WordNet

smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea
an amber, watery fluid, rich in proteins, that separates out when blood coagulates (同)blood_serum

PrepTutorEJDIC

serumの複数形
『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
リンパ液 / 血清
純血の,純種の / 《複合語を作って》「…の血(性質)を持った」の意を表す
serial / series / sermon

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/11/25 16:11:53」(JST)

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Preparation of serum cups for a lipids panel designed to test cholesterol levels in a patient’s blood

In blood, the serum (/ˈsɪərəm/ or /ˈsɪrəm/) is the component that is neither a blood cell (serum does not contain white or red blood cells) nor a clotting factor; it is the blood plasma not including the fibrinogens. Serum includes all proteins not used in blood clotting (coagulation) and all the electrolytes, antibodies, antigens, hormones, and any exogenous substances (e.g., drugs and microorganisms).

A study of serum is serology, and may also include proteomics. Serum is used in numerous diagnostic tests, as well as blood typing.

Blood is centrifuged to remove cellular components. Anti-coagulated blood yields plasma containing fibrinogen and clotting factors. Coagulated blood (clotted blood) yields serum without fibrinogen, although some clotting factors remain.

Serum is an essential factor for the self-renewal of embryonic stem cells in combination with the cytokine leukemia inhibitory factor.

The serum of convalescent patients successfully recovering (or already recovered) from an infectious disease can be used as a biopharmaceutical in the treatment of other people with that disease, because the antibodies generated by the successful recovery are potent fighters of the pathogen. Such convalescent serum (antiserum) is a form of immunotherapy.

Purification Strategies

Blood serum and plasma are one the largest source of biomarkers, whether for diagnostics or therapeutics. Its vast dynamic range, further complicated by the presence of lipids, salts, and post-translational modifications, as well multiple mechanisms of degradation, presents challenges in analytical reproducibility, sensitivity, resolution, and potentially efficacy. For analysis of biomarkers in blood serum samples, it is possible to do a pre-separation by Free-flow electrophoresis that usually consists of a depletion of serum albumin protein.^[1] This method enables greater penetration of the proteome via separation of a wide variety of charged or chargeable analytes, ranging from small molecules to cells.

Usage note

Like many other mass nouns, the word serum can be pluralized when used in certain senses. To speak of multiple serum specimens from multiple people (each with a unique population of antibodies), physicians sometimes speak of sera (an irregular plural, as opposed to *serums).

References

Martin, Elizabeth A., ed. (2007). Concise Medical Dictionary (7th ed.). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280697-1. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
Wang, Wendy; Srivastava, Sudhir (2002). "Serological Markers". In Lester Breslow. Encyclopedia of Public Health 4. New York, New York: Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 1088–1090. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

^ Nissum M., Foucher AL.: Analysis of human plasma proteins: a focus on sample collection and separation using free-flow electrophoresis. In: Expert Rev Proteomics. Nr. 5, 2008, S. 571–87.

External links

Blood

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1. 胎児の採血 fetal blood sampling
2. 赤血球抗原および抗体のプライマー a primer of red blood cell antigens and antibodies
3. 成人における赤血球輸血：保管、専門的調整、および輸血パラメータ red blood cell transfusion in adults storage specialized modifications and infusion parameters
4. 供血者スクリーニング：臨床検査 blood donor screening laboratory testing
5. 赤血球適合試験（交差適合試験） red blood cell compatibility testing crossmatching

English Journal

Factors affecting bone mineral density in postmenopausal women.

Heidari B1, Hosseini R, Javadian Y, Bijani A, Sateri MH, Nouroddini HG.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):217. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0217-4. Epub 2015 May 14.
This study aimed to determine the relationship between bone mineral density (BMD) and demographic, biochemical, and clinical features according to BMD measurement sites. The results indicated that BMD correlates negatively with menopause duration, parity, and history of fractures but positively corr
PMID 25972061

Renal impairment among postmenopausal women with osteoporosis from a large health plan in Israel.

Yu J1, Goldshtein I, Shalev V, Chodick G, Ish-Shalom S, Sharon O, Modi A.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):210. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0210-y. Epub 2015 Mar 10.
Bisphosphonates are a first-line treatment for osteoporosis but require adequate renal function. We estimated the prevalence of renal impairment among osteoporotic women in Israeli. Approximately 2.3 % of women had renal impairment at a level that makes them inappropriate for bisphosphonate use, dem
PMID 25753617

Lower bone mineral density in Somali women living in Sweden compared with African-Americans.

Demeke T1, El-Gawad GA, Osmancevic A, Gillstedt M, Landin-Wilhelmsen K.
Archives of osteoporosis.Arch Osteoporos.2015 Dec;10(1):208. doi: 10.1007/s11657-015-0208-5. Epub 2015 Feb 19.
Vitamin D deficiency can lead to osteomalacia. Bone mineral density was lower in Somali women, living in Sweden, in relation to both the American and the African-American reference populations. The majority, 73 %, had vitamin D deficiency, and supplementation should be considered to prevent from ost
PMID 25693756