bovid

　

WordNet

1. hollow-horned ruminants

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/17 18:45:58」(JST)

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Bovidae Temporal range: 20–0Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Early Miocene - Recent
Images of a few members of the family Bovidae (clockwise from top left) - sable antelope, sheep, zebu, Chinese goral, nyala, and Maxwell's duiker
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Artiodactyla
Clade:	Ruminantiamorpha
Suborder:	Ruminantia
Infraorder:	Pecora
Family:	Bovidae Gray, 1821
Subfamilies
Aepycerotinae (one genus) Alcelaphinae (one tribe and four genera) Antilopinae (three tribes and 15 genera) Bovinae (three tribes and ten genera) Caprinae (three tribes and 13 genera) Cephalophinae (three genera) Hippotraginae (three genera) Pantholopinae (one genus) Peleinae (one genus) Reduncinae (two genera)

The Bovidae are the biological family of cloven-hoofed, ruminant mammals that includes bison, African buffalo, water buffalo, antelopes, gazelles, sheep, goats, muskoxen, and domestic cattle. A member of this family is called a bovid. Consisting of 143 extant species and 300 known extinct species, the family Bovidae consists of eight major subfamilies apart from the disputed Peleinae and Pantholopinae. The family evolved 20 million years ago, in the early Miocene.

All bovids have the similar basic form - a snout with a blunt end, a pair of horns (generally present on males) immediately after the oval or pointed ears, a distinct neck and limbs, and a tail varying in length and bushiness among the species. The bovids show great variation in size and pelage colouration. Excepting some domesticated forms, all male bovids have horns, and in many species females possess horns, too. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is always a pair of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. Most bovids bear 30 to 32 teeth.

Most bovids are diurnal. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. Bovids usually rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. They have various methods of social organization and social behaviour, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. Most species alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed upon high-fiber vegetation in open grasslands. Most bovids are polygynous, and males become sexually mature much after the females do. All bovids mate at least once a year, and smaller species may even mate twice. Mating seasons occur during the rainy months. Gestational period is longer for bovids as compared to other mammalian families. Most newborn calves remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers.

Most of the diverse bovid species occur in Africa. The maximum concentration is in the savannas of eastern Africa. A few bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. The Bovidae include three of the five domesticated mammals whose use has spread outside their original ranges, namely cattle, sheep, and goats. Dairy products such as milk, butter, and cheese are manufactured largely from domestic cattle. Bovids also provide leather, meat, and wool.

Etymology and taxonomy

Bovidae Bovinae Tragelaphini Bovini Antilopinae Antilopini Neotragini Cephalophinae Reduncinae Aepycerotinae Caprinae Ovibovini Caprini Hippotraginae Alcelaphinae

The name "Bovidae" was given by the British zoologist John Edward Gray in 1821. The word "Bovidae" is the combination of the prefix bov- (originating from the New Latin word Bos, ox) and the suffix -idae. The Bovidae mammal family is placed in the order Artiodactyla (which includes the even-toed ungulates). It includes 143 extant species, accounting for nearly 55% of the ungulates, and 300 extinct species.

Molecular studies have supported monophyly in the family Bovidae (a monophyletic group of organisms comprises an ancestral species and their descendants). The number of subfamilies in the Bovidae is disputed, with suggestions of as many as ten and as few as two subfamilies. However, molecular, morphological and fossil evidence indicates the existence of eight distinct subfamilies : Aepycerotinae (consisting of only the impala), Alcelaphinae (bontebok, hartebeest, wildebeest and relatives), Antilopinae (several antelopes, gazelles, and relatives), Bovinae(cattle, buffaloes, bison, and other antelopes), Caprinae (goats, sheep, ibex, serows, and relatives), Cephalophinae (duikers), Hippotraginae (addax, oryx, and relatives) and Reduncinae (reedbuck and kob antelopes). In addition, three extinct subfamilies are known: Hypsodontinae (mid-Miocene), Oiocerinae (Turolian) and the subfamily of Tethytragus (mid-Miocene).

In 1992, Alan W. Gentry of the Natural History Museum, London divided the eight major subfamilies of Bovidae into two major clades on the basis of their evolutionary history: the Boodontia, which comprised only the Bovinae, and the Aegodontia, which consisted of the rest of the subfamilies. Boodonts have somewhat primitive teeth, resembling those of oxen, whereas aegodonts have more advanced teeth like those of goats.

A controversy exists about the recognition of Peleinae and Patholopinae, comprising the genera Pelea and Pantholops, respectively, as subfamilies. In 2000, American biologist George Schaller and palaeontologist Elisabeth Vrba suggested the inclusion of Pelea in the Reduncinae, though the grey rhebok, the sole species of Pelea, is highly different from the kobs and the reduncines in morphology. Pantholops, earlier classified in the Antilopinae, was later placed in its own subfamily, Pantholopinae. However, molecular and morphological analysis supports the inclusion of Pantholops in the Caprinae.

Evolution

Skull of Eotragus sansaniensis, a species of the ancient bovid genus Eotragus

Early Miocene and before

In the early Miocene, bovids began diverging from the cervids (deer) and giraffids. The earliest bovids, whose presence in Africa and Eurasia in the latter part of early Miocene (20 Mya) has been ascertained, were small animals, somewhat similar to modern gazelles, and probably lived in woodland environments. The Eotragus, the earliest known bovid, weighed 18 kg (40 lb) and was nearly the same in size as the Thompson's gazelle. Early in their evolutionary history, the bovids split into two main clades: Boodontia and Aegodontia. This early split between Boodontia (of Eurasian origin) and Aegodontia (of African origin) has been attributed to the continental divide between these land masses. When these continents were later rejoined, this barrier was removed, and each group expanded into the other's territory. The tribes Bovini and Tragelaphini diverged in the early Miocene. Bovids are known to have reached the Americas in the Pleistocene by crossing the Bering land bridge.

The present genera of Alcelaphinae appeared in the Pliocene. The extinct Alcelaphine genus Paramularius, that was the same in size as the hartebeest, is believed to have come into being in the Pliocene, but went extinct in the middle Pleistocene. Several genera of Hippotraginae are known since the Pliocene and Pleistocene. This subfamily seems to have diverged from the Alcelaphinae in the latter part of early Miocene. The Bovinae are believed to have diverged from the rest of the Bovidae in the late Oligocene. The Boselaphini became extinct in Africa in the early Pliocene, and their latest fossils were excavated in Langebaanweg (South Africa) and Lothagam (Kenya).

Middle Miocene

The middle Miocene marked the spread of the bovids into China and the Indian subcontinent. According to Vrba, the radiation of the subfamily Alcelaphinae began in the latter part of middle Miocene. The Caprinae tribes probably diverged in the early middle Miocene. The Caprini emerged in the middle Miocene, and seem to have been replaced by other bovids and cervids in Eurasia. The earliest fossils of the antilopines are from the middle Miocene, though studies show the existence of the subfamily from the early Miocene. Speciation occurred in the tribe Antilopini during the middle or upper Miocene, mainly in Eurasia. Tribe Neotragini seems to have appeared in Africa by the end of Miocene, and had become widespread by the Pliocene.

Late Miocene

By the late Miocene, around 10 Mya, the bovids rapidly diversified, leading to the creation of 70 new genera. This late Miocene radiation was partly because many bovids became adapted to more open, grassland habitats. The Aepycerotinae first appeared in the late Miocene, and no significant difference in the sizes of the primitive and modern impala has been noted. Fossils of Obivines, a tribe of the Caprinae, in Africa date back to the late Miocene. The earliest Hippotragine fossils date back to the late Miocene, and were excavated from sites such as Lothagam and Awash Valley. The first African fossils of the Reduncinae date back to 6-7 Mya. The Reduncinae and Peleinae probably diverged in the mid-Miocene.

Characteristics

Bovids display unique unbranched horns.

All bovids have the similar basic form - a snout with a blunt end, a pair of horns (generally present on males) immediately after the oval or pointed ears, a distinct neck and limbs, and a tail varying in length and bushiness among the species. Most bovids exhibit sexual dimorphism, with males usually larger as well as heavier than females. Sexual dimorphism is more prominent in medium- to large-sized bovids. All bovids have four toes on each foot – they walk on the central two (the hooves), while the outer two (the dewclaws) are much smaller and rarely touch the ground.

The bovids show great variation in size: the gaur can weigh as much as one tonne (1,000 kg (2,200 lb)) and stands 2–3 m (6.6–9.8 ft) high at the shoulder. The water buffalo can be even heavier, and weigh 1,200 kg (2,600 lb), though it is shorter than the gaur, being at most 2 m (6.6 ft). The royal antelope, though, is only 25 cm (9.8 in) tall and weighs at most 3 kg (6.6 lb). The klipspringer, another small antelope, stands 45–60 cm (18–24 in) at the shoulder and weighs just 10–20 kg (22–44 lb).

Differences occur in pelage colouration, as well, the colour ranging from a pale white (as in the Arabian oryx) to black (as in the black wildebeest). However, only the intermediate shades, such as brown and reddish brown (as in the reedbuck), are commonly observed. In several species, females and juveniles exhibit a light-coloured coat, while those of males darken with age. As in the wildebeest, the coat may be marked with prominent or faint stripes. In some species such as the addax, the coat colour can vary with the season. Scent glands and sebaceous glands are often present.

Excepting some domesticated forms, all male bovids have horns, and in many species, females, too, possess horns. The size and shape of the horns vary greatly, but the basic structure is always a pair of simple bony protrusions without branches, often having a spiral, twisted, or fluted form, each covered in a permanent sheath of keratin. The unique horn structure is the only unambiguous morphological feature of bovids that distinguishes them from other pecorans. A high correlation exists between horn morphology and fighting behaviour of the individual. For instance, long horns are intended for wrestling and fencing, whereas curved horns are used in ramming. Males with horns directed inwards are monogamous and solitary, while those with horns directed outwards tend to be polygynous. These results were independent of body size.

Male horn development has been linked to sexual selection, Horns are small spikes in the monogamous duikers and other small antelopes, whereas in the polygynous, they are large and elaborately formed (for example in a spiral structure, as in the giant eland). Thus, to some extent, horns depict the degree of competition among males in a species. However, the presence of horns in females is likely due to natural selection. The horns of females are usually smaller than those of males, and are sometimes of a different shape. The horns of female bovids are thought to have evolved for defense against predators or to express territoriality, as nonterritorial females, which are able to use crypsis for predator defense, often do not have horns. Females possess horns only in half of the bovid genera, and females in these genera are heavier than those in the rest. Females use horns mainly for stabbing.

Anatomy

Dental pad of a domestic bovid: Note the absence of upper incisors and canines and the outward projection of the lower teeth.

In bovids, the third and fourth metapodials are combined into the cannon bone. The ulna and fibula are reduced, and fused with the radius and tibia, respectively. Long scapulae are present, whereas the clavicles are absent. Being ruminants, the stomach is composed of four chambers: the rumen (80%), the omasum, the reticulum, and the abomasum. The ciliates and bacteria of the rumen ferment the complex cellulose into simpler fatty acids, which are then absorbed through the rumen wall. Bovids have a long small intestine; the length of the small intestine in cattle is 29–49 m (95–161 ft). Body temperature fluctuates through the day; for instance, in goats the temperature can change slightly from nearly 37 °C (99 °F) in the early morning to 40 °C (104 °F) in the afternoon. Temperature is regulated through sweating in cattle, whereas goats use panting for the same. The right lung, consisting of four to five lobes, is around 1.5 times larger than the left, which has three lobes.

Dentition

Most bovids bear 30 to 32 teeth. While the upper incisors are absent, the upper canines are either reduced or absent. Instead of the upper incisors, bovids have a thick and tough layer of tissue, called the dental pad, that provides a surface to grip grasses and foliage. They are hypsodont and selenodont, since the molars and premolars are low-crowned and crescent-shaped cusps. The lower incisors and canines project forward. The incisors are followed by a long toothless gap, known as the diastema. The general dental formula for bovids is 0.0.2-3.33.1.3.3. Most members of the family are herbivorous, but most duikers are omnivorous. Like other ruminants, bovids have four-chambered stomachs, which allow them to digest plant material, such as grass, that cannot be used by many other animals. Ruminants (and some others like kangaroos, rabbits, and termites) are able to use micro-organisms living in their guts to break down cellulose by fermentation.

Ecology and behaviour

Blackbuck antelope herd

The bovids have various methods of social organization and social behaviour, which are classified into solitary and gregarious behaviour. Further, these types may each be divided into territorial and nonterritorial behaviour. Small bovids such as the klipspringer, oribi, and steenbok are generally solitary and territorial. They hold small territories into which other members of the species are not allowed to enter. These antelopes form monogamous pairs. Many species such as the dik-dik use pheromone secretions from the preorbital glands and sometimes dung, as well, to mark their territories. The offspring disperse at the time of adolescence, and males need must acquire territories prior to mating. The bushbuck is the only bovid that is both solitary and not territorial. This antelope hardly displays aggression, and tends to isolate itself or form loose herds, though in a favourable habitat, several bushbuck may be found quite close to one another.

Excluding the cephalophines (duikers), tragelaphines (spiral-horned antelopes) and the neotragines, most African bovids are gregarious and territorial. Males are forced to disperse on attaining sexual maturity, and must form their own territories, while females are not required to do so. Males that do not hold territories form bachelor herds. Competition takes place among males to acquire dominance, and fights tend to be more rigorous in limited rutting seasons. With the exception of migratory males, males generally hold the same territory throughout their lives. In the waterbuck, some male individuals, known as "satellite males", may be allowed into the territories of other males and have to wait till the owner grows old so they may acquire his territory. Lek mating, where males gather together and competitively display to potential mates, is known to exist among topis, kobs, and lechwes. The tragelaphines, cattle, sheep, and goats are gregarious and not territorial. In these species, males must gain absolute dominance over all other males, and fights are not confined to territories. Males, therefore, spend years in body growth.

Activity

Two Speke's gazelles boxing with horns

Most bovids are diurnal, although a few such as the buffalo, bushbuck, reedbuck, and grysbok are exceptions. Social activity and feeding usually peak during dawn and dusk. The bovids usually rest before dawn, during midday, and after dark. Grooming is usually by licking with the tongue. Rarely do antelopes roll in mud or dust. Wildebeest and buffalo usually wallow in mud, whereas the hartebeest and topi rub their heads and horns in mud and then smear it over their bodies. Bovids use different forms of vocal, olfactory, and tangible communication. These involve varied postures of neck, head, horns, hair, legs, and ears to convey sexual excitement, emotional state, or alarm. One such expression is the flehmen response. Bovids usually stand motionless, with the head high and an intent stare, when they sense danger. Some like the impala, kudu, and eland can even leap to heights of a few feet. Bovids may roar or grunt to caution others and warn off predators, which include lion, tiger, grizzly bear, brown bear, crocodile, dhole, Komodo dragon, spotted hyena, and cougar. In the mating season, rutting males might bellow to make their presence known to females. Muskoxen roar during male-male fights, and male saigas force air through their noses, producing a roar to deter rival males and attract females. Mothers also use vocal communication to locate their calves if they get separated. During fights over dominance, males tend to display themselves in an erect posture with a level muzzle.

Fighting techniques differ amongst the bovid families and also depend on the build. While the hartebeest fight on knees, others usually fight on all fours. Gazelles of various sizes use different methods of combat. Gazelles usually box, and in serious fights may clash and fence, consisting of hard blows from short range. Ibex and goats ram into opponents and clash horns. Wildebeest may use powerful head butting in aggressive clashes. If horns become entangled, the opponents move in a circular manner to unlock them. As a rule, only two bovids of equal build and level of defense engage in a fight, which is intended to determine the superior of the two. Individuals that are evidently inferior to others would rather flee than fight; for example, the immature males would not fight with the mature bulls. Generally, bovids direct their attacks on the opponent's head rather than its body. The S-shaped horns, such as those on the impala, have various sections that help in ramming, holding, and stabbing. Serious and gory fights are rare.

Diet

Bovids are herbivores, feeding on grass, foliage, and plant products.

Most bovids alternately feed and ruminate throughout the day. While those that feed on concentrates feed and digest in short intervals, the roughage feeders take longer intervals. Only small species such as the duiker browse for a few hours during day or night. Feeding habits are related to body size; while small bovids forage in dense and closed habitat, larger species feed upon high-fiber vegetation in open grasslands. Subfamilies exhibit different feeding strategies. While Bovinae species graze extensively on fresh grass and diffused forage, Cephalophinae species (with the exception of Sylvicapra) primarily consume fruits. Reduncinae and Hippotraginae species depend on unstable food sources, but the latter are specially adapted to arid areas. Members of Caprinae, being flexible feeders, forage even in areas with low productivity. Tribes Alcelaphini, Hippotragini, and Reduncini have high proportions of monocots in their diets. On the contrary, Tragelaphini and Neotragini (with the exception of Ourebia) feed extensively on dicots. No conspicuous relationship exists between body size and consumption of monocots.

Sexuality and reproduction

Juvenile sheep near its mother

Most bovids are polygynous, and males become sexually mature much after the females do. For instance, the blue wildebeest females become capable of reproduction within a year or two of birth, while the males become mature only when four years old. The delay in male sexual maturation is more visible in sexually dimorphic species, probably due to competition among males. In a few species, individuals are monogamous, resulting in minimal male-male aggression and reduced selection for large body size in males. Thus, sexual dimorphism is almost absent. Females may be slightly larger than males, possibly due to competition among females for the acquisition of territories. This is the case in duikers and other small bovids.

All bovids mate at least once a year, and smaller species may even mate twice. Mating seasons occur during the rainy months. As such, breeding might peak twice in the equatorial regions. Estrus lasts for at most a day in bovids, with the exception of bovines and tragelaphines. Except the hartebeest and the topi, all bovids can detect estrus in females by testing the urine using the vomeronasal organ. Once the male is assured that the female is in estrus, he begins courtship displays; these displays vary greatly from the elaborate marches among gregarious species to the fervent licking of female genitalia among solitary species. Females, initially not receptive, ultimately mates with the male which has achieved dominance over others. Receptiveness is expressed by permission for mounting by the male and setting aside the tail by the female. Copulation takes a few seconds.

Gestational period varies among bovids - while duiker gestation ranges from 120 to 150 days, gestation in African buffalo ranges from 300 to 330 days. This period is longer for bovids as compared to other mammalian families. Usually, a single offspring is born (twins are rare), and it is able to stand and run by itself within an hour of birth. In monogamous species, males assist in defending their young, but this is not the case in polygynous species. Most newborn calves remain hidden for a week to two months, regularly nursed by their mothers. Different bovids have different strategies for defense of juveniles. For instance, while wildebeest mothers solely defend their young, buffaloes exhibit collective defense. Weaning might occur as early as two months (as in royal antelope) or as late as a year (as in muskox).

Lifespan

Most wild bovids live for 10 to 15 years. Larger species tend to live longer; for instance, American bison can live up to 25 years and gaur up to 30 years. The mean lifespan of domesticated individuals is nearly ten years. For example, domesticated goats have an average lifespan of 12 years. Most wild bovids live between 10 and 15 years, with larger species tending to live longer. Usually males, mainly in polygynous species, have shorter lifespans than females. This can be attributed to several reasons: early dispersal of young males, aggressive male-male fights, vulnerability to predation (particularly when males are less agile, as in kudu), and malnutrition (being large in size, the male body has high nutritional requirements which may not be satisfied). Richard Despard Estes suggested that females mimic male secondary sexual characteristics like horns to protect their male offspring from dominant males. This feature seems to have been strongly selected to prevent male mortality and imbalanced sex ratios due to attacks by aggressive males and forced dispersal of young males during adolescence.

Distribution

Eland occur in grasslands of Africa.

Most of the diverse bovid species occur in Africa. The maximum concentration is in the savannas of eastern Africa. Depending on their feeding habits, several species have radiated over large stretches of land, and hence several variations in dental and limb morphology are observed. Duikers inhabit the equatorial rainforests, sitatunga, and lechwe occur near swamps, eland inhabit grasslands, springbok and oryx occur in deserts, bongo and anoa live in dense forests, and mountain goats and takin live at high altitudes. A few bovid species also occur in Europe, Asia, and North America. Only two tribes of Bovidae - Antilopini and Hippotragini - are found outside the African continent. Sheep and goats are found primarily in Eurasia, though the Barbary sheep and the ibex form part of the African fauna. The muskox is confined to the arctic tundra. Several bovid species have been domesticated by human beings. The domestication of goats and sheep began 10 thousand years ago, while cattle were domesticated about 7.5 thousand years ago.

Interaction with humans

Domesticated animals

Further information: Domestication

Zebu oxen in Mumbai

The domestication of bovids has contributed in shifting the dependence of human beings from hunting and gathering to agriculture. The Bovidae include three of the five domesticated mammals whose use has spread outside their original ranges, namely cattle, sheep, and goats; all are from Eurasia. The other two species are the horse and pig. Other large bovids that have been domesticated within the ranges of their wild ancestors are the domestic buffalo (from the Indian water buffalo), yak, zebu (from the gaur or Indian aurochs) and Bali cattle (from the banteng). Earliest evidence of cattle domestication dates back to 8000 BC, suggesting domestication had emerged from Cyprus and the Euphrates basin.

Animal products

Merino wool is the most valued, with great fineness and softness.

Dairy products such as milk, butter, and cheese are manufactured largely from domestic cattle, though the milk of sheep, goat, yak, and buffalo is also used in some parts of the world and for gourmet products. For example, buffalo milk is used to make mozzarella in Italy and gulab jamun dessert in India, while sheep milk is used to make blue Roquefort cheese in France. Beef is an excellent source of zinc, selenium, phosphorus, iron, and B vitamins. Bison meat is lower in fat and cholesterol than beef, but has a higher protein content.

Bovid leather is tough and durable, with the additional advantage that it can be made into leathers of varying thicknesses - from soft clothing leather to hard shoe leather. While goat and cattle leather have a wide variety of use, sheepskin is suited only for clothing purposes. Wool from Merino hoggets is the finest and most valuable. Merino wool is 3–5 in (7.6–12.7 cm) long and very soft. Coarse wools, being durable and resistant to pilling, are used for making tough garments and carpets.

Bone meal is an important fertilizer rich in calcium, phosphorus, and nitrogen, effective in removing soil acidity. Bovid horns are also used as drinking vessels since antiquity.

In human culture

Bovidae have featured in stories since at least the time of Aesop's fables from Ancient Greece around 600 BC. Fables by Aesop include The Crow and the Sheep, The Frog and the Ox, and The Wolf and the Lamb. The mythological creature Chimera, depicted as a lion, with the head of a goat arising from its back, and a tail that might end with a snake's head, was one of the offspring of Typhon and Echidna and a sibling of such monsters as Cerberus and the Lernaean Hydra. Sheep, which is synonymous to the goat in Chinese mythology, is the eighth animal of the Chinese zodiac, and a symbol of filial piety.

Classification

FAMILY BOVIDAE

Subfamily Aepycerotinae

Impala (Aepyceros melampus)

• • Genus Aepyceros
    • Impala, A. melampus

Subfamily Alcelaphinae

Tribe Alcelaphini

• Subtribe Alcelaphina
  • Genus Alcelaphus
    • Hartebeest, A. buselaphus
  • Genus Beatragus
    • Hirola, B. hunteri
  • Genus Connochaetes'
    • Black wildebeest, C. gnou
    • Blue wildebeest, C. taurinus
  • Genus Damalops †
  • Genus Damalacra †
  • Genus Megalotragus †
  • Genus Numidocapra †
  • Genus Oreonager †
  • Genus Rabaticeras †

• Subtribe Damaliscina
  • Genus Damaliscus
    • Topi, D. korrigum
    • Bontebok, D. pygargus
    • Bangweulu tsessebe, D. superstes
    • Common tsessebe, D. lunatus
  • Genus Paramularius †
  • Genus Awashia †

Subfamily Antilopinae

Springbok (Antidorcas marsupialis)

• Tribe Antilopini
  • Genus Ammodorcas
    • Dibatag A. clarkei
  • Genus Antidorcas
    • Springbok A. marsupialis
  • Genus Antilope
    • Blackbuck A. cervicapra
  • Genus Eudorcas
    • Mongalla gazelle E. albonotata
    • Red gazelle E. rufina †
    • Red-fronted gazelle E. rufrifrons
    • Thomson's gazelle E. thomsoni
    • Heuglin's gazelle E. tilonura
  • Genus Gazella
    • G. psolea †
    • Arabian gazelle G. arabica †
    • Chinkara or Indian gazelle G. benettii
    • Queen of Sheba's gazelle G. bilkis †
    • Dorcas gazelle G. dorcas
    • Mountain gazelle G. gazella
    • Saudi gazelle G. saudiya †
    • Speke's gazelle G. spekei
    • Cuvier's gazelle G. cuvieri
    • Rhim gazelle or slender-horned gazelle G. leptoceros
    • Goitered gazelle G. subgutturosa
  • Genus Litocranius
    • Gerenuk L. walleri
  • Genus Nanger
    • Dama gazelle N. dama
    • Grant's gazelle N. granti
    • Soemmerring's gazelle N. soemmerringii
  • Genus Procapra
    • Zeren P. gutturosa
    • Goa P. picticaudata
    • Przewalski's gazelle P. przewalskii
• Tribe Saigini
  • Genus Saiga
    • Saiga S. tatarica
• Tribe Neotragini
  • Genus Dorcatragus
    • Beira D. megalotis
  • Genus Madoqua
    • Günther's dik-dik M. guntheri
    • Kirk's dik-dik M. kirkii
    • Silver dik-dik M. piacentinii
    • Salt's dik-dik M. saltiana
  • Genus Neotragus
    • Bates's pygmy antelope N. batesi
    • Suni N. moschatus
    • Royal antelope N. pygmaeus
  • Genus Oreotragus
    • Klipspringer O. oreotragus
  • Genus Ourebia
    • Oribi O. ourebi
  • Genus Raphicerus
    • Steenbok R. campestris
    • Cape grysbok R. melanotis
    • Sharpe's grysbok R. sharpei

Subfamily Bovinae

Four-horned antelope (Tetracerus quadricornis)

• Tribe Boselaphini
  • Genus Tetracerus
    • Four-horned antelope, T. quadricornis
  • Genus Boselaphus
    • Nilgai or blue bull, B. tragocamelus
• Tribe Bovini
  • Genus Bubalus
    • Water buffalo, B. bubalis
    • Wild Asian water buffalo, B. arnee
    • Lowland anoa, B. depressicornis
    • Mountain anoa, B. quarlesi
    • Tamaraw, B. mindorensis
    • Cebu tamaraw, B. cebuensis †
  • Genus Bos
    • Aurochs, B. primigenius †
    • Banteng, B. javanicus
    • Gaur, B. gaurus
    • Gayal, B. frontalis
    • Yak, B. grunniens
    • B. palaesondaicus †
    • Domestic cattle, B. taurus
    • Domestic zebu, B. indicus
    • Kouprey, B. sauveli
  • Genus Pseudoryx
    • Saola, P. nghetinhensis
  • Genus Syncerus
    • African buffalo, S. caffer
  • Genus Bison
    • American bison, B. bison
    • Wisent, B. bonasus
    • Steppe wisent, B. priscus †
    • Ancient bison, B. antiquus †
    • Long-horned bison, B. latifrons †
  • Genus Pelorovis †
    • Giant buffalo, P. antiquus†
• Tribe Strepsicerotini
  • Genus Tragelaphus
    • Bongo, T. eurycerus
    • Greater kudu, T. strepsiceros
    • Kéwel, T. scriptus
    • Imbabala, T. sylvaticus
    • Lesser Kudu, T. imberbis
    • Mountain nyala, T. buxtoni
    • Nyala, T. angasii
    • Sitatunga, T. spekeii
  • Genus Taurotragus
    • Common eland, T. oryx
    • Giant eland, T. derbianus

Subfamily Caprinae

Domestic sheep (Ovis aries)

• Tribe Ovibovini
  • Genus Budorcas
    • Takin, B. taxicolor
  • Genus Ovibos
    • Muskox, O. moschatus
• Tribe Caprini
  • Genus Ammotragus
    • Barbary sheep, A. lervia
  • Genus Arabitragus
    • Arabian tahr, A. jayakari
  • Genus Capra
    • West Caucasian tur, C. caucasica
    • Markhor, C. falconeri
    • Wild goat, C. aegagrus
      • Domestic goat, C. aegagrus hircus
    • Alpine ibex, C. ibex
    • Nubian ibex, C. nubiana
    • Spanish ibex, C. pyrenaica
    • Siberian ibex, C. sibirica
    • Walia ibex, C. walie
  • Genus Hemitragus
    • Himalayan tahr, H. jemlahicus
  • Genus Ovis
    • Argali, O. ammon
    • Domestic sheep, O. aries
    • American bighorn sheep, O. canadensis
    • Dall or thinhorn sheep, O. dalli
    • European mouflon, O. musimon
    • Snow sheep, O. nivicola
    • Urial, O. orientalis
  • Genus Nilgiritragus
    • Nilgiri tahr, N. hylocrius
  • Genus Pseudois
    • Bharal (Himalayan blue sheep), P. nayaur
    • Dwarf blue sheep, P. schaeferi
• Tribe Naemorhedini
  • Genus Capricornis
    • Japanese serow, C. crispus
    • Sumatran serow, C. sumatraensis
    • Taiwan serow, C. swinhoei
    • Chinese serow, C. milneedwardsii
    • Red serow, C. rubidus
    • Himalayan serow C. thar
  • Genus Nemorhaedus
    • Red goral, N. baileyi
    • Chinese goral, N. griseus
    • Grey goral, N. goral
    • Long-tailed goral, N, caudatus
  • Genus Oreamnos
    • Mountain goat, O. americanus
  • Genus Rupicapra
    • Pyrenean chamois, R. pyrenaica
    • Chamois, R. rupicapra

Subfamily Cephalophinae

Bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis)

• • Genus Cephalophus
    • Abbott's duiker, C. spadix
    • Ader's duiker, C. adersi
    • Bay duiker, C. dorsalis
    • Black duiker, C. niger
    • Black-fronted duiker, C. nigrifrons
    • Brooke's duiker, C. brookei
    • Harvey's duiker, C. harveyi
    • Jentink's duiker, C. jentinki
    • Ogilby's duiker, C. ogilbyi
    • Peters's duiker, C. callipygus
    • Red-flanked duiker, C. rufilatus
    • Red forest duiker, C. natalensis
    • Ruwenzori duiker, C. rubidis
    • Weyns's duiker, C. weynsi
    • White-bellied duiker, C. leucogaster
    • White-legged duiker C. crusalbum
    • Yellow-backed duiker, C. silvicultor
    • Zebra duiker, C. zebra
  • Genus Philantomba
    • Blue duiker, P. monticola
    • Maxwell's duiker, P. maxwellii
    • Walter's duiker, P. walteri
  • Genus Sylvicapra
    • Common duiker, S. grimmia

Subfamily Hippotraginae

Roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus)

• • Genus Hippotragus
    • Roan antelope, H. equinus
    • Sable antelope, H. niger
    • Bluebuck, H. leucophaeus †
  • Genus Oryx
    • East African oryx, O. beisa
    • Scimitar oryx, O. dammah
    • Gemsbok, O. gazella
    • Arabian oryx, O. leucoryx
  • Genus Addax
    • Addax, A. nasomaculatus

Subfamily Pantholopinae

• • Genus Pantholops (also classified under Caprinae)
    • Tibetan antelope, P. hodgsonii

Subfamily Peleinae

• • Genus Pelea (also classified under Reduncinae)
    • Grey rhebok, P. capreolus

Subfamily Reduncinae

• • Genus Kobus
    • Upemba lechwe, K. anselli
    • Waterbuck, K. ellipsiprymnus
    • Kob, K. kob
    • Lechwe, K. leche
    • Nile lechwe, K. megaceros
    • Puku, K. vardonii
  • Genus Redunca
    • Southern reedbuck, R. arundinum
    • Mountain reedbuck, R. fulvorufula
    • Bohor reedbuck, R. redunca

References

External links

•  "Bovidae". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. 
•  "Bovidæ". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. 

English Journal

• Generation of bioactive peptide hydrolysates from cattle plasma using plant and fungal proteases.

• Bah CS1, Bekhit Ael-D2, McConnell MA3, Carne A4.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Dec 15;213:98-107. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.065. Epub 2016 Jun 21.
• Four protease preparations from plant and fungal sources (papain, bromelain, FP400 and FPII) were used to hydrolyse plasma which was separated from slaughterhouse cattle blood. The o-phthaldialdehyde assay was used to follow the release of TCA-soluble peptides over a 24h period. Hydrolysis profiles
• PMID 27451160

• New approach to optimize near-infrared spectra with design of experiments and determination of milk compounds as influence factors for changing milk over time.

• De Benedictis L1, Huck C2.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Dec 1;212:552-60. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.06.012. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
• The optimization of near-infrared spectroscopic parameters was realized via design of experiments. With this new approach objectivity can be integrated into conventional, rather subjective approaches. The investigated factors are layer thickness, number of scans and temperature during measurement. R
• PMID 27374567

• Method for determination of fatty acids in bovine colostrum using GC-FID.

• Yurchenko S1, Sats A2, Poikalainen V2, Karus A2.
• Food chemistry.Food Chem.2016 Dec 1;212:117-22. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.05.103. Epub 2016 May 17.
• Bovine colostrum is potentially valuable source of essential fatty acids (FAs), but so far only few studies have made the effort to estimate FA composition of this potential resource. The aim of current research was to fill this gap with selecting and validating an accurate procedure for the analysi
• PMID 27374514

Japanese Journal

• Isolation of Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) theileri from Dairy Cattle in Taiwan

• Lee Yen-Feng,Cheng Ching-Chang,Lin Nai-Nu [他],LIU Shih-An,TUNG Kwong-Chung,CHIU Yung-Tsung
• 日本獣醫學会会誌 72(4), 417-424, 2010
• … (<i>Megatrypanum</i>) <i>theileri</i>, a blood parasite of bovid species, is spread widely throughout the world, it has never been reported in Taiwan. …
• NAID 130000149938

• Anatomical and epidemiological study of soricid periodontal disease (SPD) and bovid periodontal disease (BPD)

• Koyasu K,Takayanagi T,Natsume A,Maeda H,Kubo K,Johgahara T,Hanamura H,Nakagaki H,Kameyama Y,Noguchi T
• 歯科基礎医学会雑誌 45(5), 372, 2003-09-01
• NAID 110003165500

• The diet of Myotragus balearicus Bate 1909 (Artiodactyla : Caprinae), an extinct bovid from the Balearic Islands : Evidence from coprolites

• ALCOVER J. A.
• Biol. Jour. Lin. Soc. 66, 57-74, 1999
• NAID 30033898217

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