関: chipmunk、prairie dog、Sciuridae、Spermophilus

WordNet

the fur of a squirrel
a kind of arboreal rodent having a long bushy tail
a burrowing ground squirrel of western America and Asia; has cheek pouches and a light and dark stripe running down the body
a mammal family of true squirrels including: ground squirrels; marmots; chipmunks; flying squirrels; spermophiles (同)family Sciuridae
very small, brightly colored (especially red) nocturnal fishes of shallow waters or tropical reefs; they make sounds like a squirrels bark
common black-striped reddish-brown ground squirrel of western North America; resembles a large chipmunk (同)Citellus lateralis
large grey squirrel of far western areas of United States (同)western gray squirrel, Sciurus griseus
any typical arboreal squirrel

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〈C〉『リス』 / 〈U〉リスの毛皮 / …を貯蔵する《+『away』+『名』,+『名』+『away』》
シマリス(背に縦じまがある;北米産)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/04/29 10:53:32」(JST)

wiki ja

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この項目では、プログラミング言語について記述しています。動物のリスについては「リス」をご覧ください。

Squirrel(スクワール) は軽量な高級スクリプト言語である。手続き型言語、オブジェクト指向言語、関数型言語、データ駆動などの特性を併せ持つ。メモリ消費量やリアルタイム応答性の面で優れ、ゲームへの組み込み言語として採用が進んでいる。

特徴

C言語のホストプログラムに組み込まれることを目的に設計されており、高速な動作と、高い移植性、組み込みの容易さが特徴である。いったんバイトコードにコンパイルされ、仮想機械 (VM) で実行される。コンパイラと VM は共に6000行程度のC++で実装されている。ライブラリは C言語からも利用できる。

その他に、以下の特徴を持つ。

動的型付け
高階関数
協調型スレッド (コルーチン)
末尾再帰の最適化
例外処理 (throw, try, catch)
参照カウントとガベージコレクションを組み合わせた自動メモリ管理
弱い参照 (weak reference)
文字コードとしてマルチバイト文字とワイド文字 (UTF-16) を切り替えてビルド可能

Luaを強く意識して設計された言語であり、組み込みのためのライブラリの構文は Lua と類似性がある。ただし、以下のような差異がある。

C/C++に似た構文を採用している。
テーブルと配列が別のオブジェクトである。
整数と浮動小数点数が別のオブジェクトである。
配列のインデックスが 0 から始まる。
クラスと継承を扱う構文を組み込みで持っている。

構文

class BaseVector {
  constructor(...) {
    if (vargv.len() >= 3) {
      x = vargv[0]
      y = vargv[1]
      z = vargv[2]
    }
  }
 
  x = 0
  y = 0
  z = 0
}
 
class Vector3 extends BaseVector {
  function _add(other) {
    if (other instanceof this.getclass())
      return ::Vector3(x + other.x, y + other.y, z + other.z)
    else
      throw "wrong parameter"
  }
  function _tostring() {
    return x + "," + y + "," + z
  }
}
 
local v0 = Vector3(1, 2, 3)
local v1 = Vector3(11, 12, 13)
local v2 = v0 + v1
print(v2.tostring())

採用ソフトウェア

Squirrel は以下のソフトウェアで利用されている。

小さな王様と約束の国ファイナルファンタジー・クリスタルクロニクル (Wiiウェア) [1]

OpenTTD - COMプレーヤ用AIモジュール(NoAI)の記述スクリプトにSquirrelが採用されている [2]

歴史

2003年に開発され、zlib/libpng license として公開された。開発とメンテナンスは Alberto Demichelis によって行われている。

外部リンク

Squirrel ホームページ

この項目は、コンピュータに関連した書きかけの項目です。この記事を加筆・訂正などしてくださる協力者を求めています（PJ:コンピュータ/P:コンピュータ）。

wiki en

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This article is about the squirrel family (Sciuridae) as a whole. For other uses, see Squirrel (disambiguation).

Squirrels belong to a large family of small or medium-sized rodents called the Sciuridae. The family includes tree squirrels, ground squirrels, chipmunks, marmots (including woodchucks), flying squirrels, and prairie dogs. Squirrels are indigenous to the Americas, Eurasia, and Africa, and have been introduced to Australia. The earliest known squirrels date from the Eocene and are most closely related to the mountain beaver and to the dormouse among living rodent families.

Etymology

The word "squirrel", first specified in 1327, comes from Anglo-Norman esquirel from the Old French escurel, the reflex of a Latin word sciurus. This Latin word was borrowed from the Ancient Greek word σκίουρος, skiouros, which means shadow-tailed, referring to the bushy appendage possessed by many of its members.^[1]^[2]

The native Old English word, ācweorna, survived only into Middle English (as aquerne) before being replaced.^[3] The Old English word is of Common Germanic origin, with cognates such as German Eichhorn, Norwegian ekorn, Dutch eekhoorn, Swedish ekorre and Danish egern.

Characteristics

Skull of an Oriental giant squirrel (genus Ratufa) - note the classic sciuromorphous shape of the anterior zygomatic region.

Squirrels are generally small animals, ranging in size from the African pygmy squirrel at 7–10 cm (2.8–3.9 in) in length and just 10 g (0.35 oz) in weight, to the Alpine marmot which is 53–73 cm (21–29 in) long and weighs from 5 to 8 kg (11 to 18 lb). Squirrels typically have slender bodies with bushy tails and large eyes. Their fur is generally soft and silky, although much thicker in some species than others. The color of squirrels is highly variable between—and often even within—species.^[4]

The hind limbs are generally longer than the fore limbs, and they have four or five toes on each paw. Their paws include an often poorly developed thumb, and have soft pads on the undersides.^[5] The eastern gray squirrel is one of very few mammalian species that can descend a tree head-first. It does this by turning its feet so the claws of its hind paws are backward pointing and can grip the tree bark.^{[citation needed]}

Squirrels live in almost every habitat from tropical rainforest to semiarid desert, avoiding only the high polar regions and the driest of deserts. They are predominantly herbivorous, subsisting on seeds and nuts, but many will eat insects and even small vertebrates.^[6]

As their large eyes indicate, squirrels generally have an excellent sense of vision, which is especially important for tree-dwelling species. They also have very versatile and sturdy claws for grasping and climbing.^[7] Many also have a good sense of touch, with vibrissae on their heads and limbs.^[5]

The teeth of sciurids follow the typical rodent pattern, with large gnawing incisors that grow throughout life, and grinding cheek teeth set back behind a wide gap, or diastema. The typical dental formula for sciurids is 1.0.1.31.0.1.3^{[citation needed]}

The life span of the Gray squirrel is approximately six years. Most urban squirrels do not reach their first birthday. This is due not to predators, but rather to automobiles. Compare this to its rural counterpart, which often perishes from lack of food.^[8]^{[dubious – discuss]}

Behavior

Several species of squirrels have melanistic phases. In large parts of United States and Canada, the most common variety seen in urban areas is the melanistic form of the eastern gray squirrel.

Squirrels breed once or twice a year and give birth to a varying number of young after three to six weeks, depending on species. The young are born naked, toothless, and blind. In most species of squirrel, only the female looks after the young, which are weaned at around six to ten weeks of age and become sexually mature at the end of their first year. Ground-dwelling species are generally social animals, often living in well-developed colonies, but the tree-dwelling species are more solitary.^[5]

Ground and tree squirrels are typically diurnal or crepuscular,^[9] while flying squirrels tend to be nocturnal—except for lactating flying squirrels and their offspring, which have a period of diurnality during the summer.^[10]

Feeding

Squirrel eating a peanut

The Indian palm squirrel is the most common type of squirrel found in India.

Squirrels cannot digest cellulose, so they must rely on foods rich in protein, carbohydrates, and fats. In temperate regions, early spring is the hardest time of year for squirrels, because buried nuts begin to sprout and are no longer available for the squirrel to eat, and new food sources have not become available yet. During these times, squirrels rely heavily on the buds of trees. Squirrels' diets consist primarily of a wide variety of plants, including nuts, seeds, conifer cones, fruits, fungi and green vegetation. However, some squirrels also consume meat, especially when faced with hunger.^[6] Squirrels have been known to eat insects, eggs, small birds, young snakes and smaller rodents. Indeed, some tropical species have shifted almost entirely to a diet of insects.^[11]

Predatory behavior has been noted by various species of ground squirrels, particularly the thirteen-lined ground squirrel.^[12] For example, Bailey, a scientist in the 1920s, observed a thirteen-lined ground squirrel preying upon a young chicken.^[13] Wistrand reported seeing this same species eating a freshly killed snake.^[14] Whitaker examined the stomachs of 139 thirteen-lined ground squirrels and found bird flesh in four of the specimens and the remains of a short-tailed shrew in one;^[15] Bradley, examining white-tailed antelope squirrels' stomachs, found at least 10% of his 609 specimens' stomachs contained some type of vertebrate, mostly lizards and rodents.^[16] Morgart observed a white-tailed antelope squirrel capturing and eating a silky pocket mouse.^[17]

Taxonomy

Grizzled giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura) of the Ratufinae
Southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans) of the Pteromyini
Prevost's squirrel (Callosciurus prevosti) of the Callosciurini
Unstriped ground squirrel (Xerus rutilus) of the Xerini
Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) of the Marmotini

a domestic Squirrel while eating feed.

The living squirrels are divided into five subfamilies, with about 58 genera and some 285 species.^[18] The oldest squirrel fossil, Hesperopetes, dates back to the Chadronian (late Eocene, about 40–35 million years ago) and is similar to modern flying squirrels.^[19]

A variety of fossil squirrels, from the latest Eocene to the Miocene, could not be assigned with certainty to any living lineage. At least some of these probably were variants of the oldest basal "protosquirrels" (in the sense that they lacked the full range of living squirrels' autapomorphies). The distribution and diversity of such ancient and ancestral forms suggest the squirrels as a group may have originated in North America.^[20]

Apart from these sometimes little-known fossil forms, the phylogeny of the living squirrels is fairly straightforward. The three main lineages are the Ratufinae (Oriental giant squirrels), Sciurillinae and all other subfamilies. The Ratufinae contain a mere handful of living species in tropical Asia. The neotropical pygmy squirrel of tropical South America is the sole living member of the Sciurillinae. The third lineage, by far the largest, has a near-cosmopolitan distribution. This further supports the hypothesis that the common ancestor of all squirrels, living and fossil, lived in North America, as these three most ancient lineages seem to have radiated from there; if squirrels had originated in Eurasia, for example, one would expect quite ancient lineages in Africa, but African squirrels seem to be of more recent origin.^[20]

The main group of squirrels also can be split into three subgroups, which yield the remaining subfamilies. The Sciurinae contains the flying squirrels (Pteromyini) and the Sciurini, which among others contains the American tree squirrels; the former have often been considered a separate subfamily, but are now seen as a tribe of the Sciurinae. The pine squirrels (Tamiasciurus), on the other hand, are usually included with the main tree squirrel lineage, but appear to be about as distinct as the flying squirrels; hence, they are sometimes considered a distinct tribe, Tamiasciurini.^[21]

Eastern gray squirrel in a Tree

Squirrel eating grains

Two of the three subfamilies are of about equal size, containing between nearly 70 and 80 species each; the third is about twice as large. The Sciurinae contains arboreal (tree-living) squirrels, mainly of the Americas and to a lesser extent Eurasia. The Callosciurinae is most diverse in tropical Asia and contains squirrels which are also arboreal, but have a markedly different habitus and appear more "elegant", an effect enhanced by their often very colorful fur. The Xerinae—the largest subfamily—are made up from the mainly terrestrial (ground-living) forms and include the large marmots and the popular prairie dogs, among others, as well as the tree squirrels of Africa; they tend to be more gregarious than other squirrels, which do not usually live together in close-knit groups.^[20]

Basal and incertae sedis Sciuridae (all fossil)
- Hesperopetes
- Kherem
- Lagrivea
- Oligosciurus
- Plesiosciurus
- Prospermophilus
- Sciurion
- Similisciurus
- Sinotamias
- Vulcanisciurus
Subfamily Cedromurinae (fossil)
Subfamily Ratufinae – Oriental giant squirrels (1 genus, 4 species)
Subfamily Sciurillinae – neotropical pygmy squirrel (monotypic)
Subfamily Sciurinae
- Tribe Sciurini – tree squirrels (5 genera, about 38 species)
- Tribe Pteromyini – true flying squirrels (15 genera, about 45 species)
Subfamily Callosciurinae – Asian ornate squirrels
- Tribe Callosciurini (13 genera, nearly 60 species)
- Tribe Funambulini palm squirrels (1 genus, 5 species)
Subfamily Xerinae – terrestrial squirrels
- Tribe Xerini – spiny squirrels (3 genera, 6 species)
- Tribe Protoxerini (6 genera, about 50 species)
- Tribe Marmotini – ground squirrels, marmots, chipmunks, prairie dogs, etc. (6 genera, about 90 species)

Notes

^ "squirrel, n.". The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd. ed.). Oxford University Press. 1989. Retrieved 8 November 2010.
^ Whitaker & Elman (1980): 370
^ "Squirrel". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 7 February 2008.
^ Tree Squirrels, Wildlife Online, 23 November 2010.
^ ^a ^b ^c Milton (1984)
^ ^a ^b Squirrel Place - squirrels.org - Retrieved 14 December 2010.
^ "Squirrel" - HowStuffWorks
^ Squirrel History, squirrels.org
^ "Red & Gray Squirrels in Massachusetts". MassWildlife. Massachusetts Division of Fisheries and Wildlife. Retrieved 3 April 2012.
^ Törmälä, Timo; Vuorinen, Hannu; Hokkanen, Heikki (1980). "Timing of circadian activity in the flying squirrel in central Finland". Acta Theriologica 25 (32–42): 461–474. Retrieved 11 July 2007.
^ Richard W. Thorington, Katie Ferrell - Squirrels: the animal answer guide, JHU Press, 2006, ISBN 0-8018-8402-0, ISBN 978-0-8018-8402-3, p. 75.
^ Friggens, M. (2002). "Carnivory on Desert Cottontails by Texas Antelope Ground Squirrels". The Southwestern Naturalist 47 (1): 132–133. doi:10.2307/3672818. JSTOR 3672818.
^ Bailey, B. (1923). "Meat-eating propensities of some rodents of Minnesota". Journal of Mammalogy 4: 129.
^ Wistrand, E.H. (1972). "Predation on a Snake by Spermophilus tridecemlineatus". American Midland Naturalist 88 (2): 511–512. doi:10.2307/2424389. JSTOR 2424389.
^ Whitaker, J.O. (1972). "Food and external parasites of Spermophilus tridecemlineatus in Vigo County, Indiana". Journal of Mammalogy 53 (3): 644–648. doi:10.2307/1379067. JSTOR 1379067.
^ Bradley, W. G. (1968). "Food habits of the antelope ground squirrel in southern Nevada". Journal of Mammalogy 49 (1): 14–21. doi:10.2307/1377723. JSTOR 1377723.
^ Morgart, J. R. (May 1985). "Carnivorous behavior by a white-tailed antelope ground squirrel Ammospermophilus leucurus". The Southwestern Naturalist 30 (2): 304–305. doi:10.2307/3670745. JSTOR 3670745.
^ Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. (2011). "Class Mammalia Linnaeus, 1758. In: Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness". Zootaxa 3148: 56–60.
^ Emry, R. J.; Korth, W.W. (2007). "A new genus of squirrel (Rodentia, Sciuridae) from the mid-Cenozoic of North America". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 27 (3): 693–698. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[693:ANGOSR]2.0.CO;2.
^ ^a ^b ^c Steppan & Hamm (2006)
^ Steppan et al. (2004), Steppan & Hamm (2006)

References

Milton, Katherine (1984): [Family Sciuridae]. In: Macdonald, D. (ed.): The Encyclopedia of Mammals: 612–623. Facts on File, New York. ISBN 0-87196-871-1
Steppan, Scott J. & Hamm, Shawn M. (2006): Tree of Life Web Project – Sciuridae (Squirrels). Version of 13 May 2006. Retrieved 10 December 2007.
Steppan, Scott J.; Storz, B.L. & Hoffmann, R.S. (2004): "Nuclear DNA phylogeny of the squirrels (Mammalia: Rodentia) and the evolution of arboreality from c-myc and RAG1" (pdf). Mol. Phyl. Evol. 30(3): 703–719. doi:10.1016/S1055-7903(03)00204-5
Thorington, R.W. & Hoffmann, R.S. (2005): Family Sciuridae. In: Mammal Species of the World – A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference: 754–818. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
Whitaker, John O. Jr. & Elman, Robert (1980): The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Mammals (2nd ed.). Alfred Knopf, New York. ISBN 0-394-50762-2

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Sciuridae

Wikispecies has information related to: Sciuridae

Look up squirrel in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Tree of Life: Sciuridae
Squirrel Tracks: How to identify squirrel tracks in the wild
National Geographic link on Squirrels
List of names of squirrel taxa

UpToDate Contents

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1. 犬および猫以外のペットからの人畜共通感染症 zoonoses from pets other than dogs and cats
2. 発疹チフス epidemic typhus
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English Journal

Multiple introductions of the eastern fox squirrel (Sciurus niger) in California.

Claytor SC1, Muchlinski AE, Torres E.
Mitochondrial DNA.Mitochondrial DNA.2015 Aug;26(4):583-92. doi: 10.3109/19401736.2013.878903. Epub 2014 Jan 17.
Eastern fox squirrels (Sciurus niger) have been introduced into California within the past 130 years. Recently, their range has been expanding at an alarming rate. Genetic diversity was assessed in 101 control region sequences of eastern fox squirrels from three geographic regions within California
PMID 24438286

The multiple facets of Peto's paradox: a life-history model for the evolution of cancer suppression.

Brown JS1, Cunningham JJ2, Gatenby RA2.
Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci.2015 Jul 19;370(1673). pii: 20140221. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2014.0221.
Large animals should have higher lifetime probabilities of cancer than small animals because each cell division carries an attendant risk of mutating towards a tumour lineage. However, this is not observed-a (Peto's) paradox that suggests large and/or long-lived species have evolved effective cancer
PMID 26056365
PMID 25888168

Differences in AMPA and GABAA/B receptor subunit expression between the chronically reorganized cortex and brainstem of adult squirrel monkeys.

Mowery TM1, Sarin RM2, Kostylev PV2, Garraghty PE3.
Brain research.Brain Res.2015 Jun 22;1611:44-55. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.010. Epub 2015 Mar 16.
The primate somatosensory neuraxis provides a highly translational model system with which to investigate adult neural plasticity. Here, we report immunohistochemical staining data for AMPA and GABAA/B receptor subunits of area 3b cortex and cuneate nucleus of adult squirrel monkeys one to five year
PMID 25791620

Japanese Journal

オニグルミの分布からみたげっ歯類による貯食行動の影響

森井渚,南佳典,沖津進
森林立地 57(1), 1-6, 2015-06
NAID 40020518422

Mitochondrial DNA evidence suggests challenge to the conspecific status of the hairy-footed flying squirrel Belomys pearsonii from Taiwan and Vietnam

Oshida Tatsuo,Lin Liang-Kong,Chang Shih-Wei [他]
Mammal study 40(1), 29-33, 2015-03
NAID 40020414943

エゾモモンガPteromys volansの貯食の可能性 : 自動撮影装置による観察

松岡茂
森林総合研究所研究報告 = Bulletin of the Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute 14(1), 37-41, 2015-03
NAID 40020411838

滑空性リス類の繊維質消化 : ムササビとニホンモモンガの比較

大久保慶信,七條宏樹,渡部大介 [他]
環動昆 = Japanese journal of environmental entomology and zoology : 日本環境動物昆虫学会誌 26(1), 29-35, 2015
NAID 40020418302

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Spermophilus」「リス」「prairie dog」「chipmunk」「Sciuridae」
拡張検索	「squirrel monkey」

「Spermophilus」

Squirrels; Temporal range: Late Eocene—Recent PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N
	Various members of the family Sciuridae
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Rodentia
Suborder:	Sciuromorpha
Family:	Sciuridae; Fischer de Waldheim, 1817
Subfamilies and tribes
	Subfamily Ratufinae; Subfamily Sciurillinae; Subfamily Sciurinae Tribe Sciurini; Tribe Pteromyini; ; Subfamily Callosciurinae Tribe Callosciurini; Tribe Funambulini; ; Subfamily Xerinae Tribe Xerini; Tribe Protoxerini; Tribe Marmotini; ; and see text

Squirrel
パラダイム	マルチパラダイム
設計者	Alberto Demichelis
最新リリース	3.0.4 / 2012年11月10日（5か月前）
評価版リリース	3.1 / 2011年03月13日（2年前）
プラットフォーム	クロスプラットフォーム
ライセンス	MIT License
ウェブサイト	squirrel-lang.org
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