関: FBS、FCS、fetal calf serum

WordNet

dull and slow-moving and stolid; like an ox; "showed a bovine apathy"
any of various members of the genus Bos
of or relating to or belonging to the genus Bos (cattle) (同)bovid
of or relating to a fetus; "fetal development" (同)foetal
an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates (同)blood_serum

PrepTutorEJDIC

牛の;牛のような / のっそりした,鈍重な / ウシ科の動物
リンパ液 / 血清
serial / series / sermon

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/29 12:46:18」(JST)

Fetal bovine serum (FBS) or fetal calf serum is the blood fraction remaining after the natural coagulation of blood, followed by centrifugation to remove any remaining red blood cells.^[1] Fetal bovine serum comes from the blood drawn from a bovine fetus via a closed system of collection at the slaughterhouse. Fetal bovine serum is the most widely used serum-supplement for the in vitro cell culture of eukaryotic cells. This is due to it having a very low level of antibodies and containing more growth factors, allowing for versatility in many different cell culture applications.

The globular protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), is a major component of fetal bovine serum. The rich variety of proteins in fetal bovine serum maintains cultured cells in a medium in which they can survive, grow, and divide.

Production

Fetal bovine serum is a by-product of the Dairy Industry. Fetal bovine serum, as with the vast majority of animal serum used in cell culture, is produced from blood collected at commercial slaughterhouses from dairy cattle that also supply meat destined for human consumption.

The first stage of the production process for fetal bovine serum is the harvesting of blood from the bovine fetus after the fetus is removed from the slaughtered cow. The blood is collected aseptically into a sterile container or blood bag and then allowed to clot. The normal method of collection is cardiac puncture, wherein a needle is inserted into the heart. This minimizes "the danger of serum contamination with micro-organisms from the fetus itself, and the environment".^[1] It is then centrifuged to remove the fibrin clot and the remaining blood cells from the clear yellow (straw) colored serum. The serum is frozen prior to further processing that is necessary to make it suitable for cell culture.

The second stage of processing involves filtration, typically using a filtration chain with the final filtration being triple sterile 0.1 micrometre membrane filters. When processed by a reputable commercial serum supplier, the sterilized fetal bovine serum is subjected to stringent quality control testing and is supplied with a detailed Certificate of Analysis. The certificate gives full test results and information concerning the origin of the serum. Certificates of Analysis vary between commercial suppliers, but each usually includes the following details: filtration statement, country of origin, cell growth performance testing, microbial sterility testing, screening for mycoplasma and virus, endotoxin, haemoglobin, IgG and total protein assays.

Ethics

Ethical questions have been raised regarding the blood collection process due to the potential suffering caused to the fetus. Research^[1]^[2] is conflicting over whether fetal anoxia is likely to cause death prior to serum harvesting and whether bovine embryos are capable of experiencing pain. Ethical concerns surrounding the welfare of the donor animal are weighed against fetal bovine serum's beneficial use in human and animal health research.

Serum use

Fetal bovine serum is commercially available from many manufacturers, and because cells grown in vitro are highly sensitive, customers usually test specific batches to check for suitability for their specific cell type. When changing from batch to batch it is usual to adapt the cells to the new batch of material, for example, by mixing 50% of the old serum with 50% of the new serum and allowing the cells to acclimatise to the new material.

Serum is stored frozen to preserve the stability of components such as growth factors. When serum is thawed, some precipitation may be seen. This is a normal phenomenon and it does not compromise the quality of serum in any way. The precipitate may be removed by transferring the serum to sterile tubes and centrifuging for 5 minutes at 400 x g.

To limit the amount of precipitation, it is recommended that the serum is thawed in a refrigerator at 2-8˚C. The serum should be regularly mixed during this process. Repeated freeze/thaw cycles should be avoided and it is advisable to dispense the serum into single use aliquots before freezing.

Source history

Serum produced for use in the biotechnology industry and research sectors is highly regulated. The collection and movement of all animal derived products globally is strictly controlled. Veterinary control of animal derived products largely follows the regulations set by the EU (DG SANCO) and the US (USDA). The current regulation governing the importation of animal by-products into the EU is covered by Regulation (EU) 1069/2009 and the implementation document Regulation (EU) 142/2011.

FBS is a product collected worldwide with the main collections being centered in the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Central America, South America and Europe.

Global sales

Sales of FBS in 2008 were estimated to be 700,000 litres globally.

Major companies that collect and sell FBS globally are members of the ISIA, the International Serum Industry Association. Member companies are listed on the ISIA website. Full contact details are available through this portal and the ISIA is able to answer any questions concerning the collection and use of this important resource.

The International Serum Industry Association was incorporated in June 2006 to self-regulate a previously unstandardized industry. The ISIA Mission Statement states: “ISIA shall establish, promote and assure compliance with uncompromised standards of excellence and ethics in the business practices of the global animal serum and animal derived products supply industry. Our primary focus will be on safety and safe use of serum and animal derived products through proper origin traceability, truth in labeling and appropriate standardization and oversight.”^[3]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Jochems, Carlo; et al. (April–March 2002). "The Use of Fetal Bovine Serum: Ethical or Scientific Problem?". Fund for the Replacement of Animals in Medical Experiments 30 (2): 219–227. Retrieved 24 April 2012. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ Mellor DJ, Gregory NG (2003). "Responsiveness, behavioural arousal and awareness in fetal and newborn lambs: experimental, practical and therapeutic implications.". N Z Vet J 51 (1): 2–13. doi:10.1080/00480169.2003.36323. PMID 16032283.
^ "Serum Industry". Retrieved 22 February 2013.

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Monitoring tissue inflammation and responses to drug treatments in early stages of mice bone fracture using 50 MHz ultrasound.

Chen YC, Lin YH, Wang SH, Lin SP, Shung KK, Wu CC.SourceDepartment of Cell Biology & Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
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Identification of a novel HLA-A*24:02-restricted adenovirus serotype 11-specific CD8(+) T-cell epitope for adoptive immunotherapy.

Imahashi N, Nishida T, Ito Y, Kawada J, Nakazawa Y, Toji S, Suzuki S, Terakura S, Kato T, Murata M, Naoe T.SourceDepartment of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Japan.
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Modulation of the antioxidant/pro-oxidant balance, cytotoxicity and antiviral actions of grape seed extracts.

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Japanese Journal

Indium tin oxide based chip for optical and electrochemical characterization of protein–cell interaction

Choi Yong,Min Junhong,Cho Sungbo
Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 54(6S1), 06FN03, 2015-05-01
… In this article, we characterized the adhesion and growth of 293/GFP cells on fetal bovine serum (FBS) coated indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. … An increase in the amount of the adsorbed serum protein resulted in a decrease in anodic peak current and an increase in the charge transfer resistance extracted from the equivalent circuit fitting analysis. …
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Survival of Enveloped and Non-Enveloped Viruses on Inanimate Surfaces

Firquet Swan,Beaujard Sophie,Lobert Pierre-Emmanuel,Sané Famara,Caloone Delphine,Izard Daniel,Hober Didier
Microbes and Environments 30(2), 140-144, 2015
… When exposed to drying, the initial concentrations of bovine serum albumin (from 0 to 90 mg mL−1), fetal calf serum (from 0 to 100%), and sodium chloride (from 0 to 300 mg mL−1) affected the viability of CVB4. …
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Efficacy of five commercial disinfectants and one anionic surfactant against equine herpesvirus type 1

TSUJIMURA Koji,MURASE Harutaka,BANNAI Hiroshi,NEMOTO Manabu,YAMANAKA Takashi,KONDO Takashi
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science advpub(0), 2015
… In the presence of 5% fetal bovine serum, QACs (except for benzalkonium chloride) showed more stable virucidal effects than did chlorine-based disinfectants. …
NAID 130005075576

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「FBS」「ウシ胎児血清」「fetal calf serum」「FCS」「ウシ胎仔血清」
関連記事	「fetal」「bovine」「fetal bovine」「bovine serum」