germ-free animal

無菌動物

WordNet

1. unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron"
2. people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave" (同)free people
3. free from obligations or duties (同)discharge
4. free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" (同)disengage
5. grant freedom to; free from confinement (同)liberate, release, unloose, unloosen, loose
6. not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the poem" (同)loose, liberal
7. make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners" (同)release
8. able to act at will; not hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as long as you wish"; "a free choice"
9. not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man"
10. not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane"
11. a living organism characterized by voluntary movement (同)animate being, beast, brute, creature, fauna
12. marked by the appetites and passions of the body; "animal instincts"; "carnal knowledge"; "fleshly desire"; "a sensual delight in eating"; "music is the only sensual pleasure without vice" (同)carnal, fleshly, sensual
13. a small apparently simple structure (as a fertilized egg) from which new tissue can develop into a complete organism
14. (Jungian psychology) the inner self (not the external persona) that is in touch with the unconscious

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (束縛された状態になく)『自由な』,自由の身の / (国家・国民などが)『独立している』 / (思想・行為などが)強制されない,自発的な / (動作が)拘束されない,無理のない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(苦痛・制約などを)『免れている』,(誤り・偏見などの)ない《+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be free to』do》『自由に』…『できる』 / (仕事から)解放された,暇になった;(部屋などが)使用されていない,空いた / 『無料の』;無税の / 出し惜しみしない / 遠慮のない,慎みがない / (道路などが)障害のない,自由に通れる / 固定していない,離れた / 無料で / 自由に,妨げられずに(freely) / (…から)〈人・国など〉‘を'『自由にする』,解放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (困難などから)〈人〉‘を'救う《+『名』+『form』+『名』》 / (障害などを)〈人・物〉‘から'取り除く《+『名』+『of』(『from』)+『名』》 / (物を)…‘から'片付ける,外す《+『名』+『of』+『名』》
2. (植物に対して)『動物』 / (人間以外の)『動物』,けだもの / (魚・鳥などに対して)哺乳動物(mammal) / けだもの(野獣)のような人 / (比較変化なし)《名詞の前にのみ用いて》動物の,動物性の,動物質の / (知的・精神的に対して)動物的な;肉欲的な
3. 細菌,ばい菌 / (植物の)胚(はい),幼芽;(動物の)卵子 / 原因;(発達の)初期

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/10 20:23:40」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

Germ-free animals are animals that have no microorganisms living in or on it. Such animals are raised within germ-free isolators in order to control their exposure to viral, bacterial or parasitic agents. When known strains of bacteria or microbiota are introduced to a germ-free animal, it usually referred to as a gnotobiotic animal, however technically speaking, germ-free animals are also gnotibiotic because the status of their microbial community is known.

Germ-free animals are used in the study of probiotic research and other animal research requiring careful control of outside contaminants that can affect the experiment.

References

UpToDate Contents

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• 1. 頭蓋内胚細胞腫瘍 intracranial germ cell tumors
• 2. 卵巣の悪性胚細胞腫瘍の治療 treatment of malignant germ cell tumors of the ovary
• 3. 縦隔および後腹膜を含む性腺外胚細胞腫瘍 extragonadal germ cell tumors involving the mediastinum and retroperitoneum
• 4. 再発性の難治性精巣胚細胞腫瘍の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of relapsed and refractory testicular germ cell tumors
• 5. 精細管内胚細胞腫瘍、未分類（精巣上皮内癌、精巣上皮内腫瘍） testicular intratubular germ cell neoplasia unclassified testicular carcinoma in situ testicular intraepithelial neoplasia

English Journal

• Evolution of the gut microbiota and the influence of diet.

• Rothe M, Blaut M.SourceGastrointestinal Microbiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114.116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany.
• Beneficial microbes.Benef Microbes.2013 Mar 1;4(1):31-7. doi: 10.3920/BM2012.0029.
• Diet is a major force that shapes the composition and activity of the gut microbiota. This is evident from alterations in gut microbiota composition after weaning or drastic dietary changes. Owing to the complexity of the microbiota, interactions of intestinal bacteria with the host are difficult to
• PMID 23257016

• Deficiency in hematopoietic phosphatase ptpn6/shp1 hyperactivates the innate immune system and impairs control of bacterial infections in zebrafish embryos.

• Kanwal Z, Zakrzewska A, den Hertog J, Spaink HP, Schaaf MJ, Meijer AH.SourceInstitute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands.
• Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950).J Immunol.2013 Feb 15;190(4):1631-45. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200551. Epub 2013 Jan 18.
• Deficiency in Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1/protein tyrosine phosphatase nonreceptor type 6 (SHP1/PTPN6) is linked with chronic inflammatory diseases and hematological malignancies in humans. In this study, we exploited the embryonic and larval stages of zebrafish (Danio reri
• PMID 23335748

• Gut microbiomes of Malawian twin pairs discordant for kwashiorkor.

• Smith MI, Yatsunenko T, Manary MJ, Trehan I, Mkakosya R, Cheng J, Kau AL, Rich SS, Concannon P, Mychaleckyj JC, Liu J, Houpt E, Li JV, Holmes E, Nicholson J, Knights D, Ursell LK, Knight R, Gordon JI.SourceCenter for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
• Science (New York, N.Y.).Science.2013 Feb 1;339(6119):548-54. doi: 10.1126/science.1229000. Epub 2013 Jan 30.
• Kwashiorkor, an enigmatic form of severe acute malnutrition, is the consequence of inadequate nutrient intake plus additional environmental insults. To investigate the role of the gut microbiome, we studied 317 Malawian twin pairs during the first 3 years of life. During this time, half of the twin
• PMID 23363771

Japanese Journal

• ヒトの腸内菌叢研究のための in vitro および in vivo 実験系

• 平山 和宏,伊藤 喜久治
• 腸内細菌学雑誌 = Journal of intestinal microbiology 25(4), 245-250, 2011-10-01
• 腸内菌叢は非常に活発な代謝活性を持ち，我々の健康や疾病に重要な役割を果たしている．しかし，腸内菌叢は膨大な種類の細菌が相互に関わりあった非常に複雑な生態系であり，代謝活性も宿主の全代謝を超えるといわれるほど活発であるため，腸内菌叢の生態や代謝，宿主に対する影響などを研究することは容易ではない．また，我々の腸内は高度な嫌気的な状態であることをはじめとして，栄養学的にも宿主側からの様々な要因が影響する …
• NAID 10030171714

• マウスの盲腸組織内抗酸化酵素スーパーオキシドディスムターゼ活性に対する腸内細菌叢の影響

• 土橋 悠,宮川 佳彦,山本 一郎 [他],AMAO Hiromi
• Experimental animals 60(2), 133-139, 2011-04-01
• … In this study, we used germ-free (GF) mice to examine the effect of intestinal microflora on SOD activity in the cecum, and SOD activity was compared between GF and conventional (CV) mice. …
• NAID 10029550243

• Immune Response of Gnotobiotic Piglets against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae(Immunology)

• Muneta Yoshihiro,Minagawa Yu,Shimoji Yoshihiro [他],OGAWA Yohsuke,HIKONO Hirokazu,MORI Yasuyuki
• The journal of veterinary medical science 70(10), 1065-1070, 2008-10-25
• … We found that several inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, IL-18, and TNF-α) and an anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 were induced from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of germ-free (GF) piglets stimulated with heat killed Mhp whole antigens, but no IFN-γ and IL-4 were induced by Mhp. …
• NAID 110006967089

Related Links

• バイオテクノロジー辞典 | 無菌動物(germ-free animal)

バイオテクノロジーに関する用語を集めました。 ... おきなわ新産業創出投資事業 >バイオテクノロジー辞典> 50音で探す > む > 無菌動物(germ-free animal) 無菌動物(germ-free animal)

• germ-free animal - definition of germ-free animal by Medical ...

germ-free animal, a laboratory animal raised under sterile conditions, free of exposure to microorganisms. The diet is controlled, preventing exposure to microorganisms that may be in food. The germ-free animals have lymphoid tissue ...

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拡張検索	「germ-free animal study」
関連記事	「free」「germ」「animal」

「germ-free animal study」

　　[★]

同

gnotobiotic animal studies＆commensal bacteria/microorganisms

「free」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 遊離の、遊離型の、自由な、無料の、フリーの、取り除く、(接尾辞的に用いて;～を)含まない

関

ad lib、ad libitum、deprive、disengage、free form、free of charge、freedom、freely、liberate、liberation、obviate、omit、release、remove、strip、withdraw

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「germ」

　　[★]

• n.

• 微生物、(発生)胚、胚芽、原基

関

anlage、anlagen、embryo、embryonic、germinal、microbe、microbial、microorganism、placode、primordia、primordium

　 　

「animal」

　　[★]

• n.

• 動物

• adj.

• 動物性の

関

Animalia、animality