WordNet

a localized swelling filled with blood (同)haematoma

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/09/20 01:10:00」(JST)

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A hematoma or haematoma is a localized collection of blood outside the blood vessels,^[1] usually in liquid form within the tissue. An ecchymosis, commonly (although erroneously) called a bruise, is a hematoma of the skin larger than 10mm.^[2]

It is not to be confused with hemangioma, which is an abnormal buildup of blood vessels in the skin or internal organs.

Presentation

The word "haematoma" came into usage around 1850. The word derives from the Greek roots "heme-" (blood) and -oma, from soma, meaning body = a body of blood. Another etymological derivation would be from "haemat-" and "-oma" = "-ing", thus simply "bleeding".

Hematomas can occur within a muscle. Some hematomas form into hard masses under the surface of the skin. This is caused by the limitation of the blood to a subcutaneous or intramuscular tissue space isolated by fascial planes. This is a key anatomical feature that prevents such injuries from causing massive blood loss. In most cases the sac of blood or hematoma eventually dissolves; however, in some cases they may continue to grow or show no change. If the sac of blood does not disappear, then it may need to be surgically removed. Hematomas can occur when heparin is given via an intramuscular route; to avoid this, heparin must be given intravenously or subcutaneously.

The slow process of reabsorption of hematomas can allow the broken down blood cells and hemoglobin pigment to move in the connective tissue. For example, a patient who injures the base of his thumb might cause a hematoma, which will slowly move all through the finger within a week. Gravity is the main determinant of this process.

Hematomas on articulations can reduce mobility of a member and present roughly the same symptoms as a fracture.

In most cases, movement and exercise of the affected muscle is the best way to introduce the collection back into the blood stream.

A mis-diagnosis of a hematoma in the vertebra can sometimes occur; this is correctly called a hemangioma (buildup of cells) or a benign tumor.

Classification

Types

Subdermal hematoma (under the skin)
Skull/brain:
- Subgaleal hematoma – between the galea aponeurosis and periosteum
- Cephalohematoma – between the periosteum and skull. Commonly caused by vacuum delivery and vertex delivery.
- Epidural hematoma – between the skull and dura mater
- Subdural hematoma – between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
- Subarachnoid hematoma – between the arachnoid mater and pia mater (the subarachnoid space)
- Othematoma – between the skin and the layers of cartilage of the ear

Breast hematoma (breast)
Perichondral hematoma (ear)
Perianal hematoma (anus)
Subungual hematoma (nail)

Degrees

Petechiae – small pinpoint hematomas less than 3 mm in diameter
Purpura (purple) – a bruise about 1 cm in diameter, generally round in shape
Ecchymosis – subcutaneous extravasation of blood in a thin layer under the skin, i.e. bruising or "black and blue," over 1 cm in diameter

References

Notes

^ "Hematoma, toenail, gross". library.med.utah.edu. 2013. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
^ April 10, 2013. "Information on Hematoma Types, Causes, and Treatments on". Emedicinehealth.com. Retrieved 2013-04-11.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Cerebrovascular Time Constant in Patients with Head Injury.

Trofimov A1,2, Kalentiev G3, Gribkov A3, Voennov O3, Grigoryeva V4.
Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.Acta Neurochir Suppl.2016;121:295-7. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_51.
The cerebrovascular time constant (τ) theoretically estimates how fast the cerebral arterial bed is filled by blood volume after a sudden change in arterial blood pressure during one cardiac cycle. The aim of this study was to assess the time constant of the cerebral arterial bed in patients with t
PMID 26463964

Deferoxamine Attenuated the Upregulation of Lipocalin-2 Induced by Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats.

Zhao J1, Xi G1, Wu G1, Keep RF1, Hua Y2.
Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.Acta Neurochir Suppl.2016;121:291-4. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_50.
Intracranial hemorrhage is one of the most common consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The release of iron from the breakdown of hemoglobin during intracerebral hematoma resolution results in an increase in perihematomal non-heme iron. Lipocalin 2 (LCN-2) is a siderophore-binding protein th
PMID 26463963

Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus Fails to Improve Outcomes Following Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Mice.

Burchell SR1, Iniaghe LO1,2, Zhang JH1,3, Tang J4.
Acta neurochirurgica. Supplement.Acta Neurochir Suppl.2016;121:191-8. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-18497-5_34.
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most fatal stroke subtype, with no effective therapies. Hematoma expansion and inflammation play major roles in the pathophysiology of ICH, contributing to primary and secondary brain injury, respectively. Fucoidan, a polysaccharide from the brown seaweed Fucus
PMID 26463947

Japanese Journal

臨床研究・症例報告硬膜下血腫で発見された乳児虐待症候群2例の検討

酒井信子,川崎幸彦,伊藤奈緒子 [他]
小児科臨床 65(9), 2071-2076, 2012-09
NAID 40019378523

症例報告特発性低髄液圧症候群に合併し短期間で器質化した慢性硬膜下血腫の1例

須山武裕,祖母井龍,乾敏彦 [他]
Brain and nerve : 神経研究の進歩 64(7), 855-860, 2012-07
NAID 40019382029

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「血腫」「皮下出血」「紫斑」「haematoma」「blood tumor」

「血腫」

Hematoma
Classification and external resources
Specialty	Emergency medicine
ICD-10	M79.81
ICD-9-CM	729.92
DiseasesDB	5487
MeSH	D006406

　　[★]

英: hematoma
ラ: haematoma
同: 血瘤
関

MRI

参考1

血腫におけるヘモグロビンの変性とMRI所見
出血	血液成分	T1強調画像	T2強調画像
直後(～24時間)	オキシヘモグロビン	軽度低信号	軽度高信号
1～3日(急性期)	デオキシヘモグロビン	軽度低信号	低信号
3日～1カ月(亜急性期)	血球外メトヘモグロビン	高信号	高信号
1カ月以上(慢性期)	ヘモジデリン	軽度低信号	低信号