WordNet

(eggs) cooked until the yolk is solid
an egg boiled gently until both the white and the yolk solidify (同)hard-cooked egg
with pain or distress or bitterness; "he took the rejection very hard"
(of light) transmitted directly from a pointed light source (同)concentrated
with firmness; "held hard to the railing" (同)firmly
very strong or vigorous; "strong winds"; "a hard left to the chin"; "a knockout punch"; "a severe blow" (同)knockout, severe
causing great damage or hardship; "industries hit hard by the depression"; "she was severely affected by the banks failure" (同)severely
being distilled rather than fermented; having a high alcoholic content; "hard liquor" (同)strong
unfortunate or hard to bear; "had hard luck"; "a tough break" (同)tough
(of speech sounds); produced with the back of the tongue raised toward or touching the velum; "Russian distinguished between hard consonants and palatalized or soft consonants"
dispassionate; "took a hard look"; "a hard bargainer";
dried out; "hard dry rolls left over from the day before"
earnestly or intently; "thought hard about it"; "stared hard at the accused"
into a solid condition; "concrete that sets hard within a few hours"
resisting weight or pressure
slowly and with difficulty; "prejudices die hard"
to the full extent possible; all the way; "hard alee"; "the ship went hard astern"; "swung the wheel hard left"
very near or close in space or time; "it stands hard by the railroad tracks"; "they were hard on his heels"; "a strike followed hard upon the plants opening"
with effort or force or vigor; "the team played hard"; "worked hard all day"; "pressed hard on the lever"; "hit the ball hard"; "slammed the door hard"
a painful sore with a hard core filled with pus (同)furuncle
bring to, or maintain at, the boiling point; "boil this liquid until it evaporates"
come to the boiling point and change from a liquid to vapor; "Water boils at 100 degrees Celsius"
immerse or be immersed in a boiling liquid, often for cooking purposes; "boil potatoes"; "boil wool"
cooked in hot water (同)poached, stewed

PrepTutorEJDIC

(物体が)『堅い』,(手触りが)堅固な,しっかりした / 『難しい』,努力を要する / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(人が)『精力的な』,勤勉な / 激しい,猛烈な / (生活などが)耐え難い,つらい / (季節・天候などが)厳しい;(雨・風などが)激しい / (人が)厳格な;(行為などが)容赦しない,無情な / (方針・条件などが)妥協(譲歩)しない,厳しい / (感情が)うらみを含む,憤然とした / (体が)筋肉質の,がんじょうな / (紙幣に対して)硬貨の,(小切手などに対して)現金の;(貨幣が)容易に兌換(だかん)できる / (子音が)硬音の(c,gがcome, goのように[k],[g]と発音される) / アルコール分の多い / (水が)硬質の / (エックス線が)透過能力が大きい / 一生懸命に,『熱心に』 / 『強く』,激しく,大いに / やっと,かろうじて / 『堅く』 / ひどく悲んで / 接近して
沸く / 煮える / 〈人,人の気持が〉(怒り・興奮で)煮えくりかえる,激する《+『with』+『名』》 / (沸騰する湯のように)わき立つ / …'を'『沸かす』 / …'を'『煮る』,ゆでる / 煮沸,沸騰;《the ~》沸騰点
はれもの,おでき
おや,はああ,ああ(驚き・喜び・疑い・ためらいなどを表す声)
hectare; hectares

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/26 01:34:14」(JST)

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The cover of seminal hardboiled magazine Black Mask, September 1929, featuring part 1 of its serialization of The Maltese Falcon, by Dashiell Hammett. Illustration of private eye Sam Spade by Henry C. Murphy, Jr.

Hardboiled (or hard-boiled) fiction is a literary genre that shares to some degree its characters and settings with crime fiction (especially detective stories). Although deriving from romantic tradition which emphasized the emotions of apprehension, horror and terror, and awe, the hardboiled fiction deviates from the tradition in the detective's cynical attitude towards those emotions. The attitude is conveyed through the detective's self-talk describing to the reader (or—in film—to the viewer) what he is doing and feeling. The genre's typical protagonist was a detective, who daily witnesses the violence of organized crime that flourished during Prohibition, while dealing with a legal system that had become as corrupt as the organized crime itself.^[1] Rendered cynical by this cycle of violence, the detectives of hardboiled fiction are classic antiheroes.

Origin of the term

The term comes from a process of hardening of an egg; to be hardboiled is to be comparatively tough. The hardboiled detective—originated by Carroll John Daly's Terry Mack and Race Williams and epitomized by Dashiell Hammett's Sam Spade and Raymond Chandler's Philip Marlowe—not only solves mysteries, like his "softer" counterparts, the protagonist confronts violence on a regular basis leading to the burnout and the cynical (so-called "tough") attitude towards one's own emotions.^[2]

The genre's pioneers

The style was pioneered by Carroll John Daly in the mid-1920s,^[3] popularized by Dashiell Hammett over the course of the decade, and refined by Raymond Chandler beginning in the late 1930s;^[4] its heyday was in 1930s-1950s America.^[5]

Pulp fiction

From its earliest days, hardboiled fiction was published in and closely associated with so-called pulp magazines, most famously Black Mask under the editorship of Joseph T. Shaw.^[4] In its earliest uses in the late 1920s, "hardboiled" didn't refer to a type of crime fiction; it meant the tough (cynical) attitude towards emotions triggered by violence.

Pulp historian Robert Sampson argues that Gordon Young's "Don Everhard" stories (which appeared in Adventure magazine from 1917 onwards), about an "extremely tough, unsentimental, and lethal" gun-toting urban gambler, anticipated the hardboiled detective stories.^[6]

Black Mask moved exclusively to publishing detective stories in 1933,^[7] and pulp's exclusive reference to crime fiction probably became fixed around that time,^{[citation needed]} although it's impossible to pin down with precision. The hardboiled crime story became a staple of several pulp magazines in the 1930s; in addition to Black Mask, hardboiled crime fiction appeared in Dime Detective and Detective Fiction Weekly.^[8] Later, many hardboiled novels were published by houses specializing in paperback originals, also colloquially known as "pulps".

Consequently, "pulp fiction" is often used as a synonym for hardboiled crime fiction or gangster fiction;^[9] some would distinguish within it the private-eye story from the crime novel itself.^[10] In the United States, the original hardboiled style has been emulated by innumerable writers, including Sue Grafton, Chester Himes, John D. MacDonald, Ross Macdonald, Jim Butcher, Walter Mosley, Sara Paretsky, Robert B. Parker, and Mickey Spillane.

Hardboiled writers around the world

France - Léo Malet
Germany - Jakob Arjouni
Spain - Manuel Vázquez Montalbán
Norway - Arthur Omre
Japan - Kenzo Kitakata, Arimasa Osawa, Go Osaka
United States - Chester Himes
Wales - Malcolm Pryce
Italy - Enrico Teodorani

References

^ Porter, Dennis (2003). "Chapter 6: The Private Eye". In Priestman, Martin. The Cambridge Companion to Crime Fiction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. (96–97). ISBN 978-0-521-00871-6.
^ Hoggart, p. 257-8
^ "Black Mask" in I. Ousby, The Cambridge Guide to Literature in English (1995) p. 89
^ ^a ^b "The Hard-Boiled Detective" by Max Allan Collins in Encyclopedia Mysteriosa, edited by William L. DeAndrea. MacMillan, 1994, ISBN 0-02-861678-2 (p. 153-4).
^ Megan Abbott, The Street Was Mine: White Masculinity in Hardboiled Fiction and Film Noir (2002) p. 2-3
^ "Extremely tough, unsentimental and lethal, Everhard foreshadowed the hard-boiled characters of the following decade". "Pulps" by Robert Sampson, in Encyclopedia Mysteriosa, edited by DeAndrea. (p.287-9).
^ Abbott, p. 16
^ "Pulps" by Sampson, in DeAndrea.
^ Richard Hoggart, The Uses of Literacy (1957) p. 258
^ Abbott, p. 10-11

External links

"Detective Novels: An Overview" major history of the genre by Prof. William Marling, Case Western Reserve University
"The Hard-Boiled Way" article by Gary Lovisi; originally published in A Shot in the Dark, March 1995
Mystery Time Line: Hard-Boiled Mysteries brief survey of the genre's early days, focusing on Black Mask; part of the MysteryNet website
"American Hard-Boiled Crime Fiction, 1920s-1940s", an essay on the form's early history by Lee Horsley
"1920-1945: The Interwar Period and the Development of Hard-boiled Crime Fiction", Lee Horsley
"Hard-boiled Investigators", Lee Horsley
Hardboiled Bibliographies comprehensive bibliographies of many important hardboiled/noir authors; part of the RARA-AVIS website
The Hardboiled Era: A Checklist, 1929-1958 chronology of significant hardboiled novels, compiled by critic Geoffrey O'Brien for the 1981 edition of his Hardboiled America
Toward a Hardboiled Genealogy hardboiled/noir "family tree", by crime fiction author and scholar Megan Abbott
Twists, Slugs and Roscoes: A Glossary of Hardboiled Slang
"Hard-boiled Detective" Comprehensive Bibliographies
"Hard-boiled Guide", a list of hard-boiled and noir writers

UpToDate Contents

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1. 皮膚膿瘍、癤（せつ、フルンケル）、および癰（よう） skin abscesses furuncles and carbuncles
2. 外陰部病変：形態に基づく鑑別診断 vulvar lesions differential diagnosis based on morphology
3. 小児における耳痛の評価 evaluation of earache in children
4. 小児および思春期における陰嚢痛または腫脹の評価 evaluation of scrotal pain or swelling in children and adolescents
5. 卵アレルギー：管理 egg allergy management

English Journal

Enquiring About Tolerance (EAT) study: Feasibility of an early allergenic food introduction regimen.

Perkin MR1, Logan K2, Marrs T2, Radulovic S2, Craven J2, Flohr C3, Lack G4; EAT Study Team.
The Journal of allergy and clinical immunology.J Allergy Clin Immunol.2016 Feb 16. pii: S0091-6749(16)00135-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.12.1322. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: The influence of early exposure to allergenic foods on the subsequent development of food allergy remains uncertain.OBJECTIVE: We sought to determine the feasibility of the early introduction of multiple allergenic foods to exclusively breast-fed infants from 3 months of age and the eff
PMID 26896232

Multicomponent t2 relaxation studies of the avian egg.

Mitsouras D1, Mulkern RV1,2, Maier SE1,3.
Magnetic resonance in medicine.Magn Reson Med.2015 Jun 2. doi: 10.1002/mrm.25762. [Epub ahead of print]
PURPOSE: To investigate the tissue-like multiexponential T2 signal decays in avian eggs.METHODS: Transverse relaxation studies of raw, soft-boiled and hard-boiled eggs were performed at 3 Tesla using a three-dimensional Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill imaging sequence. Signal decays over a TE range of 11
PMID 26037128

Ovomucoid specific immunoglobulin E as a predictor of tolerance to cooked egg.

Bartnikas LM1, Sheehan WJ, Tuttle KL, Petty CR, Schneider LC, Phipatanakul W.
Allergy & rhinology (Providence, R.I.).Allergy Rhinol (Providence).2015 Jan;6(3):198-204. doi: 10.2500/ar.2015.6.0135.
BACKGROUND: Ovomucoid is the dominant allergen in hen's egg. Although several studies evaluated the utility of ovomucoid specific immunoglobulin E (sIgE) levels in predicting baked (e.g., muffin or cupcake) or raw egg food challenge outcomes, studies that evaluated ovomucoid sIgE as a predictor of c
PMID 26686214

Japanese Journal

A detective in the modern city : consider about Hard-Boiled by The Long Good-bye

SHIN Keigo
Paulownia review (20), 41-48, 2014
NAID 40020064191

struggle and Fear : a study of Experience and Identity in Four Short stories by Chester Himes

Bird Paul
京都学園大学経済学部論集 = Journal of the faculty of economics Kyoto Gakuen University 23(1), 119-131, 2013-09
NAID 40019903336

Writing Crime : Black Mask and the Conventions of 1920s-1930s Hard-Boiled Fiction

Bird Paul
京都学園大学経済学部論集 22(1), 51-65, 2012-09
NAID 40019560279

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