WordNet

turn into a carbonate
a salt or ester of carbonic acid (containing the anion CO3)
treat with carbon dioxide; "Carbonated soft drinks"
a soft silver-white univalent element of the alkali metal group; the lightest metal known; occurs in several minerals (同)Li, atomic number 3
having carbonation (especially artificially carbonated)

PrepTutorEJDIC

炭酸塩 / …'を'炭酸塩化する,炭酸で飽和させる / …'を'炭化させる
リチウム(金属元素;化学記号は『Li』)
炭酸ガスを含む

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/05/21 06:53:41」(JST)

wiki en

Lithium carbonate is an inorganic compound, the lithium salt of carbonate with the formula Li
2CO
3. This white salt is widely used in the processing of metal oxides.

For the treatment of bipolar disorder, it is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medication needed in a basic health system.^[6]

Uses

Lithium carbonate is an important industrial chemical. It forms low-melting fluxes with silica and other materials. Glasses derived from lithium carbonate are useful in ovenware. Lithium carbonate is a common ingredient in both low-fire and high-fire ceramic glaze. Its alkaline properties are conducive to changing the state of metal oxide colorants in glaze particularly red iron oxide (Fe
2O
3). Cement sets more rapidly when prepared with lithium carbonate, and is useful for tile adhesives. When added to aluminium trifluoride, it forms LiF which gives a superior electrolyte for the processing of aluminium.^[7] It is also used in the manufacture of most lithium-ion battery cathodes, which are made of lithium cobalt oxide.

Medical uses

In 1843, lithium carbonate was used as a new solvent for stones in the bladder. In 1859, some doctors recommended a therapy with lithium salts for a number of ailments, including gout, urinary calculi, rheumatism, mania, depression, and headache. In 1948, John Cade discovered the antimanic effects of lithium ions. This finding led lithium, specifically lithium carbonate, to be used to treat mania associated with bipolar disorder.

Lithium carbonate is used to treat mania, the elevated phase of bipolar disorder. Lithium ions interfere with ion transport processes (see “sodium pump”) that relay and amplify messages carried to the cells of the brain.^[8] Mania is associated with irregular increases in protein kinase C (PKC) activity within the brain. Lithium carbonate and sodium valproate, another drug traditionally used to treat the disorder, act in the brain by inhibiting PKC’s activity and help to produce other compounds that also inhibit the PKC.^[9] Despite these findings, a great deal remains unknown regarding lithium's mood-controlling properties.^{[citation needed]}

Use of lithium salts exhibit a number of risks and side effects, especially at higher doses. Lithium intoxication affects the central nervous and renal systems and is potentially lethal.^[10]

Properties and reactions

Unlike sodium carbonate, which forms at least three hydrates, lithium carbonate exists only in the anhydrous form.^[11] Its solubility in water is low relative to other lithium salts. The isolation of lithium from aqueous extracts of lithium ores capitalizes on this poor solubility. Its apparent solubility increases 10-fold under a mild pressure of carbon dioxide; this effect is due to the formation of the metastable bicarbonate, which is more soluble:^[7]

Li
2CO
3 + CO
2 + H
2O 2 LiHCO
3

The extraction of lithium carbonate at high pressures of CO
2 and its precipitation upon depressuring is the basis of the Quebec process.

Lithium carbonate can also be purified by exploiting its diminished solubility in hot water. Thus, heating a saturated aqueous solution causes crystallization of Li
2CO
3.^[12]

Lithium carbonate, and other carbonates of group 1, do not decarboxylate readily. Li
2CO
3 decomposes at temperatures around 1300 °C.

Production

Lithium is extracted from primarily two sources: pegmatite crystals and lithium salt from brine pools. About 30,000 tons were produced in 1989. It also exists as the rare mineral zabuyelite.^[13]

Lithium carbonate is generated by combining lithium peroxide with carbon dioxide. This reaction is the basis of certain air purifiers, e.g., in spacecraft, used to absorb carbon dioxide:^[11]

2 Li
2O
2 + 2 CO
2 → 2 Li
2CO
3 + O
2

References

^ Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=608
^ Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8
^ ^a ^b ^c Sigma-Aldrich Co., Lithium carbonate. Retrieved on 2014-06-03.
^ http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/554-13-2
^ "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
^ ^a ^b Ulrich Wietelmann, Richard J. Bauer "Lithium and Lithium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15 393
^ Medical use
^ Yildiz, A; Guleryuz, S; Ankerst, DP; Ongür, D; Renshaw, PF (2008). "Protein kinase C inhibition in the treatment of mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tamoxifen". Archives of General Psychiatry 65 (3): 255–63. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.43. PMID 18316672.
^ Simard, M; Gumbiner, B; Lee, A; Lewis, H; Norman, D (1989). "Lithium carbonate intoxication. A case report and review of the literature" (PDF). Archives of Internal Medicine 149 (1): 36–46. doi:10.1001/archinte.149.1.36. PMID 2492186.
^ ^a ^b Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. Pages=84-85 ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
^ E. R. Caley, P. J. Elving "Purification of Lithium Carbonate" Inorganic Syntheses, 1939, vol. 1, p. 1. doi:10.1002/9780470132326.ch1
^ David Barthelmy. "Zabuyelite Mineral Data". Mineralogy Database. Retrieved 2010-02-07.

External links

Official FDA information published by Drugs.com

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 成人における双極性障害とリチウム：薬理学、管理、および副作用 bipolar disorder in adults and lithium pharmacology administration and side effects
2. リチウム中毒 lithium poisoning
3. リチウムと甲状腺 lithium and the thyroid
4. Renal toxicity of lithium
5. 成人の単極性うつ病：リチウムによる治療 unipolar depression in adults treatment with lithium

English Journal

Low-Temperature Fabrication of Mesoporous Solid Strong Bases by Using Multifunction of a Carbon Interlayer.

Liu XY, Sun LB, Liu XD, Li AG, Lu F, Liu XQ.SourceState Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
ACS applied materials & interfaces.ACS Appl Mater Interfaces.2013 Oct 9;5(19):9823-9829. Epub 2013 Sep 24.
Mesoporous solid strong bases are highly promising for applications as environmentally benign catalysts in various reactions. Their preparation attracts increasing attention for the demand of sustainable chemistry. In the present study, a new strategy was designed to fabricate strong basicity on mes
PMID 24020837

Synergistic interaction between caloric restriction and amphetamine in food-unrelated approach behavior of rats.

Keller KL, Vollrath-Smith FR, Jafari M, Ikemoto S.SourceBehavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 251 Bayview Blvd., Suite 200, Baltimore, MD, 21224, USA.
Psychopharmacology.Psychopharmacology (Berl).2013 Oct 8. [Epub ahead of print]
RATIONALE: Approach behavior is regulated by the brain integrating information about environment and body state. Psychoactive drugs interact with this process.OBJECTIVES: We examined the extent to which caloric (i.e., food) restriction, amphetamine (AMPH) and lithium interact in potentiating locomot
PMID 24101157

The Usual Treatment of Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalalgias.

Pareja JA, Alvarez M.SourceNeurological Department, University Hospital Quirón Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Neurological Department, University Hospital Fundación Alcorcón, Alcorcón, Spain.
Headache.Headache.2013 Oct;53(9):1401-1414. doi: 10.1111/head.12193.
Trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias include cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection, tearing, and rhinorrhea (SUNCT). Conventional pharmacological therapy can be successful in the majority of trigeminal autonomic c
PMID 24090529

Japanese Journal

Effect of Film-Forming Additive in Ionic Liquid Electrolyte on Electrochemical Performance of Si Negative-Electrode for LIBs

Yamaguchi Kazuki,Domi Yasuhiro,Usui Hiroyuki,Shimizu Masahiro,Morishita Shota,Yodoya Shuhei,Sakata Takuma,Sakaguchi Hiroki
Journal of the Electrochemical Society 166(2), A268-A276, 2019-01-28
… To exert a potential of EMI-TFSA, we employed vinylene carbonate (VC) as film-forming additive. …
NAID 120006650631

Self-Assembled Liquid-Crystalline Ion Conductors: Odd-Even Effects of Flexible Spacers Binding a Carbonate Moiety and an Aliphatic Rod-Like Core on Phase Transition Properties and Ion Conductivities

Mizumura Yurika,Högberg Daniel,Arai Kenichiro,Sakuda Junji,Soberats Bartolome,Yoshio Masafumi,Kato Takashi
Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan 92(7), 1226-1233, 2019
… These liquid crystals form complexes with lithium salts and self-assemble into nanostructures with well-defined ion pathways. …
NAID 130007679386

Transactions of the Iron and Steel Institute of Japan

Kim Seon Tae,Kurahashi Chisato,Hoshino Hitoshi,Takahashi Chiharu,Tamura Yoshiro,Takasu Hiroki,Saito Shusuke,Kurihara Masaki,Kato Yukitaka
ＩＳＩＪ　Ｉｎｔｅｒｎａｔｉｏｎａｌ 59(4), 721-726, 2019
… Thermochemical energy storage (TcES) system using lithium orthosilicate/carbon dioxide (Li4SiO4/CO2) reaction was developed for recovery and utilization of high temperature thermal energy generated from high temperature industrial process. … For lithium orthosilicate packed bed reactor, tablet forms of Li4SiO4 …
NAID 130007633315

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「リチウム」
関連記事	「carbonate」

「リチウム」

Lithium carbonate
Names
	IUPAC name Lithium carbonate
	Other names Dilithium carbonate, Carbolith, Cibalith-S, Duralith, Eskalith, Lithane, Lithizine, Lithobid, Lithonate, Lithotabs Priadel, Zabuyelite
Identifiers
CAS Number	554-13-2
ChEBI	CHEBI:6504
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200826
ChemSpider	10654
Jmol 3D model	Interactive image
KEGG	D00801
PubChem	11125
RTECS number	OJ5800000
UNII	2BMD2GNA4V
	InChI InChI=1S/CH2O3.2Li/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2+1/p-2 Key: XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/CH2O3.2Li/c2-1(3)4;;/h(H2,2,3,4);;/q;2+1/p-2 Key: XGZVUEUWXADBQD-NUQVWONBAY ;
	SMILES [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O ;
Properties
Chemical formula	Li; 2CO; 3
Molar mass	73.89
Appearance	Odorless white powder
Density	2.11 g/cm3
Melting point	723 °C (1,333 °F; 996 K)
Boiling point	1,310 °C (2,390 °F; 1,580 K); decomposes from ~1300 °C
Solubility in water	1.54 g/100 mL (0 °C); 1.43 g/100 mL (10 °C); 1.29 g/100 mL (25 °C); 1.08 g/100 mL (40 °C); 0.69 g/100 mL (100 °C)
Solubility	Insoluble in acetone, ammonia, alcohol
Refractive index (nD)	1.428
Viscosity	4.64 cP (777 °C); 3.36 cP (817 °C)
Thermochemistry
Specific; heat capacity (C)	97.4 J/mol·K
Std molar; entropy (So298)	90.37 J/mol·K
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfHo298)	-1215.6 kJ/mol
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)	-1132.4 kJ/mol
Hazards
Main hazards	Irritant
Safety data sheet	ICSC 1109
GHS pictograms
GHS signal word	Warning
GHS hazard statements	H302, H319
GHS precautionary statements	P305+351+338
EU classification (DSD)	Xn Xi
R-phrases	R22, R36
S-phrases	S26, S36/37
Flash point	Non-flammable
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	525 mg/kg (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Other cations	Sodium carbonate; Potassium carbonate; Rubidium carbonate; Caesium carbonate
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: lithium
化: 炭酸リチウム lithium carbonate
商: リーマス、リチオマール

特徴

治療域がせまく、有害作用域(adverse effect)が広い

mood stabilizer

5-HT、NEが受容体に結合

inositol monophosphatase, IMPase

wingless:ショウジョウバエ、ハネの発生に関する
Int-1:マウス乳癌
Wnt:相同遺伝子。分泌蛋白
作用箇所
リン酸化GSK-3(不活型)－phosphatase(←Liにより抑制される)→GSK
GSK-3βはインスリン受容体の下流にも存在する。インスリンのGタンパク質を介したシグナルがPKA,PKC,Akt,p90RSKに伝わり、さらにGSK-3βを介して(p-ser9が介在)下流に伝わる
インスリンを経鼻投与すると海馬における学習や記憶力が向上するかもしれない

副作用

急性リチウム中毒

悪心、嘔吐、下痢、腎不全、神経筋機能不全、失行、振戦、混乱(confusion)、昏迷(delirium、てんかん発作　→　may require dialysis
低ナトリウム血症、NSAIDの投与　→　近位尿細管でのLi取り込み↑　→　血漿リチウム濃度上昇
(筋細胞)血漿リチウム濃度↑　→　K+の細胞内の移動が妨げられる　→　再分極の阻害　→　高カリウム血症　→　突然死
リチウム↑　→　ADHやTSHのシグナル伝達系下流に存在するadenylyl cyclaseを阻害　→　腎性尿崩症 and ( hypothyroidism and/or goiter)

リチウム中毒と血中濃度

時々血中濃度を測定しなければならない

初期　1.5-2.5mEq/L　粗大振戦、失調、悪心、嘔吐、鎮静
中度　2.5-3.5mEq/L　耳鳴り
重度　3 -5 mEq/L　昏睡、血圧低下、腎障害

「carbonate」

　　[★]

炭酸、(化合物)炭酸塩

関: carbonic、carbonic acid

[sioc-1] Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1952). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds. Van Nostrand.

[chemister-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=608

[3] Pradyot Patnaik. Handbook of Inorganic Chemicals. McGraw-Hill, 2002, ISBN 0-07-049439-8

[sigma-4] Sigma-Aldrich Co., Lithium carbonate. Retrieved on 2014-06-03.

[5] ttp://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/rn/554-13-2

[6] "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines" (PDF). World Health Organization. October 2013. Retrieved 22 April 2014.

[Ullmann-7] Ulrich Wietelmann, Richard J. Bauer "Lithium and Lithium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. doi:10.1002/14356007.a15 393

[8] Medical use

[9] Yildiz, A; Guleryuz, S; Ankerst, DP; Ongür, D; Renshaw, PF (2008). "Protein kinase C inhibition in the treatment of mania: a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tamoxifen". Archives of General Psychiatry 65 (3): 255–63. doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.43. PMID 18316672.

[10] Simard, M; Gumbiner, B; Lee, A; Lewis, H; Norman, D (1989). "Lithium carbonate intoxication. A case report and review of the literature" (PDF). Archives of Internal Medicine 149 (1): 36–46. doi:10.1001/archinte.149.1.36. PMID 2492186.

[G.26W-11] Greenwood, N. N.; & Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd Edn.), Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. Pages=84-85 ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.

[12] E. R. Caley, P. J. Elving "Purification of Lithium Carbonate" Inorganic Syntheses, 1939, vol. 1, p. 1. doi:10.1002/9780470132326.ch1

[webmineral.com-13] David Barthelmy. "Zabuyelite Mineral Data". Mineralogy Database. Retrieved 2010-02-07.

匿名

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案内

案内

lithium carbonate