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abnormal condition in which vision for distant objects is better than for near objects (同)hypermetropia, hypermetropy, farsightedness, longsightedness

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/25 02:14:08」(JST)

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Hyperopia commonly known as farsightedness (American English) or longsightedness ^[1](British English), is a defect of vision caused by an imperfection in the eye (often when the eyeball is too short or the lens cannot become round enough), causing the eye to not have enough power to see close or nearby objects.^[2] Correction is usually achieved by the use of convex corrective lenses. For near objects, the eye has to accommodate even more. Depending on the amount of hyperopia and the age of the person which directly relates to the eye's accommodative ability, the symptoms can be different.^[1]

People with hyperopia can experience blurred vision, asthenopia, accommodative dysfunction, binocular dysfunction, amblyopia, and strabismus,^[3]

Classification

Hyperopia is typically classified according to clinical appearance, its severity, or how it relates to the eye's accommodative status.^[3]

Simple hyperopia
Pathological hyperopia
Functional hyperopia

Signs/symptoms

The signs and symptoms of farsightedness are blurry vision, headaches, and eyestrain.^[2] The common symptom is 'tiring' of the eyes (asthenopia). Difficulty seeing with both eyes (binocular vision) may occur, as well as, difficulty with depth perception.^[1]

Causes

Human eye cross-section

The defect of hyperopia is the result of the visual image being focused behind the retina, hyperopia is mainly caused by two reasons:^[2]

Low converging power of eye lens because of weak action of ciliary muscles.
Abnormal shape of the cornea

Farsightedness is often present from birth, but children have a very flexible eye lens, which helps make up for the problem.^[4] In rare instances hyperopia can be due to diabetes, and problems with the blood vessels in the retina.^[1]

Mechanism

Refractive errors occur when the shape of the eye keeps you from focusing well.Human vision occurs when light is refracted as it passes through the cornea (and lens). The retina adjusts the light into information that is sent via the optic nerve to the individuals brain which creates an image.^[5]^[6]

Diagnosis

Retina section

The diagnosis of farsightedness (hyperopia) can be done via the silt-lamp test which examines the cornea, conjunctiva, and iris, a yellow dye is used to help examine the cornea.^[7]^[8] Other test done include the following:^[7]

Glaucoma test
Refraction testing
Retinal exam
Eye movement
Visual acuity

In severe cases of hyperopia from birth, the brain has difficulty in merging the images that each individual eye sees. This is because the images the brain receives from each eye are always blurred. A child with severe hyperopia can never see objects in detail. If the brain never learns to see objects in detail, then there is a high chance of one eye becoming dominant. The result is that the brain will block the impulses of the non-dominant eye. In contrast, the child with myopia can see objects close to the eye in detail and does learn at an early age to see detail in objects.^{[medical citation needed]}

Treatment

Treatment of farsightedness includes contact lenses and eyeglasses,^[9]^[10] and can also be done via the following methods:

PRK: removal of a minimal amount of the corneal surface ^[11]^[12]
LASIK: laser eye surgery can fix a an individuals vision,by reshaping the cornea, therefore glasses or contact lenses are not needed anymore.^[12]^[13]
Refractive Lens Exchange :is a variation of cataract surgery, the difference is the existance of abnormal ocular anatomy which causes a high refractive error.^[14]
LASEK resembles PRK, but uses alcohol to loosen the corneal surface.^[11]

Complications

Farsightedness can have rare complications such as strabismus and amblyopia, at a young age severe long-sightedness can cause the child to have double vision as a result of over-focusing^[15]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "Long Sight - Hypermetropia. Causes of longsightedness | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Facts About Hyperopia | National Eye Institute". nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ ^a ^b American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinic ef_error_pres.htm "Refractive Error and Presbyopia." Refractive Source.com Accessed September 20, 2006.
^ "Normal, nearsightedness, and farsightedness: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Refractive Errors: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Facts About Refractive Errors | National Eye Institute". nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ ^a ^b "Farsightedness: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ "Slit-lamp exam: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ Chou, Roger; Dana, Tracy; Bougatsos, Christina (2011-02-01). "Introduction". PubMed Health.
^ Information, National Center for Biotechnology; Pike, U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville; MD, Bethesda; Usa, 20894. "Farsightedness (Hyperopia): Treatments - National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ ^a ^b Choices, NHS. "Long-sightedness - Treatment - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ ^a ^b Settas, George; Settas, Clare; Minos, Evangelos; Yeung, Ian Yl (2012-01-01). "Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia correction". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6: CD007112. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007112.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 22696365.
^ "Laser Eye Surgery: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.
^ Alió, Jorge L; Grzybowski, Andrzej; Romaniuk, Dorota (2014-12-10). "Refractive lens exchange in modern practice: when and when not to do it?". Eye and Vision 1. doi:10.1186/s40662-014-0010-2. ISSN 2326-0254. PMC 4655463. PMID 26605356.
^ Choices, NHS. "Long-sightedness - Complications - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

External links

"National Institutes of Health releases data from largest pediatric eye study | National Eye Institute". nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 小児における屈折異常 refractive errors in children
2. 成人における視覚障害：屈折障害と老視 visual impairment in adults refractive disorders and presbyopia
3. 視神経の先天性および後天性異常 congenital anomalies and acquired abnormalities of the optic nerve
4. レーザー屈折矯正手術 laser refractive surgery
5. 閉塞隅角緑内障 angle closure glaucoma

English Journal

Phacoemulsification and implantation of foldable +14 diopter intraocular lenses in five mature horses.

Townsend WM, Jacobi S, Bartoe JT.SourceDepartment of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Michigan State University, USA.
Equine veterinary journal.Equine Vet J.2012 Mar;44(2):238-43. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00392.x. Epub 2011 Jun 23.
Presently, intraocular lenses (IOLs) are not routinely implanted after equine cataract surgery. Subsequently, horses are visual but markedly farsighted (hyperopic). This report describes the surgical results and visual status after phacoemulsification and implantation of IOLs in mature horses with s
PMID 21696432

The effect of daily transient +4 D positive lens wear on the inhibition of myopia in the tree shrew.

McBrien NA, Arumugam B, Metlapally S.SourceDepartment of Optometry and Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.2012 Feb 9. [Epub ahead of print]
Purpose:Induced negative lens defocus results in accelerated ocular elongation and myopia, whereas positive lens induced defocus results in reduced ocular elongation and hyperopia. Short durations of positive lens wear have been demonstrated to produce markedly stronger temporal effects than short p
PMID 22323488

Lens thickness and associated factors.

Jonas JB, Nangia V, Gupta R, Sinha A, Bhate K.SourceSuraj Eye Institute, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany.
Clinical & experimental ophthalmology.Clin Experiment Ophthalmol.2012 Feb 2. doi: 10.1111/j.1442-9071.2012.02760.x. [Epub ahead of print]
Background: To determine the normative data for lens thickness and its associated factors in a population-based study. Design: Population-based study. Participants: The Central India Eye and Medical Study included 4711 subjects (aged 30+ years). Methods: The subjects underwent a detailed
PMID 22300388

Japanese Journal

A Case of Teunissen-Cremers Syndrome

Yasuda Mamiko,Ida Yutaro,Suetsugu Toshinari,Matsushima Kouji,Edamatsu Hideo
耳鼻咽喉科臨床　補冊 143(0), 50-54, 2015
… We encountered a case of conductive hearing loss due to stapes fixation, accompanied by broad thumbs, broad toes, and hyperopia. … Physical findings included fusion of the second and third toes, broad thumbs, and proximal symphalangism in the left fifth finger and hyperopia, which led us to suspect the diagnosis of Teunissen-Cremers Syndrome, a genetic disorder first reported by Teunissen and Cremers in 1990. …
NAID 130005084979

Body balance under ametropic conditions induced by spherical lenses in an upright position

Kim Sang-Yeob,Moon Byeong-Yeon,Cho Hyun Gug
Journal of Physical Therapy Science 27(3), 615-618, 2015
… To induce ametropic conditions (binocular myopia and hyperopia), lenses of ±0.50 D, ±1.00 D, ±1.50 D, ±2.00 D, ±3.00 D, ±4.00 D and ±5.00 D were used. … [Results] ST increased significantly from +0.50 D-induced myopia and from −1.00 D-induced hyperopia as compared with corrected emmetropia. … FI increased significantly from +4.00 D-induced myopia and from −1.50 D-induced hyperopia as compared with corrected emmetropia. …
NAID 130005061657

自覚的屈折度数と他覚的屈折度数の間に乖離がみられたVogt-小柳-原田病の1症例

長谷川あや,大野雅子,今泉寛子
眼科 56(8), 1001-1007, 2014-07
NAID 40020155080

情報化社会における近見視力検査の意義と有効性に関する研究─小学生の視力・屈折・調節機能─

高橋ひとみ/川端秀仁/衞藤隆,川端秀仁,衞藤隆
桃山学院大学総合研究所紀要 39(3), 141-154, 2014-03-28
… The results show that the higher the school grade, the lower the ratio of hyperopia and the higher the ratio of myopia. …
NAID 110009893297

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元

「羞明」「遠視」

「羞明」

Hyperopia
	Hyperopia lens correction
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Ophthalmology
ICD-10	H52.0
ICD-9-CM	367.0
DiseasesDB	29644
MedlinePlus	001020
MeSH	D006956
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: photophobia
同: まぶしがり症
関: 光感受性

眼に限局する疾患でも全身性疾患でも起こる。どちらも炎症が原因だけど例外が3つある。白皮症 albinism, 片頭痛 migraine, 眼精疲労 eye strain from astigmatism and hyperopia。眼に限局する疾患で結膜炎、角膜炎、角膜への外来異物、虹彩炎、網膜炎、脈絡網膜炎、視神経炎が羞明を起こす。全身性疾患では熱性の疾患、特に結膜を介して感染症と関連した熱性の疾患が羞明を起こす。麻疹、髄膜炎、脳炎、hay fever、インフルエンザ、感冒、旋毛虫症が羞明を起こすことは少ない(just a few)。毒物(特に、ヨード、臭素、アトロピン誘導体)も羞明を起こす。暗所にいるだけでも羞明は起こる。ヒステリーと恐怖症・群集不安も羞明の原因となる。(DIF 354)

「遠視」

　　[★]

英: hyperopia, hypermetropia, far-sightedness
関: 近視

遠方視の状態で、網膜の後方に焦点がある場合。
+レンズで補正する必要がある。

臨床関連

緑内障：強い遠視では隅角が狭いことが多い。
調節性内斜視：
不同視弱視：不同視があり、なおかつ弱視眼が遠視の場合に起こりやすい。

[pat-1] "Long Sight - Hypermetropia. Causes of longsightedness | Patient". Patient. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[nih-2] "Facts About Hyperopia | National Eye Institute". nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[AOA_Hyperopia-3] American Optometric Association. Optometric Clinic ef_error_pres.htm "Refractive Error and Presbyopia." Refractive Source.com Accessed September 20, 2006.

[4] "Normal, nearsightedness, and farsightedness: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia Image". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[5] "Refractive Errors: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[6] "Facts About Refractive Errors | National Eye Institute". nei.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[nih2-7] "Farsightedness: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[8] "Slit-lamp exam: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[9] Chou, Roger; Dana, Tracy; Bougatsos, Christina (2011-02-01). "Introduction". PubMed Health.

[10] Information, National Center for Biotechnology; Pike, U. S. National Library of Medicine 8600 Rockville; MD, Bethesda; Usa, 20894. "Farsightedness (Hyperopia): Treatments - National Library of Medicine". PubMed Health. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[nhs-11] Choices, NHS. "Long-sightedness - Treatment - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[pub-12] Settas, George; Settas, Clare; Minos, Evangelos; Yeung, Ian Yl (2012-01-01). "Photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) versus laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia correction". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6: CD007112. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD007112.pub3. ISSN 1469-493X. PMID 22696365.

[13] "Laser Eye Surgery: MedlinePlus". www.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

[14] Alió, Jorge L; Grzybowski, Andrzej; Romaniuk, Dorota (2014-12-10). "Refractive lens exchange in modern practice: when and when not to do it?". Eye and Vision 1. doi:10.1186/s40662-014-0010-2. ISSN 2326-0254. PMC 4655463. PMID 26605356.

[15] Choices, NHS. "Long-sightedness - Complications - NHS Choices". www.nhs.uk. Retrieved 2016-02-26.

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hyperopia