WordNet

cause physical pain or suffering in; "afflict with the plague" (同)smite
cause great unhappiness for; distress; "she was afflicted by the death of her parents"
lack of success; "he felt that his entire life had been a failure"; "that year there was a crop failure"
loss of ability to function normally; "kidney failure"
an act that fails; "his failure to pass the test"
an unexpected omission; "he resented my failure to return his call"; "the mechanics failure to check the brakes"
a person with a record of failing; someone who loses consistently (同)loser, nonstarter, unsuccessful person
an event that does not accomplish its intended purpose; "the surprise party was a complete failure"
make steady progress; be at the high point in ones career or reach a high point in historical significance or importance; "The new student is thriving" (同)prosper, fly_high, flourish
make a light, metallic sound; go `ting
a light clear metallic sound as of a small bell (同)tinkle
cause to make a ting
having a toe or toes of a specified kind; often used in combination; "long-toed; "five-toed"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(肉体的に,精神的に)(…で)…'を'『苦しめる』,悩ます(distress)《+『名』+『with』+『名』 (a person's do『ing』)》
〈U〉(…における)『失敗』,不成功《+『in』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈C〉失敗者,落後者;失敗した企て,不できなもの / 〈U〉〈C〉怠慢,不履行 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)不足,欠乏《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉(…の)破産《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…の)『衰弱』,減退《+『in』(『of』+『名』》
《方向》(1)(到着の意を含めて)…『へ』,に,まで / 《状況の変化》…[のほう]へ;…に[なるまで],その結果…になる / 《適用範囲》(1)《動詞に伴って》『…に対して』,に,へ / (2)《形容詞[句]・[代]名倍に伴って》『…に対して』 / 《程度・範囲》『…[に至る]まで』 / 《時間の終り》『…まで』(till) / 《to one's+『名』の形で》(…が)『…したことに[は]』 / 《比較・対比・割合》『…と比べて』,より,に対して / 《一致・適合》『…に合わせて』,に合って,に応じて / 《目的・意図》『…のために』 / 《運命・境遇》『…に』 / 《所属・関係》『…へ』,に[対して] / 《付加・付着・固執》『…に』 / 《対立・対向》…に[対して] / いつもの状態(位置)に / 停止(閉鎖)の状態に / 活動状態に(へ),仕事に
《名詞的用法》『…すること』 / 《形容詞的用法》『…するための,すべき』 / 《副詞的用法》『…するために』,して,するとは,すれば / 《独立用法》 / 《文全体を修飾する慣用語句》…すれば,してみると,…だが / 短縮文
〈物事が〉『成功する』,栄える,繁栄する / 〈人・動植物が〉『よく成長する』,健康である
…‘を'チリンチリナ(リンリン)と鳴らす / チリンチリン鳴る宴
足指のある / 《複合語を作って》足指が…の:five-toed 足指が5本の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/09 09:24:37」(JST)

wiki en

Failure to thrive (FTT),^[1] more recently known as faltering weight or weight faltering,^[2] is a term used in pediatric, adult as well as veterinary medicine (where it is also referred to as ill thrift), to indicate insufficient weight gain or inappropriate weight loss. When not more precisely defined, the term refers to pediatric patients. In children, it is usually defined in terms of weight, and can be evaluated either by a low weight for the child's age, or by a low rate of increase in the weight.^[3]

Children

As used by pediatricians, it covers poor physical growth of any cause and does not imply abnormal intellectual, social, or emotional development, although of course it can subsequently be a cause of such pathologies. The term has been used in different ways,^[4] and different objective standards have been defined.^[5]^[6] Many definitions use the 5th percentile as a cutoff.^[7]

Traditionally, causes of FTT have been divided into endogenous and exogenous causes. Initial investigation should consider physical causes, calorie intake and psychosocial assessment.

Endogenous (or "organic"): Causes are due to physical or mental issues with the child itself. It can include various inborn errors of metabolism. Problems with the gastrointestinal system such as gas and acid reflux are painful conditions which may make the child unwilling to take in sufficient nutrition. Cystic fibrosis, diarrhea, liver disease, and celiac disease make it more difficult for the body to absorb nutrition. Other causes include physical deformities such as cleft palate and tongue tie. Milk allergies can cause endogenous FTT. Also the metabolism may be raised by parasites, asthma, urinary tract infections, and other fever-inducing infections, or heart disease so that it becomes difficult to get in sufficient calories to meet the higher caloric demands.
Exogenous (or "nonorganic"): Caused by caregiver's actions. Examples include physical inability to produce enough breastmilk, using only babies' cues to regulate breastfeeding so as to not offer a sufficient numbers of feeds (sleepy baby syndrome),^[8] inability to procure formula when needed, purposely limiting total caloric intake (often for what the caregiver views as a more aesthetically pleasing child), and not offering sufficient age-appropriate solid foods for babies and toddlers over the age of six months.
Mixed: However, to think of the terms as dichotomous can be misleading, since both endogenous and exogenous factors may co-exist. For instance a child who is not getting sufficient nutrition may act content so that caregivers do not offer feedings of sufficient frequency or volume, and a child with severe acid reflux who appears to be in pain while eating may make a caregiver hesitant to offer sufficient feedings.

Recently the term faltering growth has become a popular replacement for failure to thrive, which in the minds of some represents a more euphemistic term.^{[citation needed]}

Adults

The term "failure to thrive" is also applied to geriatrics or more generally in adult medicine as a descriptive, non-specific term that encompasses "not doing well". Manifestations of this condition include weight loss, decreased appetite, poor nutrition, and inactivity. Four syndromes are prevalent and predictive of adverse outcomes in patients with failure to thrive: impaired physical function, malnutrition, depression, and cognitive impairment.^[9]^[10]

References

^ "failure to thrive" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ Shields, B.; Wacogne, I.; Wright, C. M. (25 September 2012). "Weight faltering and failure to thrive in infancy and early childhood". BMJ 345 (sep25 1): e5931–e5931. doi:10.1136/bmj.e5931.
^ "Failure to Thrive: Miscellaneous Disorders in Infants and Children: Merck Manual Professional". Retrieved 2010-03-23.
^ Hughes I (February 2007). "Confusing terminology attempts to define the undefinable". Arch. Dis. Child. 92 (2): 97–8. doi:10.1136/adc.2006.108423. PMC 2083328. PMID 17264278.
^ Raynor P, Rudolf MC (May 2000). "Anthropometric indices of failure to thrive". Arch. Dis. Child. 82 (5): 364–5. doi:10.1136/adc.82.5.364. PMC 1718329. PMID 10799424.
^ Olsen EM, Petersen J, Skovgaard AM, Weile B, Jørgensen T, Wright CM (February 2007). "Failure to thrive: the prevalence and concurrence of anthropometric criteria in a general infant population". Arch. Dis. Child. 92 (2): 109–14. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.080333. PMC 2083342. PMID 16531456.
^ Olsen EM (2006). "Failure to thrive: still a problem of definition". Clin Pediatr (Phila) 45 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1177/000992280604500101. PMID 16429209.
^ B. F. Habbick and J. W. Gerrard (1984). "Failure to thrive in the contented breast-fed baby". Can Med Assoc J. 131 (7): 765–768. PMC 1483563. PMID 6541091.
^ Sarkisian C. A., Lachs M. S. (June 1996). ""Failure to thrive" in older adults". Ann. Intern. Med. 124 (12): 1072–8. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-124-12-199606150-00008. PMID 8633822.
^ Robertson R. G., Montagnini M. (July 2004). "Geriatric failure to thrive". Am Fam Physician 70 (2): 343–350. PMID 15291092.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 2歳未満の小児における成長障害（低栄養）：病因および評価 failure to thrive undernutrition in children younger than two years etiology and evaluation
2. 2歳未満の小児における成長障害（低栄養）：マネージメント failure to thrive undernutrition in children younger than two years management
3. 高齢者における衰弱：評価 failure to thrive in elderly adults evaluation
4. 高齢者における衰弱：管理 failure to thrive in elderly adults management
5. 6ヵ月以下の乳幼児における体重減少の評価 evaluation of weight loss in infants six months of age and younger

English Journal

Mutations in STT3A and STT3B cause two congenital disorders of glycosylation.

Shrimal S, Ng BG, Losfeld ME, Gilmore R, Freeze HH.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2013 Nov 15;22(22):4638-45. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddt312. Epub 2013 Jul 10.
We describe two unreported types of congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG) which are caused by mutations in different isoforms of the catalytic subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase (OST). Each isoform is encoded by a different gene (STT3A or STT3B), resides in a different OST complex and ha
PMID 23842455

NF1 is a critical regulator of muscle development and metabolism.

Sullivan K, El-Hoss J, Quinlan KG, Deo N, Garton F, Seto JT, Gdalevitch M, Turner N, Cooney GJ, Kolanczyk M, North KN, Little DG, Schindeler A.SourceOrthopaedic Research & Biotechnology Unit and.
Human molecular genetics.Hum Mol Genet.2013 Nov 6. [Epub ahead of print]
There is emerging evidence for reduced muscle function in children with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). We have examined three murine models featuring NF1 deficiency in muscle to study the effect on muscle function as well as any underlying pathophysiology. The Nf1+/- mouse exhibited no differences
PMID 24163128

Antireflux Procedures for Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease in Children: Influence of Patient Age on Surgical Management.

McAteer J, Larison C, Lariviere C, Garrison MM, Goldin AB.SourceDivision of Pediatric General and Thoracic Surgery, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington2Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle.
JAMA surgery.JAMA Surg.2013 Nov 6. doi: 10.1001/jamasurg.2013.2685. [Epub ahead of print]
IMPORTANCE Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common diagnosis in infants and children, but no objective criteria exist to guide the diagnosis and treatment of this disease in this population. The extent to which age influences decisions about surgical treatment in childhood GERD is unknown
PMID 24197138