ground squirrel

地リス

WordNet

1. common black-striped reddish-brown ground squirrel of western North America; resembles a large chipmunk (同)Citellus lateralis
2. large ground squirrel of the North American far north (同)parka squirrel, Citellus parryi
3. throw to the ground in order to stop play and avoid being tackled behind the line of scrimmage
4. a connection between an electrical device and a large conducting body, such as the earth (which is taken to be at zero voltage) (同)earth
5. (art) the surface (as a wall or canvas) prepared to take the paint for a painting
6. a position to be won or defended in battle (or as if in battle); "they gained ground step by step"; "they fought to regain the lost ground"
7. a relatively homogeneous percept extending back of the figure on which attention is focused
8. hit or reach the ground (同)run aground
9. bring to the ground; "the storm grounded the ship" (同)strand, run aground
10. confine or restrict to the ground; "After the accident, they grounded the plane and the pilot"
11. connect to a ground; "ground the electrical connections for safety reasons"
12. hit a groundball; "he grounded to the second baseman"
13. hit onto the ground
14. instruct someone in the fundamentals of a subject
15. place or put on the ground
16. the fur of a squirrel
17. a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail
18. a tract of land cleared for some special purposes (recreation or burial etc.)
19. dregs consisting of solid particles (especially of coffee) that form a residue; "it is a Middle Eastern custom to read your future in your coffee grounds"
20. fastening electrical equipment to earth (同)earthing

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 〈U〉《the~》『地面』,地表 / 〈U〉『土』,土壌;『土地』 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》(特定の目的のための)『場所』 / 《複数形で》(建物の回りの)『庭』,庭園;『構内』,屋敷 / 〈C〉《しばしば複数形で》『根拠』(basis),理由(reason) / 〈U〉(確保すべき)立場,意見;地歩 / 〈U〉(研究などの)分野,範囲;話題,問題 / 〈C〉(図案・塗りなどの)下地 / 〈U〉海底,水底 / 《複数形で》(コーヒーなどの)おり,かす / 〈U〉《米》(電気装置の)アース / …‘を'地上に置く / (…に)〈主義・信念など〉‘を'基づかせる,立脚させる《+名+on+名(doing)》 / 〈人〉‘に'(…の)基礎(初歩)を教え込む《+名+in+名》 / 〈飛行機〉‘を'離陸させない / 〈人〉‘を'飛行勤務をやめさせる,地上勤務にする / 〈船〉‘を'座礁させる / 《米》〈電線など〉‘を'接地する,アースする(《英》earth) / 〈物が〉地面に落ちる(届く〉 / 〈船が〉座礁する / (野球で)ゴロを打つ
2. grindの過去・過去分詞 / 粉にした,ひいた / すった,磨いた
3. 〈C〉『リス』 / 〈U〉リスの毛皮 / …を貯蔵する《+『away』+『名』,+『名』+『away』》
4. (…の)基礎教育,基礎学習,基礎訓練《+in+名》

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/22 19:06:52」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Ground squirrels Temporal range: Early Oligocene to Recent
California ground squirrel (Spermophilus beecheyi) in the man-made rocky shoreline of the Berkeley Marina: The numerous crevices offer safety and shelter.
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Family:	Sciuridae
Subfamily:	Xerinae
Tribe:	Marmotini Pocock, 1923
Genera
Ammospermophilus Spermophilus Cynomys Marmota Tamias Sciurotamias and see text

The ground squirrels are members of the squirrel family of rodents (the Sciuridae) which generally live on or in the ground, rather than trees. The term is most often used for the medium-sized ground squirrels, as the larger ones are more commonly known as marmots (genus Marmota) or prairie dogs, while the smaller and less bushy-tailed ground squirrels tend to be known as chipmunks. Together, they make up the "marmot tribe" of squirrels, the Marmotini, and the large and mainly ground squirrel subfamily Xerinae, and containing six living genera. Well-known members of this largely Holarctic group are the marmots (Marmota), including the American groundhog, the chipmunks, the susliks (Spermophilus), and the prairie dogs (Cynomys). They are highly variable in size and habitus, but most are remarkably able to rise up on their hind legs and stand fully erect comfortably for prolonged periods. They also tend to be far more gregarious than other squirrels, and many live in colonies with complex social structures. Most Marmotini are rather short-tailed and large squirrels, and the Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) is the largest living member of the Sciuridae, at 53–73 cm in length and weighing 5–8 kg.

The chipmunks of the genus Tamias frequently spend time in trees. Also closer to typical squirrels in other aspects, they are occasionally considered a tribe of their own (Tamiini).

The ground squirrel is especially renowned for its tendency to rise up on its hind legs. It does this whenever it senses nearby danger, or when it must see over tall grasses. The squirrel then curls its paws flat against its chest and sends a screeching call to warn other family members about the presence of predators.

Ground squirrels may carry fleas that transmit diseases to humans (see Black Plague), and have been destructive in tunneling underneath human habitation

Evolution and systematics

20,000-year-old Arctic ground squirrel mummy

Palaeosciurus from Europe is the oldest known ground squirrel species, and it does not seem to be particularly close to any of the two to three living lineages (subtribes) of Marmotini. The oldest fossils are from the Early Oligocene, more than 30 million years ago (mya), but the genus probably persisted at least until the mid-Miocene, some 15 mya.

It is not clear where the Marmotini originated. The subtribes probably diverged in the early to mid-Oligocene, as primitive marmots and chipmunks are known from the Late Oligocene of North America. Unfortunately, the fossil record of the "true" ground squirrels is less well known, beginning only in the mid-Miocene, when modern susliks and prairie dogs are known to have inhabited their present-day range already.

Whether the Marmotini dispersed between North America and Eurasia via "island-hopping" across the Bering Straits or the Greenland region—which both at that time were temperate habitat—and from which continent they dispersed to which, or if both continents brought forth distinct subtribes which then spread to the other, is not known and would probably require more fossil material to be resolved. In any case, that the fairly comprehensive fossil record of Europe—at the relevant time separated from Asia by the Turgai Sea—lacks ancient Marmotini except the indeterminate Palaeosciurus might be taken to indicate an East Asian or western North American origin with trans-Beringia dispersal is the slightly more satisfying hypothesis of it. This is also supported by the enigmatic Chinese genus Sciurotamias, which may be the most ancient living lineage of this group, or—if the chipmunks are not included here—close to the common ancestor of the Tamiini and the Marmotini sensu stricto.

In any case, expansion of the Marmotini to Africa was probably prevented by competitive exclusion by their close relatives the Protoxerini and Xerini—the native terrestrial and palm squirrels of that continent—which must have evolved at the same time as the Marmotini did.

Subtribes and genera

Watchful "rock chuck" or Yellow-bellied Marmot (Marmota flaviventris) atop Mount Dana, Yosemite National Park in California

Basal and incertae sedis genera

• Palaeosciurus (fossil)
• Sciurotamias (Chinese rock squirrels)

Subtribe Tamiina: chipmunks (might be full tribe)

• Nototamias (fossil)
• Tamias

Subtribe Marmotina: marmots

• Arctomyoides (fossil)
• Miospermophilus (fossil)
• Paenemarmota (fossil)
• Palaearctomys (fossil)
• Protospermophilus (fossil)
• Marmota
• Ictidomys: Thirteen-lined ground squirrel and related species

Subtribe Spermophilina: true ground squirrels

• Spermophilinus (fossil)
• Ammospermophilus
• Cynomys (Prairie Dogs)
• Spermophilus

See also

• Squirrel
• Tree squirrel

Footnotes

References

• Helgen, Kristofer M.; Cole, F. Russel; Helgen, Lauren E.; and Wilson, Don E (2009). "Generic Revision in the Holarctic Ground Squirrel Genus Spermophilus". Journal of Mammalogy 90 (2): 270–305. doi:10.1644/07-MAMM-A-309.1. 
• Steppan, Scott J.; Storz, B.L. & Hoffmann, R.S. (2004): "Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1". Mol. Phyl. Evol. 30(3): 703–719. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00204-5 PDF fulltext
• Thorington, R.W. & Hoffmann, R.S. (2005): Family Sciuridae. In: Mammal Species of the World—A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference: 754–818. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.

External links

• About California Ground Squirrels

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. B型肝炎ウイルスの特性および感染の病因 characteristics of the hepatitis b virus and pathogenesis of infection
• 2. B型肝炎のマネージメントの概要および症例 overview of the management of hepatitis b and case examples
• 3. 肺の高分解能CT high resolution computed tomography of the lungs
• 4. 発疹チフス epidemic typhus
• 5. 職業性肺疾患のイメージング imaging of occupational lung diseases

English Journal

• Social conditioned place preference in the captive ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus): Social reward as a natural phenotype.

• Lahvis GP1, Panksepp JB1, Kennedy BC1, Wilson CR2, Merriman DK3.
• Journal of comparative psychology (Washington, D.C. : 1983).J Comp Psychol.2015 Aug;129(3):291-303. doi: 10.1037/a0039435. Epub 2015 Jul 6.
• Social behaviors of wild animals are often considered within an ultimate framework of adaptive benefits versus survival risks. By contrast, studies of laboratory animals more typically focus on affective aspects of behavioral decisions, whether a rodent derives a rewarding experience from social enc
• PMID 26147706

• Cryptococcus neoformans in the respiratory tract of squirrels, Callosciurus finlaysonii (Rodentia, Sciuridae).

• Iatta R1, Immediato D1, Puttilli MR1, Danesi P2, Passantino G1, Parisi A3, Mallia E4, Otranto D1, Cafarchia C5.
• Medical mycology.Med Mycol.2015 Jul 30. pii: myv045. [Epub ahead of print]
• Cryptococcosis is a fungal disease acquired from the environment, for which animals may serve as sentinels for human exposure. The occurrence of Cryptococcus spp. in the respiratory tract of 125 squirrels, Callosciurus finlaysonii, trapped in Southern Italy, was assessed. Upon examination of nasal s
• PMID 26229151

• Post-translational regulation of PTEN catalytic function and protein stability in the hibernating 13-lined ground squirrel.

• Wu CW1, Bell RA1, Storey KB2.
• Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2015 Jul 17. pii: S0304-4165(15)00186-5. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2015.07.004. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND: The insulin signaling pathway functions as a major regulator of many metabolic and cellular functions, and has been shown to be reversibly suppressed in many species during hibernation. This study characterized the regulation of PTEN phosphatase, a negative regulator of the insulin recep
• PMID 26189697

Japanese Journal

• ニホンリスにおける林冠移動と地上移動

• 森林野生動物研究会誌 = Journal of the Japanese Wildlife Research Society (41), 51-58, 2016-03
• NAID 40020785279

• Nuclear localization of mouse Ku70 in interphase cells and focus formation of mouse Ku70 at DNA damage sites immediately after irradiation

• Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 77(9), 1137-1142, 2015
• NAID 130005100717

• Nuclear localization of mouse Ku70 in interphase cells and focus formation of mouse Ku70 at DNA damage sites immediately after irradiation

• Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
• NAID 130005067036

Related Links

• ground squirrel | rodent | Britannica.com

Ground squirrel, any of 62 species of long-bodied terrestrial rodents that are active during the day and have short legs, strong claws, small rounded ears, and a short or moderately long tail. Colour varies widely among species from ...

• Ground squirrelとは - goo Wikipedia (ウィキペディア)

The ground squirrels are members of the squirrel family of rodents (Sciuridae) which generally live on or in the ground, rather than trees. The term is most often used for the medium-sized ground squirrels, as the larger ones are more ...

---

★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「ground」「squirrel」「grounding」

「ground」

　　[★]

• n.

• 基底、根拠、素因

• adj.

• 地上の、地面の。穴を掘る終生の、地上に住む。基本の、基礎の

関

basal、basement、bases、basis、diathesis、diathetic、evidence、foundation、fundus、grounding、predisposition、reason

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「squirrel」

　　[★]

リス

関

chipmunk、prairie dog、Sciuridae、Spermophilus

　 　 　

「grounding」

　　[★]

• n.

• アース

関

ground