.; Clemons, Paul A. (2013-04-01). "Target identification and mechanism of action in chemical biology and drug discovery". Nature Chemical Biology 9 (4): 232–240. doi:10.1038/nchembio.1199. ISSN 1552-4450.

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English Journal

Clinical pharmacology of paracetamol in neonates: a review.

Pacifici GM1, Allegaert K2.
Current therapeutic research, clinical and experimental.Curr Ther Res Clin Exp.2014 Dec 12;77:24-30. doi: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2014.12.001. eCollection 2015.
Paracetamol is commonly used to control mild-to-moderate pain or to reduce opioid exposure as part of multimodal analgesia, and is the only compound recommended to treat fever in neonates. Paracetamol clearance is lower in neonates than in children and adults. After metabolic conversion, paracetamol
PMID 25709719

Sertraline enhances the activity of antimicrobial agents against pathogens of clinical relevance.

Ayaz M1, Subhan F2, Ahmed J3, Khan AU4, Ullah F1, Ullah I5, Ali G2, Syed NI6, Hussain S7.
Journal of biological research (Thessalonikē, Greece).J Biol Res (Thessalon).2015 Apr 16;22(1):4. doi: 10.1186/s40709-015-0028-1. eCollection 2015.
BACKGROUND: Serotonin reuptake inhibitors were recently reported to possess antimicrobial potentials, potentiate activity of several antibiotics, reverse multidrug resistant phenotypes of bacteria and make them susceptible to previously resistant drugs. We investigated antimicrobial potentials of se
PMID 26029671

Japanese Journal

中国ネット世論形成における「党・政府主導型オピニオンリーダー」の発信行動と役割 : 「＠人民日報」を例として

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リンク元	「作用機序」「作用機構」「mode of action」「action mechanism」「作用メカニズム」
拡張検索	「molecular mechanism of action」
関連記事	「action」「mechanism」