左側

WordNet

take sides for or against; "Who are you widing with?"; "I"m siding against the current candidate"
an extended outer surface of an object; "he turned the box over to examine the bottom side"; "they painted all four sides of the house"
a surface forming part of the outside of an object; "he examined all sides of the crystal"; "dew dripped from the face of the leaf" (同)face
an opinion that is held in opposition to another in an argument or dispute; "there are two sides to every question" (同)position
a lengthwise dressed half of an animals carcass used for food (同)side of meat
a family line of descent; "he gets his brains from his fathers side"
a line segment forming part of the perimeter of a plane figure; "the hypotenuse of a right triangle is always the longest side"
a place within a region identified relative to a center or reference location; "they always sat on the right side of the church"; "he never left my side"
an aspect of something (as contrasted with some other implied aspect); "he was on the heavy side"; "he is on the purchasing side of the business"; "it brought out his better side"
either the left or right half of a body; "he had a pain in his side"
one of two or more contesting groups; "the Confederate side was prepared to attack"
located on a side; "side fences"; "the side porch"
toward or on the left; also used figuratively; "he looked right and left"; "the political party has moved left"
a turn toward the side of the body that is on the north when the person is facing east; "take a left at the corner"
the hand that is on the left side of the body; "jab with your left" (同)left_hand
those who support varying degrees of social or political or economic change designed to promote the public welfare (同)left wing
location near or direction toward the left side; i.e. the side to the north when a person or object faces east; "she stood on the left"
intended for the left hand; "I rarely lose a left-hand glove" (同)left-hand
being or located on or directed toward the side of the body to the west when facing north; "my left hand"; "left center field"; "the left bank of a river is bank on your left side when you are facing downstream"
of or belonging to the political or intellectual left
material applied to the outside of a building to make it weatherproof
a short stretch of railroad track used to store rolling stock or enable trains on the same line to pass (同)railroad siding, turnout, sidetrack

PrepTutorEJDIC

(物体)『面』 / (物体の)『側面』,わき / (紙・レコードなど平らな物の)『面』 / (中心線・分離線から見た)『片側』 / (中心部分から見て)…『側』 / (人間・動物の体の右または左の)『側面』,(特に)横腹,わき腹 / 《単随形で》(人の)『そば』,わき / (物の)端,へり;(図形の)辺 / (競技・争いなどの一方の)『側』,味方 / (事柄の持っている)一面,局面 / (父方または母方の)血統,…方(かた) / 側部の,側面の,わきの / 側部(側面)からの(への) / 二次的な,従の / 〈建物など〉‘に'側面を付ける / (…に賛成の(反対の))側につく《+『with(against)』+『名』》
leaveの過去・過去分詞
《名詞の前にのみ用いて》『左の』,左方の / 《しばしばl-》(政治上の)左翼の,左派の,革新派の / 左に,左方に / 《通例 the ~》『左』,左方,左側 / 《しばしばthe L-》左翼の政党(団体),左派 / 〈U〉(野球で)左翼,レフト(left field);〈C〉左翼手(left fielder) / 〈C〉(ボクシングで)左手打ち
〈C〉(鉄道の)側線,待避線 / 〈U〉《米》(木造家屋外壁の)下見張り,(建物の外側の)壁板
=ti

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/10/30 10:31:41」(JST)

wiki en

A right-handed Cartesian coordinate system, illustrating the x (right-left), y (forward-backward) and z (up-down) axes relative to a human being.

The most common relative directions are left, right, forward(s), backward(s), up, and down. No absolute direction corresponds to any of the relative directions. This is a consequence of the translational invariance of the laws of physics: nature, loosely speaking, behaves the same no matter what direction one moves. As demonstrated by the Michelson-Morley null result, there is no absolute inertial frame of reference. There are definite relationships between the relative directions, however. Left and right, forward and backward, and up and down are three pairs of complementary directions, each pair orthogonal to both of the others. Relative directions are also known as egocentric coordinates.^[1]

Traditions and conventions

Since definitions of left and right based on the geometry of the natural environment are unwieldy, in practice, the meaning of relative direction words is conveyed through tradition, acculturation, education, and direct reference. One common definition of up and down uses gravity and the planet Earth as a frame of reference. Since there is a very noticeable force of gravity acting between the Earth and any other nearby object, down is defined as that direction which an object moves in reference to the Earth when the object is allowed to fall freely. Up is then defined as the opposite direction of down. Another common definition uses a human body, standing upright, as a frame of reference. In that case, up is defined as the direction from feet to head, perpendicular to the surface of the Earth. In most cases, up is a directionally oriented position generally opposite to that of the pull of gravity.

This statue holds a sword in its proper right hand

In situations where a common frame of reference is needed, it is most common to use an egocentric view. A simple example is road signage. Another example is stage blocking, where "stage left" "stage right" "stage up" and "stage down" are, by convention, defined from the actor's point of view, but up and down stage do not follow gravitational conventions of up and down. An example of a non-egocentric view is page layout, where the relative terms "upper half" "left margin," etc. are defined in terms of the observer but employed in reverse for a type compositor, returning to an egocentric view. In medicine and science, where precise definitions are crucial, relative directions (left and right) are the sides of the organism, not those of the observer. The same is true in heraldry, where left and right in a coat of arms is treated as if the shield was being held by the armiger. To avoid confusion, Latin terminology is employed: dexter and sinister for right and left. Proper right and proper left are terms mainly used to describe images, and overcome the potential confusion that a figure's right or "proper right" hand is on the left hand as the viewer of a frontal image sees it.

Forward and backward may be defined by referring to an object's or person's motion. Forward is defined as the direction in which the object is moving. Backward is then defined as the opposite direction to forward. Alternatively, 'forward' may be the direction pointed by the observer's nose, defining 'backward' as the direction from the nose to the sagittal border in the observer's skull. With respect to a ship 'forward' would indicate the relative position of any object lying in the direction the ship is pointing. For symmetrical objects, it is also necessary to define forward and backward in terms of expected direction. Many mass transit trains are built symmetrically with paired control booths, and definitions of forward, backward, left, and right are temporary.

Given significant distance from the magnetic poles, one can figure which hand is which using a magnetic compass and the sun. Facing the sun, before noon, the north pointer of the compass points to the "left" hand. After noon, it points to the "right".

Geometry of the natural environment

Type compositing

The right-hand rule is one common way to relate the three principal directions. For many years a fundamental question in physics was whether a left-hand rule would be equivalent. Many natural structures, including human bodies, follow a certain "handedness", but it was widely assumed that nature did not distinguish the two possibilities. This changed with the discovery of parity violations in particle physics. If a sample of cobalt-60 atoms is magnetized so that they spin counterclockwise around some axis, the beta radiation resulting from their nuclear decay will be preferentially directed opposite that axis. Since counter-clockwise may be defined in terms of up, forward, and right, this experiment unambiguously differentiates left from right using only natural elements: if they were reversed, or the atoms spun clockwise, the radiation would follow the spin axis instead of being opposite to it.

Nautical terminology

Bow, aft, port, and starboard are nautical terms that convey an impersonal relative direction in the context of the moving frame of persons aboard a ship. The need for impersonal terms is most clearly seen in a rowing shell where the majority of the crew face aft ("backwards") and the oars to their right are actually on the port side.

Cultures not using relative directions

Most human cultures use relative directions for reference, but there are exceptions. The Australian Aboriginal people the Guugu Yimithirr have no words denoting the egocentric directions in their language; instead, they exclusively refer to cardinal directions, even when describing small-scale spaces. For instance, if they wanted someone to move over on the car seat to make room, they might say "move a bit to the east". To tell someone where exactly they left something in their house, they might say, "I left it on the southern edge of the western table." Or they might warn a person to "look out for that big ant just north of your foot". Other peoples "from Polynesia to Mexico and from Namibia to Bali" similarly have predominantly "geographic languages".^[1] American Sign Language makes heavy use of geographical direction through absolute orientation.^{[clarification needed]} When speaking Mongolian, speakers will typically use the words for "front", "back", "left", and "right" to mean "south", "north", "east", and "west", respectively.

Left-right confusion

Left-right confusion is the difficulty some people have in distinguishing the difference between the directions left and right. According to research by John R. Clarke (Drexel University) it affects about 15% of the population.^{[citation needed]} These people can usually normally perform daily activities such as driving according to signs and navigating according to a map, but will often take a wrong turn when told to turn left or right and may have difficulties performing actions that require precise understanding of directional commands, such as ballroom dancing.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]

References

^ ^a ^b Deutscher, Guy (August 26, 2010). "Does Your Language Shape How You Think?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
^ Elving, Belle (2008-07-28). "Which Is Right?". The Washington Post. Retrieved 12 May 2010.
^ Brandt, Jason; Mackavey, William (1981). "Left-right confusion and the perception of bilateral symmetry". International Journal of Neuroscience 12 (2): 87–94. doi:10.3109/00207458108985793. PMID 7203826. Retrieved 23 May 2010.
^ Hannay, H. Julia; P.J. Ciaccia, Joan W. Kerr, Darlene Barrett (1990). "Self-report of right-left confusion in college men and women". Perceptual and Motor Skills 70 (2): 451–457. doi:10.2466/PMS.70.2.451-457. PMID 2342844. Cite uses deprecated parameters (help)
^ Harris, Lauren Julius; Gitterman, Steven R. (1978). "University professors' self-descriptions of left-right confusability: sex and handedness differences". Perceptual and Motor Skills 47 (3 Pt 1): 819–823. doi:10.2466/pms.1978.47.3.819. PMID 740475.

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English Journal

Effect of chewing on dental patients with total denture: an experimental study.

Tokmakci M, Zortuk M, Asyali MH, Sisman Y, Kilinc HI, Ertas ET.SourceDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erciyes University, 38039 Kayseri, Türkiye.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):40. Epub 2013 Feb 8.
In this study, we have explored the prospect of assessing and following level of total denture adaptation by use of EMG signals recorded during gum chewing. Total of 14 edentulous patients, 6 women and 8 men, with an average age of 63±9 years, were recruited. Separate EMG recordings were obtained f
PMID 23504412

Cluster headache and arachnoid cyst.

Edvardsson B, Persson S.SourceDepartment of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Skane University Hospital, S-221 85 Lund, Sweden.
SpringerPlus.Springerplus.2013 Dec;2(1):4. Epub 2013 Jan 10.
BACKGROUND: Cluster headache is a primary headache by definition not caused by any known underlying structural pathology. However, symptomatic cases have been described, e.g. tumours, particularly pituitary adenomas, malformations, and infections/inflammations. The evaluation of cluster headache is
PMID 23419954

How anatomical asymmetry of human auditory cortex can lead to a rightward bias in auditory evoked fields.

Shaw ME, Hämäläinen MS, Gutschalk A.SourceDepartment of Neurology, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
NeuroImage.Neuroimage.2013 Jul 1;74:22-9. doi: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.002. Epub 2013 Feb 13.
Auditory evoked fields and potentials, such as the N1 or the 40-Hz steady state response, are often stronger in the right compared to the left auditory cortex. Here we investigated whether a greater degree of cortical folding in left auditory cortex could result in increased MEG signal cancelation a
PMID 23415949