遺伝子地図

関: gene mapping、genetic map

WordNet

make a map of; show or establish the features of details of; "map the surface of Venus"
to establish a mapping (of mathematical elements or sets) (同)represent
a diagrammatic representation of the earths surface (or part of it)
plan, delineate, or arrange in detail; "map ones future" (同)map out
depict as if on a map; "sorrow was mapped on the mothers face"
explore or survey for the purpose of making a map; "We havent even begun to map the many galaxies that we know exist"
locate within a specific region of a chromosome in relation to known DNA or gene sequences; "map the genes"
(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
informal terms for a mother (同)mama, mamma, mom, momma, mommy, mammy, mum, mummy
informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(1枚1枚の)『地図』;天体図 / …‘の'地図を作る;…‘を'地図にかく
遺伝子
《M-》《話》おかあちゃん(mamma)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/04/30 01:37:40」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Gene maps help describe the spatial arrangement of genes on a chromosome. Genes are designated to a specific location on a chromosome known as the locus and can be used as molecular markers to find the distance between other genes on a chromosome. Maps provide researchers with the opportunity to predict the inheritance patterns of specific traits, which can eventually lead to a better understanding of disease-linked traits.^[1]

A gene map of Drosophilla melanogaster. This gene map shows the relative positions of genes on one of Drosophilla's chromosomes.

1 Mapping Chromosomal Genes: Physical Mapping Vs. Genetic Mapping
2 Physical Mapping
- 2.1 Restriction Mapping
- 2.2 Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH)
- 2.3 Sequence Tagged Site (STS) Mapping
3 Genetic Mapping
- 3.1 Linkage Analysis
- 3.2 Gene Association Analysis
4 Utilizing Gene Maps: Disease Genes
5 See also
6 References

Mapping Chromosomal Genes: Physical Mapping Vs. Genetic Mapping

The genetic basis to gene maps is to provide an outline that can potentially help researchers carry out DNA sequencing. A gene map helps point out the relative positions of genes and allows researchers to locate regions of interest in the genome. Genes can then be identified quickly and sequenced quickly.^[2]

Two approaches to generating gene maps include physical mapping and genetic mapping. Physical mapping utilizes molecular biology techniques to inspect chromosomes. These techniques consequently allow researchers to observe chromosomes directly so that a map may be constructed with relative gene positions. Genetic mapping on the other hand uses genetic techniques to indirectly find association between genes. Techniques can include cross-breeding (see Hybrid (biology)) experiments and examining pedigrees. These technique allow for maps to be constructed so that relative positions of genes and other important sequences can be analyzed.^[2]

Physical Mapping

Physical mapping techniques used to generate a gene map include: Restriction mapping, Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and Sequence tagged site (STS) mapping.

Restriction Mapping

Restriction mapping is a method in which structural information regarding a segment of DNA is obtained using restriction enzymes. Restriction enzymes are enzymes that help cut segments of DNA at specific recognition sequences. The basis to restriction mapping involves digesting (or cutting) DNA with restriction enzymes. The digested DNA fragments are then run on an agarose gel using electrophoresis, which provides one with information regarding the size of these digested fragments. The sizes of these fragments help indicate the distance between restriction enzyme sites on the DNA analyzed, and provides researchers with information regarding the structure of DNA analyzed.^[3]

Fluorescent in situ Hybridization (FISH)

FISH is a method used to detect the presence (or absence) of a DNA sequence within a cell. DNA probes that are specific for chromosomal regions or genes of interest are labeled with fluorochromes. By attaching fluorochromes to probes, researchers are able to visualize multiple DNA sequences simultaneously. When a probe comes into contact with DNA on a specific chromosome, hybridization will occur. Consequently, information regarding the location of that sequence of DNA will be attained. FISH analyzes single stranded DNA (ssDNA). Once the DNA is in its single stranded state, the DNA can bind to its specific probe.^[2]

Sequence Tagged Site (STS) Mapping

A sequence tagged site (STS) is a short sequence of DNA (about 100 - 500 base pairs in length) that is seen to appear multiple times within an individual's genome. These sites are easily recognizable, usually appearing at least once in the DNA being analyzed. These sites usually contain genetic polymorphisms making them sources of viable genetic markers (as they differ from other sequences). Sequenced tagged sites can be mapped within our genome and require a group of overlapping DNA fragments. PCR is generally used to produce the collection of DNA fragments. After overlapping fragments are created, the map distance between STSs can be analyzed. In order to calculate the map distance between STSs, researchers determine the frequency at which breaks between the two markers occur (see shotgun sequencing)^[3]

Genetic Mapping

Genetic mapping is focused on the principles first established by Gregor Mendel. This approach primarily focuses on linkage analysis and gene association techniques.

Linkage Analysis

The basis to linkage analysis is understanding chromosomal location and identifying disease genes. Certain genes that are linked or associated with each other are found to reside close to each other on the same chromosome. During meiosis, these genes are capable of being inherited together and can be used as a genetic marker to help identify the phenotype of diseases. Because linkage analysis can identify inheritance patterns, these studies are usually family based.^[4]

Gene Association Analysis

Gene association analysis is population based; it is not focused on inheritance patterns, but rather is based on the entire history of a population. Gene association analysis looks at a particular population and tries to identify whether the frequency of an allele in affected individuals is different from that of a control set of unaffected individuals of the same population. This method is particularly useful to identify complex diseases that do not have a Mendelian inheritance pattern.^[3]

Utilizing Gene Maps: Disease Genes

Using the methods mentioned above, researchers are capable of mapping disease genes. Generating a gene map is the critical first step towards identifying disease genes. Gene maps allow for variant alleles to be identified and allow for researchers to make predictions about the genes they think are causing the mutant phenotype. An example of a disorder that was identified by Linkage analysis is Cystic Fibrosis. For example, with Cystic Fibrosis (CF), DNA samples from fifty families affected by CF were analyzed using linkage analysis. Hundreds of markers pertaining to CF were analyzed throughout the genome until CF was identified on the long arm of chromosome 7. Researchers then had completed linkage analysis on additional DNA markers within chromosome 7 to identify an even more precise location of the CF gene. They found that the CF gene resides around 7q31-q32 (see chromosomal nomenclature).^[3]

References

^ Nussbaum, Robert L.; McInnes, Roderick R.; Wilard, Huntington F. (2016). Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine (Eighth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 178–187. ISBN 978-1-4377-0696-3. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brown, Terence, A. (2002). Genomes. Manchester, UK: Garland Science. ISBN 0-471-25046-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Hartwell, Leland H.; Hood, Leroy; Goldberg, Michael L.; Reynolds, Anne E.; Silver, Lee M.; Karagiannis, Jim; Papaconstantinou, Maria (2014). Genetics: From Genes to Genomes (Canadian ed.). Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. pp. 456–459, 635–636. ISBN 978-0-07-094669-9. Retrieved 13 October 2015.
^ Pulst, Stefan M. (June 1999). "Genetic Linkage Analysis". JAMA Neurology. 56 (6): 667–672. doi:10.1001/archneur.56.6.667. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 大腸癌の分子遺伝学 molecular genetics of colorectal cancer
2. 脊髄小脳変性症 the spinocerebellar ataxias
3. 大腸癌：疫学、危険因子、および防御因子 colorectal cancer epidemiology risk factors and protective factors
4. 原発性免疫不全症に対する遺伝子治療 gene therapy for primary immunodeficiency
5. 肥満の病因 pathogenesis of obesity

English Journal

Genome-wide and single-cell analyses reveal a context dependent relationship between CBP recruitment and gene expression.

Kasper LH1, Qu C2, Obenauer JC2, McGoldrick DJ2, Brindle PK3.
Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2015 Feb 1;42(18):11363-82. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku827. Epub 2014 Sep 23.
Genome-wide distribution of histone H3K18 and H3K27 acetyltransferases, CBP (CREBBP) and p300 (EP300), is used to map enhancers and promoters, but whether these elements functionally require CBP/p300 remains largely uncertain. Here we compared global CBP recruitment with gene expression in wild-type
PMID 25249627

A high-resolution network model for global gene regulation in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Peterson EJ1, Reiss DJ1, Turkarslan S2, Minch KJ2, Rustad T2, Plaisier CL1, Longabaugh WJ1, Sherman DR2, Baliga NS3.
Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2015 Feb 1;42(18):11291-303. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku777. Epub 2014 Sep 17.
The resilience of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is largely due to its ability to effectively counteract and even take advantage of the hostile environments of a host. In order to accelerate the discovery and characterization of these adaptive mechanisms, we have mined a compendium of 2325 publicl
PMID 25232098

Replication of alpha-satellite DNA arrays in endogenous human centromeric regions and in human artificial chromosome.

Erliandri I1, Fu H1, Nakano M2, Kim JH1, Miga KH3, Liskovykh M1, Earnshaw WC4, Masumoto H2, Kouprina N5, Aladjem MI1, Larionov V1.
Nucleic acids research.Nucleic Acids Res.2015 Feb 1;42(18):11502-16. doi: 10.1093/nar/gku835. Epub 2014 Sep 16.
In human chromosomes, centromeric regions comprise megabase-size arrays of 171 bp alpha-satellite DNA monomers. The large distances spanned by these arrays preclude their replication from external sites and imply that the repetitive monomers contain replication origins. However, replication within t
PMID 25228468

Japanese Journal

Geranylgeranyltransferase Cwg2-Rho4/Rho5 module is implicated in the Pmk1 MAP kinase-mediated cell wall integrity pathway in fission yeast

Doi Akira,Kita Ayako,Kanda Yuki,Uno Takaya,Asami Keita,Satoh Ryosuke,Nakano Kentaro,Sugiura Reiko
Genes to cells 20(4), 310-323, 2015-04
… Here, we identified the vic2-1 mutants carrying a mis-sense mutation in the cwg2+ gene encoding a beta subunit of geranylgeranyltransferase I (GGTase I), which participates in the post-translational C-terminal modification of several small GTPases, allowing their targeting to the membrane. …
NAID 120005608185

Transcriptome Analysis of Nine Tissues to Discover Genes Involved in the Biosynthesis of Active Ingredients in Sophora flavescens

, , , , , , , , ,
Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin 38(6), 876-883, 2015
… By mapping the reads back to the contigs, reads per kilobase of the transcript per million mapped reads values were calculated to demonstrate gene expression levels, and overrepresented gene ontology terms were evaluated using Fisher's exact test. … In search of the putative genes relevant to essential metabolic pathways, all 1350 unique enzyme commission numbers were used to map pathways against the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes. …
NAID 130005072660

Characterization and fine mapping of thermo-sensitive chlorophyll deficit mutant1 in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

, , [他], , , , ,
Breeding Science 65(2), 161-169, 2015
… Genetic analysis indicated that the mutant character was controlled by a recessive nuclear gene. … Through map-based cloning, we located the tscd1 gene in a 34.95 kb region on the long arm of chromosome 2, containing two BAC clones and eight predicted candidate genes. … Further characterization of the tscd1 gene is underway. …
NAID 130005068205

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リンク元	「遺伝子地図」
拡張検索	「gene mapping」
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「遺伝子地図」

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英: genetic map, gene map
同: 染色体地図、遺伝地図

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「gene mapping」

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遺伝子マッピング、遺伝子地図

関: chromosome mapping、gene map、genetic map

「map」

　　[★]

n.

地図、マップ

v.

地図で表す、(遺伝子などを)位置づける、(遺伝子などが)位置する

関: lie、locate、location、loci、locus、mapping、position、rank、sit、situated、situation、stand、topo

「MAP」

　　[★]

僧帽弁輪形成術 mitral annuloplasty
Miller assessment for Pre-schoolers
平均動脈圧 mean arterial pressure
平均気道内圧 mean airway pressure
mannitol adenine phosphate
リン酸アンモニウムマグネシウム magnesium ammonium phosphate

[1] Nussbaum, Robert L.; McInnes, Roderick R.; Wilard, Huntington F. (2016). Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine (Eighth ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 178–187. ISBN 978-1-4377-0696-3. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

[Brown-2] Brown, Terence, A. (2002). Genomes. Manchester, UK: Garland Science. ISBN 0-471-25046-5.

[Hartwell-3] Hartwell, Leland H.; Hood, Leroy; Goldberg, Michael L.; Reynolds, Anne E.; Silver, Lee M.; Karagiannis, Jim; Papaconstantinou, Maria (2014). Genetics: From Genes to Genomes (Canadian ed.). Canada: McGraw-Hill Ryerson. pp. 456–459, 635–636. ISBN 978-0-07-094669-9. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

[4] Pulst, Stefan M. (June 1999). "Genetic Linkage Analysis". JAMA Neurology. 56 (6): 667–672. doi:10.1001/archneur.56.6.667. Retrieved 13 October 2015.

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