関: ape、hominid、Hominidae、homo、Homo sapiens、human、man

WordNet

usually considered as comprising orangutans; gorillas; chimpanzees; and sometimes gibbons (同)family Pongidae
take charge of a certain job; occupy a certain work place; "Mr. Smith manned the reception desk in the morning"
game equipment consisting of an object used in playing certain board games; "he taught me to set up the men on the chess board"; "he sacrificed a piece to get a strategic advantage" (同)piece
an adult person who is male (as opposed to a woman); "there were two women and six men on the bus" (同)adult_male
a male person who plays a significant role (husband or lover or boyfriend) in the life of a particular woman; "she takes good care of her man"
a male subordinate; "the chief stationed two men outside the building"; "he awaited word from his man in Havana"
an adult male person who has a manly character (virile and courageous competent); "the army will make a man of you"
the generic use of the word to refer to any human being; "it was every man for himself"
provide with workers; "We cannot man all the desks"; "Students were manning the booths"
relating to a person; "the experiment was conducted on 6 monkeys and 2 human subjects"
characteristic of humanity; "human nature"
having human form or attributes as opposed to those of animals or divine beings; "human beings"; "the human body"; "human kindness"; "human frailty"
any of various primates with short tails or no tail at all
imitate uncritically and in every aspect; "Her little brother apes her behavior"
any living or extinct member of the family Hominidae characterized by superior intelligence, articulate speech, and erect carriage (同)man, human_being, human
modern man and extinct immediate ancestors of man (同)family Hominidae

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(成人の)『男』,男子;(男の)おとな / 〈U〉《冠詞をつけないで》(動物と区別して)『人類』,『人』,人間(mankind) / 〈C〉《性別に関係なく用いて》人;《否定文で》だれも / 《複数形で》従業員,雇い人;兵士,下士官 / 〈C〉夫,亭主(husband);《話》(内縁の夫,愛人など同棲している)男 / 〈C〉男らしい男,一人前の男 / 《the~,one's~》うってつけの人,意にかなう人,適任者 / 〈U〉《男性に親しく呼び掛けて》君,おい / 《俗》《驚き・喜び・軽べつなどを表す間投詞として》おや,まあ,これは / 〈C〉(将棋・チェッカーなどの)こま / 〈C〉《the~》《米俗》権力者;警官 / 〈要さい・砲・船など〉‘に'人を配置する;〈地位・勤務など〉‘に'人をつける
(動物・神に対して)『人間の』,人の / 『人間らいし』,人間的な,人情味のある / 〈C〉《複数形》(動物に怠して)人間(human being) / 〈U〉《the human》人類
サル(monkey);(特に,チンパンジー・ゴリラなどの)尾なしザル,類人猿 / 人まねをする人 / …のまねをする,'を'まねる(mimic)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/06/05 13:29:49」(JST)

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Pongidae, or the Pongids, is an obsolete primate taxon containing the gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. They are sometimes called "great apes".^[1] Pongidae is now known to be paraphyletic. Pongids gave rise to Hominina around seven mya.^[2] The corresponding crown group for this taxon is Hominidae. Pongidae has six extant member species. This taxon is rarely used today but is of historical significance.

Distinction to hominins

	Pongids	Humans^{[notes 1]}
Mode of locomotion	Knuckle walking, arboreal	Bipedalism
Location of foramen magnum	Back of the skull	Under the skull
Average brain capacity	400 cc	1700 cc
Skull (viewed from top)	pear-shaped	ovoid
Widest part of skull viewed from behind	Parietal region	Base of the skull(near the auditory region)
Palate	Rectangular	Parabolic
Body Growth	Fast	Slow
Phalanges	Curved	Straight

Skull

The pongid skull contains the following features that are absent or less pronounced in humans:

a sulcus behind the brow ridges
prognathism
a protruding occipital region
large, bony eye sockets
a large nasal opening
constriction just behind the orbital region
stout facial bones
a diastema
a simian shelf

Adaptations for locomotion

The following adaptations are for arboreal and knuckle walking locomotion and are not found in humans:

Pongid	Human
Arms are as long as or longer than the legs	Arms are shorter than the legs
Scapula has an orientation for supporting the body weight beneath the arms	Scapula is oriented for holding the arms by the side
Digits are long and curved for grasping branches	Digits are shorter and straight
Pelvis is shaped to support the legs and trunk in the bent-over posture	Pelvis is shaped to support the legs and trunk in a vertical position
Knees do not lock the legs	Knees lock the legs straight to minimize the expenditure of energy when standing
Pelvis is relatively large	Pelvis is much shorter and bowl-shaped
Iliac pillar is elongated	The iliac crest is oriented more to the side and slanted

Similarity to hominins

The australopithecines show intermediate character states between pongids and humans, with Pithecanthropus intermediate between australopithecines and humans. Members of the genus Homo share many key features with anatomically modern man.

References

^ "Pongid definition".
^ Cordain, Loren (2007). "Implications of Plio-pleistocene diets for modern humans". In Peter S. Ungar. Evolution of the human diet: the known, the unknown and the unknowable. pp. 264–5. "Since the evolutionary split between hominins and pongids approximately 7 million years ago, the available evidence shows that all species of hominins ate an omnivorous diet composed of minimally processed, wild-plant, and animal foods.

^ Humans are the only extant Homininans.

Science and faith: The hominid fossil record

External links

Pongidae - the Great Apes Family
Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids

English Journal

Accurate autocorrelation modeling substantially improves fMRI reliability.

Olszowy W, Aston J, Rua C, Williams GB.
Nature communications. 2019 12;10(1)1220.
Given the recent controversies in some neuroimaging statistical methods, we compare the most frequently used functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) analysis packages: AFNI, FSL and SPM, with regard to temporal autocorrelation modeling. This process, sometimes known as pre-whitening, is conduct
PMID 30899012

The challenges of using the Hospital Frailty Risk Score.

O'Caoimh R, Cooney MT, Cooke J, O'Shea D.
Lancet (London, England). 2019 12;392(10165)2693.
PMID 30587362

The challenges of using the Hospital Frailty Risk Score.

Soong J, Bell D, Poots AJ.
Lancet (London, England). 2019 12;392(10165)2692.
PMID 30587361

Japanese Journal

Phylogenetic Development of Brain and Brain Sulci in Primates

Imagawa Masaki,Yamadori Takashi
The Kobe journal of the medical sciences 42(1), 61-72, 1996-02
… These samples are classified as old world monkeys (Cercopithecidae), anthropoid apes (Pongidae), and Man (Hominidae). …
NAID 110000018662

新潟大学解剖学教室所蔵の小片コレクション脊椎動物骨格標本その1 霊長類骨格標本

山田格,石本欣也,穂苅厚一,青木幸子,相澤幸夫,松村博雄,熊木克治,Yamada Tadasu K.,Ishimoto Kin'ya,Hokari Kouichi,Aoki Sachiko,Aizawa Yukio,Matsumura Hiroo,Kumaki Katsuji
新潟医学会雑誌 105(10), 725-728, 1991-10
… Pongidae 2) were confirmed among these 49 specimens. …
NAID 120005714955

Mixed longitudinal study of dental emergence in the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes (Primates, pongidae)

CONROY G. C.
Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 86, 243-254, 1991
NAID 30003992359

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「human」「homo」「man」「ape」「Homo sapiens」

「human」

Pongids; Temporal range: Late Miocene to Recent
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Primates
Suborder:	Haplorrhini
Infraorder:	Simiiformes
Parvorder:	Catarrhini
Superfamily:	Hominoidea
Family:	Pongidae
Genera
	Gorilla; Pongo; Pan;