WordNet

unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron"
people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave" (同)free people
free from obligations or duties (同)discharge
free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" (同)disengage
grant freedom to; free from confinement (同)liberate, release, unloose, unloosen, loose
not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the poem" (同)loose, liberal
make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners" (同)release
able to act at will; not hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as long as you wish"; "a free choice"
not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man"
not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane"
be very cold, below the freezing point; "It is freezing in Kalamazoo"
prohibit the conversion or use of (assets); "Blocked funds"; "Freeze the assets of this hostile government" (同)block, immobilize, immobilise
the withdrawal of heat to change something from a liquid to a solid (同)freezing
weather cold enough to cause freezing (同)frost
stop a process or a habit by imposing a freeze on it; "Suspend the aid to the war-torn country" (同)suspend
anesthetize by cold
be cold; "I could freeze to death in this office when the air conditioning is turned on"
cause to freeze; "Freeze the leftover food"
change to ice; "The water in the bowl froze"
suddenly behave coldly and formally; "She froze when she saw her ex-husband"
an interruption or temporary suspension of progress or movement; "a halt in the arms race"; "a nuclear freeze" (同)halt
fixing (of prices or wages etc) at a particular level; "a freeze on hiring"
change from a liquid to a solid when cold; "Water freezes at 32 degrees Fahrenheit" (同)freeze out, freeze down
stop moving or become immobilized; "When he saw the police car he froze" (同)stop dead
the process whereby heat changes something from a solid to a liquid; "the power failure caused a refrigerator melt that was a disaster"; "the thawing of a frozen turkey takes several hours" (同)melt, thawing, melting
warm weather following a freeze; snow and ice melt; "they welcomed the spring thaw" (同)thawing, warming
a relaxation or slackening of tensions or reserve; becoming less hostile; "the thaw between the United States and Russia has led to increased cooperation in world affairs"
no longer frozen; "the thawed ground was muddy"
no longer frozen solid; "the thawed ice was treacherous"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(束縛された状態になく)『自由な』,自由の身の / (国家・国民などが)『独立している』 / (思想・行為などが)強制されない,自発的な / (動作が)拘束されない,無理のない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(苦痛・制約などを)『免れている』,(誤り・偏見などの)ない《+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be free to』do》『自由に』…『できる』 / (仕事から)解放された,暇になった;(部屋などが)使用されていない,空いた / 『無料の』;無税の / 出し惜しみしない / 遠慮のない,慎みがない / (道路などが)障害のない,自由に通れる / 固定していない,離れた / 無料で / 自由に,妨げられずに(freely) / (…から)〈人・国など〉‘を'『自由にする』,解放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (困難などから)〈人〉‘を'救う《+『名』+『form』+『名』》 / (障害などを)〈人・物〉‘から'取り除く《+『名』+『of』(『from』)+『名』》 / (物を)…‘から'片付ける,外す《+『名』+『of』+『名』》
『凍る』;冷凍される / 《『it』を主語にして》凍るほど寒い;《it・場所を主語にして》氷が張る / 〈体が〉凍える,《話》冷えきる / (恐怖・シヨックなどで)〈体などが〉こわばる,〈態度などが〉ぎごちなくなる;ぞっと(ぎょっと)する;〈気持ちなどが〉冷たくなる,ひんやりする / (霜などで)〈植物が〉枯れる / 〈物〉‘を'『凍らせる』,冷凍する / 〈人〉‘を'『凍えさせる』,凍死させる / …‘を'『ぞっとさせる』;〈体・態度など〉‘を'こわばらせる《+『名』+『up』,+『up』+『名』》 / 〈気持ちなど〉‘を'冷たくする / 〈物価など〉‘を'凍結する / 氷結,凍結状態 / (物価・賃金などの)凍結
〈氷・雪などが〉『解ける』《+『out』》 / 冷えた体が暖かくなる《+out》 / 《it を主語にして》暖かくなる,氷や雪が解ける気候になる / 〈人・態度などが〉打ち解ける,和らぐ / 〈氷・凍りついたものなど〉‘を'『解かす』 / (氷などが)解けること,雪解け / 雪葦けの季節,解氷期 / (心が)打ち解けること
凍るように寒い,(雨などが)氷混じりの / 冷凍する / 冷淡な,よそよそしい / 《副詞的に》凍るように

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/01/22 20:42:21」(JST)

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"Hydrofracturing" redirects here. For the method of petroleum and natural gas extraction, see Hydraulic fracturing.

A rock in Abisko fractured (along existing joints) possibly by mechanical frost weathering or thermal stress. A chullo for scale.

Frost weathering is a collective term for several mechanical weathering processes induced by stresses created by the freezing of water into ice. The term serves as an umbrella term for a variety of processes such as frost shattering, frost wedging and cryofracturing. The process may act on a wide range of spatial and temporal scales, from minutes to years and from dislodging mineral grains to fracturing boulders. Frost weathering is mainly driven by the frequency and intensity of freeze-thaw cycles and the properties of the materials subject to weathering. It is most pronounced in high altitude and latitude areas and is especially associated with alpine, periglacial, subpolar maritime and polar climates but occurs wherever freeze-thaw cycles are present.

Ice segregation

Main article: Ice segregation

Partially melted and collapsed lithalsas (heaved mounds found in permafrost) have left ring-like structures on the Svalbard Archipelago

Certain frost-susceptible soils expand or heave upon freezing as a result of water migrating via capillary action to grow ice lenses near the freezing front.^[1] This same phenomenon occurs within pore spaces of rocks. The ice accumulations grow larger as they attract liquid water from the surrounding pores. The ice crystal growth weakens the rocks which, in time, break up.^[2] It is caused by the expansion of ice when water freezes, putting considerable stress on the walls of containment. This is actually a very common process in all humid, temperate areas where there is exposed rock, especially porous rocks like sandstone. Sand can often be found just under the faces of exposed sandstone where individual grains have been popped off, one by one. This process is often termed frost spalling. In fact, this is often the most important weathering process for exposed rock in many areas.

Similar processes can act on asphalt pavements, contributing to various forms of cracking and other distresses, which, when combined with traffic and the intrusion of water, accelerate rutting, the formation of potholes,^[3] and other forms of pavement roughness.^[4]

Volumetric expansion

The traditional explanation for frost weathering was volumetric expansion of freezing water. When water freezes to ice, its volume increases by nine percent. Under specific circumstances, this expansion is able to displace or fracture rock. At a temperature of -22 °C, ice growth is known to be able to generate pressures of up to 207MPa, more than enough to fracture any rock.^[5]^[6] For frost weathering to occur by volumetric expansion, the rock must have almost no air that can be compressed to compensate for the expansion of ice, which means it has to be water-saturated and frozen quickly from all sides so that the water does not migrate away and the pressure is exerted on the rock.^[5] These conditions are considered unusual,^[5] restricting it to a process of importance within a few centimeters of a rock's surface and on larger existing water-filled joints in a process called ice wedging.

Not all volumetric expansion is caused by the pressure of the freezing water; it can be caused by stresses in water that remains unfrozen. When ice growth induces stresses in the pore water that breaks the rock, the result is called hydrofracture. Hydrofracturing is favoured by large interconnected pores or large hydraulic gradients in the rock. If there are small pores, a very quick freezing of water in parts of the rock may expel water, and if the water is expelled faster than it can migrate, pressure may rise, fracturing the rock.

Since research in physical weathering begun around 1900, volumetric expansion was, until the 1980s, held to be the predominant process behind frost weathering.^[7] This view was challenged in 1985 and 1986 publications by Walder and Hallet.^[5]^[7] Nowadays researchers such as Matsuoka and Murton consider the "conditions necessary for frost weathering by volumetric expansion" as unusual.^[5] However the bulk of recent literature demonstrates that that ice segregation is capable of providing quantitative models for common phenomena while the traditional, simplistic volumetric expansion does not.^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]

References

^ Taber, Stephen (1930 185). "The mechanics of frost heaving" (PDF). Journal of Geology 38: 303–317. Bibcode 1930JG.....38..303T. doi:10.1086/623720. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA247424&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf.
^ Goudie, A.S.; Viles H. (2008). "5: Weathering Processses and Forms". In Burt T.P., Chorley R.J., Brunsden D., Cox N.J. & Goudie A.S.. Quaternary and Recent Processes and Forms. Landforms or the Development of Gemorphology. 4. Geological Society. pp. 129–164. ISBN 1-86239-249-8, 9781862392496. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wg0Rl7dY5ZYC&pg=PA137&dq=frost-shattering&ei=IMwWS5q7CaWGzASK34j7Dw#v=onepage&q=frost-shattering&f=false.
^ Eaton, Robert A.; Joubert, Robert H. (December 1989), Wright, Edmund A., ed., Pothole Primer: A Public Administrator's Guide to Understanding and Managing the Pothole Problem, Special Report 81-21, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
^ Minnesota's Cold Weather Road Research Facility (2007). "Investigation of Low Temperature Cracking in Asphalt Pavements — Phase II (MnROAD Study)". http://www.pooledfund.org/projectdetails.asp?id=395&status=4.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Matsuoka, N.; Murton, J. (2008). "Frost weathering: recent advances and future directions". Permafrost Periglac. Process. 19: 195–210. doi:10.1002/ppp.620. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp.620/abstract.
^ T︠S︡ytovich, Nikolaĭ Aleksandrovich (1975). The mechanics of frozen ground. Scripta Book Co.. pp. 78–79. ISBN 978-0-07-065410-5. http://books.google.com/books?id=RuVRAAAAMAAJ.
^ ^a ^b Walder, Joseph S.; Bernard, Hallet (February 1986). "The Physical Weathering of Frost Weathering: Towards a More Fundamental and Unified Perspective". Arctic and Alpine Research 8 (1): 27–32. JSTOR 1551211.
^ "Periglacial weathering and headwall erosion in cirque glacier bergschrunds"; Johnny W. Sanders, Kurt M. Cuffey1, Jeffrey R. Moore, Kelly R. MacGregor and Jeffrey L. Kavanaugh; Geology; July 18, 2012, doi: 10.1130/G33330.1
^ Bell, Robin E. (27 April 2008). "The role of subglacial water in ice-sheet mass balance". Nature Geoscience 1 (5802): 297–304. Bibcode 2008NatGe...1..297B. doi:10.1038/ngeo186.
^ Murton, Julian B.; Peterson, Rorik & Ozouf, Jean-Claude (17 November 2006). "Bedrock Fracture by Ice Segregation in Cold Regions". Science 314 (5802): 1127–1129. Bibcode 2006Sci...314.1127M. doi:10.1126/science.1132127. PMID 17110573.
^ Dash, G.,; A. W. Rempel, J. S. Wettlaufer (2006). "The physics of premelted ice and its geophysical consequences". Rev. Mod. Phys. (American Physical Society) 78 (695): 695. Bibcode 2006RvMP...78..695D. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.78.695. http://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.78.695. Retrieved 30 November 2009.
^ Rempel, A.W.; Wettlaufer, J.S.; Worster, M.G. (2001). "Interfacial Premelting and the Thermomolecular Force: Thermodynamic Buoyancy". Physical Review Letters 87 (8): 088501. Bibcode 2001PhRvL..87h8501R. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.87.088501. PMID 11497990.
^ Rempel, A. W. (2008). "A theory for ice-till interactions and sediment entrainment beneath glaciers". Journal of Geophysical Research (American Geophysical Union.) 113 (113=): F01013. Bibcode 2008JGRF..11301013R. doi:10.1029/2007JF000870.
^ Peterson, R. A.,; Krantz , W. B. (2008). "Differential frost heave model for patterned ground formation: Corroboration with observations along a North American arctic transect". Journal of Geophysical Research (American Geophysical Union.) 113: G03S04. Bibcode 2008JGRG..11303S04P. doi:10.1029/2007JG000559.

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English Journal

Trehalose is not a universal solution for solid lipid nanoparticles freeze-drying.

Doktorovova S1, Shegokar R, Fernandes L, Martins-Lopes P, Silva AM, Müller RH, Souto EB.Author information 1Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Centre of Genomics and Biotechnology, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (IBB/CGB-UTAD) , Vila-Real , Portugal .AbstractOBJECTIVE: To prepare stable and easy to handle formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by freeze-drying with or without cryoprotectants, as appropriate.
Pharmaceutical development and technology.Pharm Dev Technol.2014 Dec;19(8):922-9. doi: 10.3109/10837450.2013.840846. Epub 2013 Oct 7.
OBJECTIVE: To prepare stable and easy to handle formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) by freeze-drying with or without cryoprotectants, as appropriate.MATERIALS AND METHODS: SLNs were freeze-dried without cryoprotectants or with cryoprotectants in quantities selected by freeze-thaw test (s
PMID 24099511

Effects of amino acids on the physiochemical properties of potato starch.

Cui M1, Fang L2, Zhou H2, Yang H3.Author information 1State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Laboratory of Animal Virology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.2College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.3College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Correlative Dietology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; National R&D Branch Center for Conventional Freshwater Fish Processing (Wuhan), Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China; Aquatic Product Engineering and Technology Research Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China. Electronic address: yangh@mail.hzau.edu.cn.AbstractThe objective of this study was to evaluate effects of different amino acid additives (phenylalanine (Phe), methionine (Met), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu)) on the physicochemical properties of potato starch gels. Charge-carrying amino acids (Lys, Arg, Asp and Glu) significantly decreased the swelling power, solubility, light transmittance, L(∗) value and gel strength of potato starch, but increased syneresis during freeze-thaw treatment, while neutral amino acids (Phe and Met) did not cause modifications in starch gels. During heating, potato starch with fortified charge-carrying amino acids showed a lower peak G' (storage modulus), when compared with Phe and Met. Results showed that charge-carrying amino acids could modify physicochemical properties and improve the nutritional values of starch-based products.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 May 15;151:162-7. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.033. Epub 2013 Nov 21.
The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of different amino acid additives (phenylalanine (Phe), methionine (Met), lysine (Lys), arginine (Arg), aspartic acid (Asp) and glutamic acid (Glu)) on the physicochemical properties of potato starch gels. Charge-carrying amino acids (Lys, Arg, Asp
PMID 24423516

Human plasma stability during handling and storage: impact on NMR metabolomics.

Pinto J1, Domingues MR, Galhano E, Pita C, Almeida Mdo C, Carreira IM, Gil AM.Author information 1CICECO - Department of Chemistry, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal. agil@ua.pt.AbstractThis work contributes to fill in some existing gaps in the knowledge of human plasma degradability during handling and storage, a paramount issue in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolomics. Regarding the comparison between heparin and EDTA anti-coagulant collection tubes, the former showed no interference of the polysaccharide, while conserving full spectral information. In relation to time/temperature conditions, room temperature was seen to have a large impact on lipoproteins and choline compounds from 2.5 hours. In addition, short-term storage at -20 °C was found suitable up to 7 days but, for periods up to 1 month, -80 °C was recommended. Furthermore, in the case of reusing plasma samples, no more than 3 consecutive freeze-thaw cycles were found advisable. Finally, the impact of long-term -80 °C storage (up to 2.5 years) was found almost negligible, as evaluated on a partially matched non-fasting cohort (n = 49), after having investigated the possible confounding nature of the particular non-fasting conditions employed.
The Analyst.Analyst.2014 Mar 7;139(5):1168-77. doi: 10.1039/c3an02188b. Epub 2014 Jan 20.
This work contributes to fill in some existing gaps in the knowledge of human plasma degradability during handling and storage, a paramount issue in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) metabolomics. Regarding the comparison between heparin and EDTA anti-coagulant collection tubes, the former showed no
PMID 24443722