出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/22 20:37:11」(JST)
| Boils | |
|---|---|
| Classification and external resources | |
|
Furuncle
|
|
| ICD-10 | L02 |
| ICD-9 | 680.9 |
| DiseasesDB | 29434 |
| MedlinePlus | 001474 000825 |
| MeSH | D005667 |
A boil, also called a furuncle, is a deep folliculitis, infection of the hair follicle. It is most commonly caused by infection by the bacterium Staphylococcus aureus, resulting in a painful swollen area on the skin caused by an accumulation of pus and dead tissue.[1] Boils which are expanded are basically pus-filled nodules.[2] Individual boils clustered together are called carbuncles.[3] Most human infections are caused by coagulase-positive S. aureus strains, notable for the bacteria's ability to produce coagulase, an enzyme that can clot blood. Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus.
Boils are bumpy, red, pus-filled lumps around a hair follicle that are tender, warm, and very painful. They range from pea-sized to golf ball-sized. A yellow or white point at the centre of the lump can be seen when the boil is ready to drain or discharge pus. In a severe infection, an individual may experience fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. A recurring boil is called chronic furunculosis.[1][4][5][6] Skin infections tend to be recurrent in many patients and often spread to other family members. Systemic factors that lower resistance commonly are detectable, including: diabetes, obesity, and hematologic disorders.[7] Boils can be caused by other skin conditions that cause the person to scratch and damage the skin.
Boils may appear on the buttocks or near the anus, the back, the neck, the stomach, the chest, the arms or legs, or even in the ear canal.[8] Boils may also appear around the eye, where they are called styes.[9] A boil on the gum is called intraoral dental sinus, or more commonly, a gumboil.
Anyone can get boils but some think that a teenager or a young adult is more susceptible.
Usually, the cause is bacteria such as staphylococci that are present on the skin. Bacterial colonisation begins in the hair follicles and can cause local cellulitis and inflammation.[1][5][6] Additionally, myiasis caused by the Tumbu fly in Africa usually presents with cutaneous furuncles.[10] Risk factors for furunculosis include bacterial carriage in the nostrils, diabetes mellitus, obesity, lymphoproliferative neoplasms, malnutrition, and use of immunosuppressive drugs.[11]
People with recurrent boils are as well more likely to have a positive family history, take antibiotics, and to have been hospitalised, anemic, or diabetic; they are also more likely to have associated skin diseases and multiple lesions.[12]
Other causes include poor immune system function such as from HIV/AIDS, diabetes, malnutrition, or alcoholism.[13] Poor hygiene and obesity have also been linked.[13] It may occur following antibiotic use due to the development of resistance to the antibiotics used.[14] An associated skin disease favors recurrence. This may be attributed to the persistent colonization of abnormal skin with S. aureus strains, such as is the case in persons with atopic dermatitis.[14]
The most common complications of boils are scarring and infection or abscess of the skin, spinal cord, brain, kidneys, or other organs. Infections may also spread to the bloodstream (bacteremia) and become life-threatening.[5][6] S. aureus strains first infect the skin and its structures (for example, sebaceous glands, hair follicles) or invade damaged skin (cuts, abrasions). Sometimes the infections are relatively limited (such as a stye, boil, furuncle, or carbuncle), but other times they may spread to other skin areas (causing cellulitis, folliculitis, or impetigo). Unfortunately, these bacteria can reach the bloodstream (bacteremia) and end up in many different body sites, causing infections (wound infections, abscesses, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, pneumonia)[15] that may severely harm or kill the infected person. S. aureus strains also produce enzymes and exotoxins that likely cause or increase the severity of certain diseases. Such diseases include food poisoning, septic shock, toxic shock syndrome, and scalded skin syndrome.[16] Almost any organ system can be infected by S. aureus.
A small boil may burst and drain on its own without any assistance, this however, is rare. Antibiotic therapy is advisable for large or recurrent boils or those that occur in sensitive areas (such as the groin, breasts, armpits, around or in the nostrils or in the ear).[1][4][5][6] Most doctors that aren't specialists tend to treat boils with antibiotics, a less ideal but more common treatment, however this method should not be used for longer than one month, and at least two months (preferably longer) in between use or else it will lose its effectiveness. [17] More severe boils should be treated with Intralesional steroid injections.[18] If the patient has ongoing (more than two years) boils, then removal by plastic surgery is the best treatment, as these surgeons have a better understanding of the healing process of skin-especially on the outermost layers.
Furuncles at risk of leading to serious complications should be incised and drained, if antibiotics or steroid injections are not effective. These include furuncles that are unusually large, last longer than two weeks, or are located in the middle of the face or near the spine.[1][6] Fever and chills are signs of sepsis that require immediate treatment. [19]
Staphylococcus aureus has the ability to acquire antimicrobial resistance easily, making treatment difficult. Knowledge of the antimicrobial resistance of S. aureus is important in the selection of antimicrobials for treatment.[20]
| Wikimedia Commons has media related to Furuncles. |
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.
| リンク元 | 「おでき」「ボイル」「煮沸」「沸騰」「Boyle」 |
| 関連記事 | 「boiling」 |