human T-lymphotropic virus type 1

ヒトT細胞白血病ウイルス1型, HTLV-1

WordNet

1. write by means of a keyboard with types; "type the acceptance letter, please" (同)typewrite
2. a small metal block bearing a raised character on one end; produces a printed character when inked and pressed on paper; "he dropped a case of type, so they made him pick them up"
3. (biology) the taxonomic group whose characteristics are used to define the next higher taxon
4. a subdivision of a particular kind of thing; "what type of sculpture do you prefer?"
5. all of the tokens of the same symbol; "the word `element contains five different types of character"
6. printed characters; "small type is hard to read"
7. identify as belonging to a certain type; "Such people can practically be typed" (同)typecast
8. sing with closed lips; "She hummed a melody"
9. a humming noise; "the hum of distant traffic" (同)humming
10. be noisy with activity; "This office is buzzing with activity" (同)buzz, seethe
11. sound with a monotonous hum (同)thrum
12. make a low continuous sound; "The refrigerator is humming"
13. relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
14. characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
15. having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
16. a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
17. (virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
18. a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
19. the 20th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)t

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈C〉(…の)『型』,タイプ,類型,種類(kind)《+of+名》 / 〈C〉(その種類の特質を最もよく表している)『典型』,手本,模範《+of+名》 / 〈U〉《集合的に》活字;〈C〉(1個の)活字 / 〈U〉(印刷された)字体,活字 / 〈C〉(貨幣・メダルなどの)模様,図柄 / 〈C〉血液型(blood group) / …‘を'タイプに打つ / (…として)…‘を'分類する《+名+as+名(doing)》 / …‘の'型を決める / タイプライターを打つ
2. 〈ハチ・機械などが〉『ブンブンいう』,ブーンと鳴る / 『鼻歌を歌う』,ハミングスル / (ちゅうちょ・当惑で)ふむふむいう / 《話》〈雰囲気・事業などが〉活気がある,活発に動く;(…で)活気づく《+『with』+『名』》 / …‘を'『ハミングで歌う』,鼻歌を歌って…‘を'(ある状熊に)する / (ハチ・機械などの)『ブンブン』[『うなる音』];鼻歌 / (雑踏などの)ガヤガヤ]いう音],騒音 / ふ‐む,う‐ん(ちゅうちょ・当惑・黙考・疑惑・不快などの声)
3. (動物・神に対して)『人間の』,人の / 『人間らいし』,人間的な,人情味のある / 〈C〉《複数形》(動物に怠して)人間(human being) / 〈U〉《the human》人類
4. ビールス,ろ過性病原体
5. tritiumの化学記号

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. ヒトTリンパ球好性ウイルスI型：疾患関連、診断、および治療 human t lymphotropic virus type i disease associations diagnosis and treatment
• 2. ヒトTリンパ球好性ウイルスI型：ウイルス学、病因、および疫学 human t lymphotropic virus type i virology pathogenesis and epidemiology
• 3. 成人T細胞性白血病/リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of adult t cell leukemia lymphoma
• 4. 供血者スクリーニング：臨床検査 blood donor screening laboratory testing
• 5. 非ホジキンリンパ腫の病理の概要 overview of the pathobiology of the non hodgkin lymphomas

English Journal

• The thioredoxin antioxidant system.

• Lu J1, Holmgren A2.Author information 1Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Jun.lu@ki.se.2Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden. Electronic address: Arne.Holmgren@ki.se.AbstractThe thioredoxin (Trx) system, which is composed of NADPH, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and thioredoxin, is a key antioxidant system in defense against oxidative stress through its disulfide reductase activity regulating protein dithiol/disulfide balance. The Trx system provides the electrons to thiol-dependent peroxidases (peroxiredoxins) to remove reactive oxygen and nitrogen species with a fast reaction rate. Trx antioxidant functions are also shown by involvement in DNA and protein repair by reducing ribonucleotide reductase, methionine sulfoxide reductases, and regulating the activity of many redox-sensitive transcription factors. Moreover, Trx systems play critical roles in the immune response, virus infection, and cell death via interaction with thioredoxin-interacting protein. In mammalian cells, the cytosolic and mitochondrial Trx systems, in which TrxRs are high molecular weight selenoenzymes, together with the glutathione-glutaredoxin (Grx) system (NADPH, glutathione reductase, GSH, and Grx) control the cellular redox environment. Recently mammalian thioredoxin and glutathione systems have been found to be able to provide the electrons crossly and to serve as a backup system for each other. In contrast, bacteria TrxRs are low molecular weight enzymes with a structure and reaction mechanism distinct from mammalian TrxR. Many bacterial species possess specific thiol-dependent antioxidant systems, and the significance of the Trx system in the defense against oxidative stress is different. Particularly, the absence of a GSH-Grx system in some pathogenic bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Staphylococcus aureus makes the bacterial Trx system essential for survival under oxidative stress. This provides an opportunity to kill these bacteria by targeting the TrxR-Trx system.
• Free radical biology & medicine.Free Radic Biol Med.2014 Jan 8;66:75-87. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.07.036. Epub 2013 Jul 27.
• The thioredoxin (Trx) system, which is composed of NADPH, thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and thioredoxin, is a key antioxidant system in defense against oxidative stress through its disulfide reductase activity regulating protein dithiol/disulfide balance. The Trx system provides the electrons to thi
• PMID 23899494

• Retrovirus-specific differences in matrix and nucleocapsid protein-nucleic Acid interactions: implications for genomic RNA packaging.

• Sun M, Grigsby IF, Gorelick RJ, Mansky LM, Musier-Forsyth K.Author information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Retroviral Research, and Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.AbstractRetroviral RNA encapsidation involves a recognition event between genomic RNA (gRNA) and one or more domains in Gag. In HIV-1, the nucleocapsid (NC) domain is involved in gRNA packaging and displays robust nucleic acid (NA) binding and chaperone functions. In comparison, NC of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), a deltaretrovirus, displays weaker NA binding and chaperone activity. Mutation of conserved charged residues in the deltaretrovirus bovine leukemia virus (BLV) matrix (MA) and NC domains affects virus replication and gRNA packaging efficiency. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that the MA domain may generally contribute to NA binding and genome encapsidation in deltaretroviruses. Here, we examined the interaction between HTLV-2 and HIV-1 MA proteins and various NAs in vitro. HTLV-2 MA displays higher NA binding affinity and better chaperone activity than HIV-1 MA. HTLV-2 MA also binds NAs with higher affinity than HTLV-2 NC and displays more robust chaperone function. Mutation of two basic residues in HTLV-2 MA α-helix II, previously implicated in BLV gRNA packaging, reduces NA binding affinity. HTLV-2 MA binds with high affinity and specificity to RNA derived from the putative packaging signal of HTLV-2 relative to nonspecific NA. Furthermore, an HIV-1 MA triple mutant designed to mimic the basic character of HTLV-2 MA α-helix II dramatically improves binding affinity and chaperone activity of HIV-1 MA in vitro and restores RNA packaging to a ΔNC HIV-1 variant in cell-based assays. Taken together, these results are consistent with a role for deltaretrovirus MA proteins in viral RNA packaging.
• Journal of virology.J Virol.2014 Jan;88(2):1271-80. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02151-13. Epub 2013 Nov 13.
• Retroviral RNA encapsidation involves a recognition event between genomic RNA (gRNA) and one or more domains in Gag. In HIV-1, the nucleocapsid (NC) domain is involved in gRNA packaging and displays robust nucleic acid (NA) binding and chaperone functions. In comparison, NC of human T-cell leukemia
• PMID 24227839

• Quantitative analysis of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) gene expression using nucleo-cytoplasmic fractionation and splice junction-specific real-time RT-PCR (qRT-PCR).

• Cavallari I, Rende F, Ciminale V.Author information Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.AbstractLike other complex retroviruses such as HIV-1, HTLV-1 encodes several regulatory and auxiliary non-structural proteins from overlapping open reading frames through the generation of alternatively spliced mRNAs. HTLV-1 expression is orchestrated by the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins; Tax drives the transcription of the viral genome, while Rex acts at the posttranscriptional level by enhancing the nuclear export and expression of unspliced and incompletely spliced mRNAs. The present chapter is focused on the techniques employed to quantitate HTLV-1 mRNAs in the nuclear and cytoplasmic compartments. To ensure a quantitative transcript-specific detection of the levels of individual HTLV-1 mRNAs in a complex mixture of closely related species, splice junction-specific primers and TaqMan probes were used. As HTLV-1 gene regulation is based on the controlled nucleo-cytoplasmic export of the different viral mRNAs, we quantitated the individual viral transcripts in the nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions.
• Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2014;1087:325-37. doi: 10.1007/978-1-62703-670-2_26.
• Like other complex retroviruses such as HIV-1, HTLV-1 encodes several regulatory and auxiliary non-structural proteins from overlapping open reading frames through the generation of alternatively spliced mRNAs. HTLV-1 expression is orchestrated by the Tax and Rex regulatory proteins; Tax drives the
• PMID 24158834

Japanese Journal

• HTLV-1感染と自己免疫疾患におけるclinical questions

• 岡山 昭彦
• 臨床免疫・アレルギー科 62(6), 686-691, 2014-12
• NAID 40020294737

• Prevalence of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 carriers among pregnant women in Hokkaido, Japan

• Yamada Takahiro,Togashi Takehiro,Tsutsumi Hiroyuki [他]
• Microbiology and immunology 58(8), 427–431, 2014-08
• NAID 40020164438

• Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate regulates the efficiency of intercellular transmission of human T-lymphotropic virus type I

• Nakamura Tatsufumi,Satoh Katsuya,Nakamura Hideki,Yamasaki Hironori
• Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology 5(2), 209-215, 2014-06
• … Objective To investigate the relationship between the intercellular transmission efficiency of human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) and the signaling involved in actin polymerization during cytoskeletal reorganization in a comparative study of HTLV-I-infected T-cell lines derived from an HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) patient or an HTLV-I carrier. …
• NAID 120005476999

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関連記事	「type」「human」「T」「typed」「typing」

「type」

　　[★]

• n.

• 型、タイプ、(生物)タイプ標本

(windows)ファイル内容表示(linux -> cat])

ex. type report_20111118.jp.htm | php a.php > report_20111118.jp.jp.jp.html

関

form、mode、pattern、type specimen、typed

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「human」

　　[★]

• n.

• ヒト

• adj.

• ヒトの、ヒト型の

関

ape、hominid、Hominidae、homo、Homo sapiens、human being、human race、human-type、man、Pongidae

　 　 　 　

「T」

　　[★]

• T波 T wave
• チミン thymine
• ツイスト数
• スレオニントレオニン threonine

　 　

「typed」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 型の

関

form、mode、pattern、type

「typing」

　　[★]

• n.

• タイプで打つこと、タイピング。分類