WordNet

(genetics) a segment of DNA that is involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it can include regions preceding and following the coding DNA as well as introns between the exons; it is considered a unit of heredity; "genes were formerly called factors" (同)cistron, factor
(genetics) the process of locating genes on a chromosome (同)chromosome_mapping
informal term for information; "give me the gen on your new line of computers"

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/04/10 11:47:00」(JST)

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Gene mapping, also called genome mapping, is the creation of a genetic map assigning DNA fragments to chromosomes.

When a genome is first investigated, this map is nonexistent. The map improves with the scientific progress and is perfect when the genomic DNA sequencing of the species has been completed. During this process, and for the investigation of differences in strain, the fragments are identified by small tags. These may be genetic markers (PCR products) or the unique sequence-dependent pattern of DNA-cutting enzymes. The ordering is derived from genetic observations (recombinant frequency) for these markers or in the second case from a computational integration of the fingerprinting data. The term "mapping" is used in two different but related contexts.

Two different ways of mapping are distinguished. Genetic mapping uses classical genetic techniques (e.g. pedigree analysis or breeding experiments) to determine sequence features within a genome. Using modern molecular biology techniques for the same purpose is usually referred to as physical mapping.

Physical Mapping

In physical mapping, the DNA is cut by a restriction enzyme. Once cut, the DNA fragments are separated by electrophoresis. The resulting pattern of DNA migration (i.e., its genetic fingerprint) is used to identify what stretch of DNA is in the clone. By analysing the fingerprints, contigs are assembled by automated (FPC) or manual means (Pathfinders) into overlapping DNA stretches. Now a good choice of clones can be made to efficiently sequence the clones to determine the DNA sequence of the organism under study (seed picking).

Macrorestriction is a type of physical mapping wherein the high molecular weight DNA is digested with a restriction enzyme having a low number of restriction sites.

There are alternative ways to determine how DNA in a group of clones overlap without completely sequencing the clones. Once the map is determined, the clones can be used as a resource to efficiently contain large stretches of the genome. This type of mapping is more accurate than genetic maps.

Genes can be mapped prior to the complete sequencing by independent approaches like in situ hybridization.

Disease-association

The process to identify a genetic element that signs responsible for a disease is also referred to as "mapping". If the locus in which the search is performed is already considerably constrained, the search is called the "fine-mapping" of a gene. This information is derived from the investigation of disease-manifestations in large families (Genetic linkage) or from populations-based genetic association studies.

References

Terry A. Brown (2006). Genomes 3. New York: Garland Science Publishing.

External links

Genome Sciences Centre of British Columbia

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1. 複合形質の遺伝の原則 principles of complex trait genetics
2. 遺伝学用語集 glossary of genetic terms
3. 遺伝的変異の概要 overview of genetic variation
4. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：モデルシステム tools for genetics and genomics model systems
5. 遺伝学およびゲノミクスのためのツール：研究用に育種された遺伝子改変マウス tools for genetics and genomics specially bred and genetically engineered mice

English Journal

Positional Gene Cloning in Experimental Populations.

Jagodic M1, Stridh P.
Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.).Methods Mol Biol.2016;1304:3-24. doi: 10.1007/7651_2014_108.
Positional cloning is a technique that identifies a trait-associated gene based on its location in the genome and involves methods such as linkage analysis, association mapping, and bioinformatics. This approach can be used for gene identification even when little is known about the molecular basis
PMID 25103675

Mapping Consistent Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Yield QTLs under Drought Stress in Target Rainfed Environments.

Prince SJ1, Beena R, Gomez SM, Senthivel S, Babu RC.
Rice (New York, N.Y.).Rice (N Y).2015 Dec;8(1):53. doi: 10.1186/s12284-015-0053-6. Epub 2015 Jul 24.
BACKGROUND: Drought stress is a major limitation to rainfed rice production and yield stability. Identifying yield-associated quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that are consistent under drought stress predominant in target production environments, as well as across different genetic backgrounds, will h
PMID 26206756

Evolutionary hierarchy of vertebrate-like heterotrimeric G protein families.

Krishnan A1, Mustafa A2, Almén MS3, Fredriksson R4, Williams MJ5, Schiöth HB6.
Molecular phylogenetics and evolution.Mol Phylogenet Evol.2015 Oct;91:27-40. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2015.05.009. Epub 2015 May 20.
Heterotrimeric G proteins perform a crucial role as molecular switches controlling various cellular responses mediated by G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway. Recent data have shown that the vertebrate-like G protein families are found across metazoans and their closest unicellular r
PMID 26002831

Japanese Journal

Genetic analysis and fine mapping of LH1 and LH2, a set of complementary genes controlling late heading in rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Liu Shuang,Wang Feng,Gao Li Jun
Breeding science 62(4), 310-319, 2012-12
NAID 40019523660

Genetic Diversity in Vietnamese Upland Rice Germplasm Revealed by SSR Markers

Nguyen Thuy T. T.,Nguyen Nguyet M. T.,Hoang Long H.,Furuya Naruto,Tsuchiya Kenichi,古屋成人,土屋健一
Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 57(2), 383-391, 2012-09-20
… The upland rice germplasm presents a valuable gene source and sufficient genetic background for future breeding and mapping works on drought tolerance rice in Vietnam. …
NAID 80022740907

Origins of Albino and Hooded Rats: Implications from Molecular Genetic Analysis across Modern Laboratory Rat Strains

Kuramoto Takashi,Nakanishi Satoshi,Ochiai Masako,Nakagama Hitoshi,Voigt Birger,Serikawa Tadao
PLoS ONE 7(8), 2012-08-16
… Recently, the albino mutation has been identified as the Arg299His missense mutation in the Tyrosinase gene and the hooded (H) locus has been mapped to the ,460-kb region in which only the Kit gene exists. … Genetic fine mapping followed by de novo sequencing of BAC inserts covering the H locus revealed that an endogenous retrovirus (ERV) element was inserted into the first intron of the Kit gene where the hooded allele maps. …
NAID 120004622552